Английская Википедия:1991 Soviet Union referendum

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Шаблон:Short description

Шаблон:Infobox referendum

Файл:Soviet Union referendum, 1991.jpg
Voting bulletin

A referendum on the future of the Soviet Union was held on 17 March 1991 across the Soviet Union. It was the only national referendum in the history of the Soviet Union,[1] although it was boycotted by authorities in six of the fifteen Soviet republics.

The referendum asked whether to approve a new Union Treaty between the republics, to replace the 1922 treaty that created the USSR. The question put to most voters was:

Do you consider necessary the preservation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics in which the rights and freedom of an individual of any ethnicity will be fully guaranteed?[2]

In Kazakhstan, the wording of the referendum was changed by substituting "equal sovereign states" for "equal sovereign republics".[3]

In Uzbekistan, Ukraine and Kirghizia additional questions were asked about sovereignty and independence of these republics.

While the vote was boycotted by the authorities in Armenia, Estonia, Georgia (though not in the breakaway provinces of Abkhazia and South Ossetia),[4] Latvia, Lithuania, and Moldova (though not in Transnistria or Gagauzia),[5] turnout was 80% across the rest of the Soviet Union.[3]

The referendum's question was approved by nearly 80% of voters in all nine other republics that took part.[6] However, the August coup attempt by hardliners of the Communist Party prevented the anticipated signing of the New Union Treaty that was due to take place the next day. Although it failed, the coup attempt reduced confidence in Gorbachev's central government. It was followed by a series of referendums for independence in individual republics and led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991.[7]

Question

The following question was asked:

English Russian Ukrainian
Do you consider it necessary to preserve the USSR as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics, which will be fully ensured of human rights and freedoms of any nationality? Считаете ли Вы необходимым сохранение Союза Советских Социалистических Республик как обновлённой федерации равноправных суверенных республик, в которой будут в полной мере гарантироваться права и свободы человека любой национальности? Чи вважаєте ви за необхідне збереження Союзу Радянських Соціалістичних Республік як оновленої федерації рівноправних суверенних республік, у якій будуть повною мірою гарантуватися права і свободи людини будь-якої національності?

Overview

On December 24, 1990, deputies of the 4th Congress of People's Deputies, having voted by name, decided to consider it necessary to preserve the USSR as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics, which will be fully ensured human rights and freedoms of any nationality.[8] The referendum considered five questions:

  • Do you consider it necessary to preserve the USSR as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics, which will be fully ensured of human rights and freedoms of any nationality? (Yes/No)
  • Do you consider it necessary to preserve the USSR as a single state? (Yes/No)
  • Do you consider it necessary to preserve the socialist system in the USSR? (Yes/No)
  • Do you consider it necessary to preserve the Soviet government in the renewed Union?Шаблон:Clarify (Yes/No)
  • Do you feel the need to safeguard the Union in the renewed human rights and freedoms of any nationality?Шаблон:Clarify (Yes/No) (Any legal or legislative consequences, in case of acceptance of, or otherwise, was not specified)

On the same day, at the initiative and insistence of General Secretary and President Mikhail Gorbachev,[9][10] the Congress adopted two decisions on holding a referendum on the private ownership of land [6] and on the preservation of the Union as a renewed federation of equal sovereign of Soviet Socialist Republics [7]. For the adoption of the first resolution voted in 1553 deputies, against - 84, abstained - 70. For the adoption of the second resolution voted in 1677 deputies, against - 32, abstained - 66.[9]

However, concerning the first decision the Chairman YH Kalmykov later explained at a session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Supreme Council Committee for Legislation, the president asked to refrain from holding a referendum on the issue of private property.[9]

Second course was given to the decree. It said that "due to numerous appeals of workers expressed concern about the fate of the USSR, and given that the preservation of a single union state is the most important issue of public life, affects the interests of each person, all the Soviet Union's population",[11] the Congress of People's Deputies USSR decided:

1. Conduct a referendum of the USSR to address the issue of maintaining the Union as a renewed federation of equal sovereign Soviet Socialist Republics, taking into account the results of voting for each country separately.
2. To instruct the USSR Supreme Council set a date for the referendum and ensure its measures.
— Resolution of the USSR from LICs December 24, 1990 No. 1856-1[11]

On 27 December 1990, Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR decided to enact it adopted on the day the Law of the USSR "On the popular vote (Soviet Union referