Английская Википедия:1991 Portuguese legislative election

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox election

The 1991 Portuguese legislative election took place on 6 October. The election renewed all 230 members of the Assembly of the Republic. There was a reduction of 20 seats compared with previous elections, due to the 1989 Constitutional revision.[1]

The Social Democratic Party, under the lead of Cavaco Silva, won a historic third term and won an absolute majority for the second consecutive election. While it lost 13 MPs due to the reduction of the overall number from the original 250 to 230, although just a 3 seat loss if the 1987 election results are tabulated with the new seat distribution, it gained a higher share of the vote than in 1987. Cavaco Silva became the first Prime Minister since Hintze Ribeiro, in 1904, to lead a party into three successive democratic election victories.

The Socialist Party, at the time led by Jorge Sampaio, the future President of Portugal, increased its share by 7% and gained 12 MPs, a gain of 16 if compared with 1987 with the new seat distribution, but did not manage to avoid the absolute majority of the Social Democrats. Like four and six years earlier, and like 1979 and 1980, the PS failed to win a single district. In the first legislative election after the fall of the Eastern Bloc, the communist dominated Democratic Unity Coalition lost much of its electoral influence, losing almost 10 MPs and 4% of the voting, but were able to hold on to the district of Beja by a slight margin over the PSD.

On the right, the CDS could not recover its past influence, mainly to the effect of tactical voting for the Social Democratic Party by right-wing voters, increasing its parliamentary group by only 1 MP. The National Solidarity Party, using a populist campaign, achieved for the first time an MP, in what would be the only presence of such party in the Parliament.

Voter turnout fell to 67.8%, and for the first time below 70% of the electorate.

Background

Leadership changes and challenges

CDS 1988 leadership election

After CDS's poor results, just 4%, in the 1987 general elections, then CDS leader Adriano Moreira announced he would leave the leadership and called a party congress to elect a new leader.[2] Diogo Freitas do Amaral, former party leader and defeated candidate in the 1986 presidential election, returned to the party and was the sole candidate to the party's leadership.[3] Шаблон:Election table |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | Diogo Freitas do Amaral | colspan="2" align=right | Voice vote |- |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout | align=right | | align=right | 100.0 |- | colspan="4" align=left|Source: |}

PS 1989 leadership election

In the 1987 general election the PS polled 2nd with just 22%, while the PSD won a historic absolute majority. Then party leader, Vítor Constâncio was facing pressures because of his strategy, with interferences also from President Mário Soares, and, adding to this, his difficulty in finding a strong candidate for Lisbon to contest the 1989 local elections.[4] Because of these pressures, Constâncio resign in late 1988 and a party congress to elect a new leader was called for mid January 1989. Two candidates were on the ballot, Jorge Sampaio and Jaime Gama.[5] Sampaio was easily elected as PS leader.[6] Шаблон:Election table |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | Jorge Sampaio | align=center | WIN | align=right | |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | Jaime Gama | align=right | | align=right | |- |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout | align=right | | align=center | |- | colspan="4" align=left|Source: |}

PRD 1991 leadership election

The Democratic Renewal Party's results in the 1987 election were disappointing and António Ramalho Eanes resigned from the leadership.[7] Hermínio Martinho returned to the leadership, but the party was plagued by deep divisions on its ideology and strategy, with key members, including Ramalho Eanes, announcing their departure from the party[8] In June 1991, the party held a leadership ballot between Hermínio Martinho and Pedro Canavarro. Martinho defended the dissolution of the party, while Canavarro proposed the continuation of the party. The ballot results gave Canavarro a landslide victory.[9] The results were the following: Шаблон:Election table |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | Pedro Canavarro | align=right | 145 | align=right | 79.2 |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | Hermínio Martinho | align=right | 38 | align=right | 20.8 |- |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout | align=right | 183 | align=center | |- | colspan="4" align=left|Source: [9] |}

Electoral system

The Assembly of the Republic has 230 members elected to four-year terms. The total number of MPs was reduced in 1989, during the Constitutional amendments, to 230 from the previous 250. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 116 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.[10]

The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the district magnitude.[11] The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.[12]

For these elections, and compared with the 1987 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following:[13]

District Number of MPs Map
LisbonШаблон:Font color 50 Шаблон:Image label begin

Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label end

PortoШаблон:Font color 37
BragaШаблон:Font color and SetúbalШаблон:Font color 16
AveiroШаблон:Font color 14
LeiriaШаблон:Font color, SantarémШаблон:Font color and CoimbraШаблон:Font color 10
ViseuШаблон:Font color 9
FaroШаблон:Font color 8
Vila Real and Viana do Castelo 6
Azores, Castelo Branco, Madeira 5
BejaШаблон:Font color, Bragança, Évora and GuardaШаблон:Font color 4
Portalegre 3
Europe and Outside Europe 2

Parties

The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the 5th legislature (1987–1991) and that also partook in the election:

With the 1987 seat distribution

Name Ideology Political position Leader 1987 result Seats at
dissolution[14]
% Seats
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| PPD/PSD Social Democratic Party
Шаблон:Small
Шаблон:Nowrap Centre-right Aníbal
Cavaco Silva
50.2% Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| PS Socialist Party
Шаблон:Small
Social democracy Centre-left Jorge Sampaio 22.2% Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Composition bar
PCP Portuguese Communist Party
Шаблон:Small
Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Far-left Álvaro Cunhal 12.1%
Шаблон:Efn
Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| PEV Ecologist Party "The Greens"
Шаблон:Small
Eco-socialism
Green politics
Left-wing - Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| PRD Democratic Renewal Party
Шаблон:Nowrap
Centrism
Third Way
Шаблон:Nowrap Pedro
Canavarro
4.9% Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| CDS Democratic and Social Centre
Шаблон:Nowrap
Christian democracy
Conservatism
Шаблон:Nowrap Diogo Freitas
do Amaral
4.4% Шаблон:Composition bar Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| Ind. Independent
Шаблон:Small
Democratic Renewal Party caucus dissolved in December 1990;
Ecologist Party "The Greens" caucus dissolved in December 1990;
Шаблон:Composition bar

1987 results with the new seat distribution

Name Ideology Political position Leader 1987 notional result
% Seats
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| PPD/PSD Social Democratic Party
Шаблон:Small
Шаблон:Nowrap Centre-right Aníbal
Cavaco Silva
50.2% Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| PS Socialist Party
Шаблон:Small
Social democracy Centre-left Jorge Sampaio 22.2% Шаблон:Composition bar
PCP Portuguese Communist Party
Шаблон:Small
Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Far-left Álvaro Cunhal 12.1% Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| PEV Ecologist Party "The Greens"
Шаблон:Small
Eco-socialism
Green politics
Left-wing - Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| PRD Democratic Renewal Party
Шаблон:Nowrap
Centrism
Third Way
Шаблон:Nowrap Pedro
Canavarro
4.9% Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| CDS Democratic and Social Centre
Шаблон:Nowrap
Christian democracy
Conservatism
Шаблон:Nowrap Diogo Freitas
do Amaral
4.4% Шаблон:Composition bar

Campaign period

Party slogans

Party or alliance Original slogan English translation Refs
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| PSD « No bom caminho » "On the right track" [15]
width="1" bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| PS « Agora nós » "Now us." [16]
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| CDU « Para um Portugal melhor » "For a better Portugal" [17]
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| CDS « A verdade, sempre! » "The truth, always!" [18]
PSN « O sol está a nascer para todos. » "The sun is rising for everyone." [19]

Candidates' debates

No debates between the main parties were held as the PSD leader and Prime Minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, refused to take part in any debate.[20]

Opinion polling

Шаблон:See also The following table shows the opinion polls of voting intention of the Portuguese voters before the election. Those parties that are listed were represented in parliament (1987-1991). Included is also the result of the Portuguese general elections in 1987 and 1991 for reference.

Note, until 2000, the publication of opinion polls in the last week of the campaign was forbidden.

Шаблон:Legend2

Date Released Polling Firm PSD PS CDU CDS PSN PSR Others Lead
6 Oct 1991 Leg. Election 50.6
Шаблон:Font
29.1
Шаблон:Font
8.8
Шаблон:Font
4.4
Шаблон:Font
1.7
Шаблон:Font
1.1
Шаблон:Font
4.3
Шаблон:Font
21.5
6 Oct 1991 RTP1 - Universidade Católica
Seat projection
48.0–51.9
Шаблон:Font
28.5–31.5
Шаблон:Font
7.5–10.0
Шаблон:Font
4.5–5.5
Шаблон:Font
?
Шаблон:Font
?
Шаблон:Font
19.5–20.4
6 Oct 1991 TSF/Expresso - Euroexpansão 45.8–50.2 29.8–33.9 6.8–9.1 3.7–5.5 1.0–2.0 1.4–2.6 16.0–16.3
6 Oct 1991 Antena1 - Euroteste 47.0–50.0 31.0–34.0 7.5–10.0 4.0–5.0 1.0–1.5 16.0
6 Oct 1991 Rádio Comercial - GEOIDEIA 49.0–52.0 29.0–31.0 7.0–9.0 3.0–4.0 2.0–3.0 1.0–2.0 20.0–21.0
6 Oct 1991 Rádio Press 45.5 35.0 9.6 4.5 10.5
6 Oct 1991 Rádio Correio da Manhã 45.8–50.2 29.8–33.9 6.8–9.1 3.7–5.5 1.0–2.0 1.4–2.6 16.0–16.3
29 Sep 1991 Universidade CatólicaШаблон:Efn
Seat projection
51.3
Шаблон:Font
29.3
Шаблон:Font
7.5
Шаблон:Font
5.0
Шаблон:Font
7.0
Шаблон:Font
22.0
28 Sep 1991 Euroteste 47.3 35.5 8.5 4.1 4.6 11.8
28 Sep 1991 Euroteste 46.0 37.0 9.7 3.9 3.4 9.0
28 Sep 1991 Euroexpansão 44.0 33.0 9.0 6.0 8.0 11.0
27 Sep 1991 Marktest 43.1 32.8 7.7 4.6 11.8 10.3
27 Sep 1991 Pluriteste 41.2 34.7 8.4 8.1 7.6 6.5
20 Sep 1991 Euroteste 45.6 35.5 10.0 4.4 4.5 10.1
20 Sep 1991 Marktest 41.9 31.9 7.3 4.4 14.5 10.0
16 Sep 1991 Pluriteste 39.2 26.6 6.2 6.0 22.0 12.6
16 Sep 1991 Euroteste 45.1 34.5 10.2 5.2 5.0 10.6
14 Sep 1991 Norma 45.0 37.5 11.2 3.5 2.8 7.5
28 Aug 1991 Euroexpansão/Marktest 35.3 36.8 8.7 4.9 14.3 1.5
4 Aug 1991 Euroteste/JN 47.5 37.8 12.3 8.2 colspan="3" Шаблон:N/A 7.7
19 Jul 1991 Norma 43.7 32.9 12.4 6.5 4.5 10.8
19 Jul 1991 Euroteste 45.4 36.6 10.8 4.0 3.2 8.8
13 Jan 1991 EurotesteШаблон:Efn 47.5 36.9 9.3 3.5 2.7 10.6
17 Dec 1989 Local Elections 35.4 36.8 13.3 9.2 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 5.4 1.4
18 Jun 1989 EP Elections 32.8 28.5 14.4 14.2 Шаблон:N/A 0.8 9.3 4.3
19 Jul 1987 Leg. Election 50.2
Шаблон:Font
22.2
Шаблон:Font
12.1
Шаблон:Font
4.4
Шаблон:Font
Did not exist 0.6
Шаблон:Font
10.5
Шаблон:Font
28.0

National summary of votes and seats

Шаблон:Election table |-

| colspan=11|

Файл:Portugal Parliament 1991.svg

|- ! rowspan="2" colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Parties ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Votes ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|% ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|± ! colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|MPs ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |MPs %/
votes % |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align=center|1987 ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align=center|1991 ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|± ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|% ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|± |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |2,902,351||50.60||Шаблон:Increase0.4||148|||135||Шаблон:Decrease13||58.70||Шаблон:Decrease0.5||1.16 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |1,670,758||29.13||Шаблон:Increase6.9||60||72||Шаблон:Increase12||31.30||Шаблон:Increase7.3||1.07 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colourШаблон:Efn |504,583||8.80||Шаблон:Decrease3.3||31||17||Шаблон:Decrease14||7.39||Шаблон:Decrease5.0||0.84 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |254,317||4.43||Шаблон:Decrease0.0||4||5||Шаблон:Increase1||2.17||Шаблон:Increase0.6||0.49 |- |style="width: 10px" bgcolor=#000080 align="center" | |align=left|National Solidarity |96,096||1.68||Шаблон:N/A||Шаблон:N/A||1||Шаблон:N/A||0.44||Шаблон:N/A||0.39 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |64,159||1.12||Шаблон:Increase0.5||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |48,542||0.85||Шаблон:Increase0.5||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |35,077||0.61||Шаблон:Decrease4.3||7||0||Шаблон:Decrease7||0.00||Шаблон:Decrease2.8||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |25,216||0.44||Шаблон:Increase0.0||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |10,842||0.19||Шаблон:N/A||Шаблон:N/A||0||Шаблон:N/A||0.00||Шаблон:N/A||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |6,661||0.12||Шаблон:N/A||Шаблон:N/A||0||Шаблон:N/A||0.00||Шаблон:N/A||0.0 |- |style="width: 10px" bgcolor=#E2062C align="center" | |align=left|People's Democratic UnionШаблон:Efn |6,157||0.11||Шаблон:Decrease0.8||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0 |- |colspan=2 align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total valid |width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,624,759 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|98.07 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Шаблон:Increase0.3 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|250 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|230 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Шаблон:Decrease20 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Шаблон:Steady0.0 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"| |- |colspan=2|Blank ballots |47,652||0.83||Шаблон:Decrease0.1||colspan=6 rowspan=4| |- |colspan=2|Invalid ballots |63,020||1.10||Шаблон:Decrease0.2 |- |colspan=2 align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total |width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,735,431 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"| |- |colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout ||8,462,357||67.78||Шаблон:Decrease3.8 |- | colspan=11 align=left | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |} Шаблон:Bar box Шаблон:Bar box

Distribution by constituency

Шаблон:Election table |- class="unsortable" !rowspan=2|Constituency!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S !rowspan=2|Total
S |- class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;" !colspan=2 | PSD !colspan=2 | PS !colspan=2 | CDU !colspan=2 | CDS !colspan=2 | PSN |- | style="text-align:left;" | Azores | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|64.1 | 4 | 25.8 | 1 | 1.3 | - | 3.4 | - |colspan="2" bgcolor="#AAAAAA"| | 5 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Aveiro | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|58.6 | 9 | 27.8 | 4 | 2.8 | - | 6.1 | 1 | 1.3 | - | 14 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Beja | 29.3 | 1 | 28.4 | 1 | style="background:red; color:white;"|30.4 | 2 | 2.3 | - | 1.0 | - | 4 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Braga | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|53.6 | 10 | 31.5 | 5 | 4.6 | - | 5.6 | 1 | 0.8 | - | 16 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Bragança | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|57.9 | 3 | 25.7 | 1 | 2.1 | - | 8.2 | - | 1.5 | - | 4 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Castelo Branco | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|51.8 | 3 | 32.4 | 2 | 4.6 | - | 3.9 | - | 2.3 | - | 5 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Coimbra | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|49.9 | 6 | 34.4 | 4 | 5.0 | - | 3.5 | - | 1.7 | - | 10 |- | style="text-align:left;" |Шаблон:Hs Évora | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|35.0 | 2 | 25.9 | 1 | 27.1 | 1 | 2.8 | - | 1.4 | - | 4 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Faro | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|50.8 | 5 | 31.2 | 3 | 7.2 | - | 2.8 | - | 2.2 | - | 8 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Guarda | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|58.6 | 3 | 26.8 | 1 | 2.3 | - | 5.9 | - | 1.3 | - | 4 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Leiria | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|61.2 | 7 | 23.0 | 3 | 4.5 | - | 4.8 | - | 1.4 | - | 10 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Lisbon | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|45.3 | 25 | 29.7 | 16 | 12.2 | 6 | 4.0 | 2 | 2.6 | 1 | 50 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Madeira | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|62.4 | 4 | 20.2 | 1 | 1.0 | - | 6.1 | - | 1.9 | - | 5 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Portalegre | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|38.9 | 2 | 33.5 | 1 | 15.2 | - | 3.3 | - | 1.8 | - | 3 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Porto | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|51.3 | 21 | 32.9 | 13 | 6.4 | 2 | 4.1 | 1 | 1.1 | - | 37 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Santarém | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|49.1 | 6 | 29.4 | 3 | 9.8 | 1 | 3.3 | - | 2.2 | - | 10 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Setúbal | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|34.7 | 6 | 28.4 | 5 | 24.9 | 5 | 2.7 | - | 2.4 | - | 16 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Viana do Castelo | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|56.9 | 4 | 25.2 | 2 | 5.0 | - | 7.2 | - | 1.2 | - | 6 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Vila Real | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|60.6 | 4 | 26.0 | 2 | 2.6 | - | 5.1 | - | 1.2 | - | 6 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Viseu | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|64.3 | 7 | 19.4 | 2 | 2.1 | - | 6.3 | - | 1.3 | - | 9 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Europe | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|53.7 | 1 | 31.9 | 1 | 7.8 | - | 3.0 | - |colspan="2" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#AAAAAA"| | 2 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Outside Europe | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|77.3 | 2 | 4.9 | - | 1.0 | - | 14.6 | - | 2 |- |- class="unsortable" style="background:#E9E9E9" | style="text-align:left;" | Total | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|50.6 | 135 | 29.1 | 72 | 8.8 | 17 | 4.4 | 5 | 1.7 | 1 | 230 |- | colspan=12 style="text-align:left;" | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |}

Maps

Notes

Шаблон:Notes

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

See also

Шаблон:Portuguese elections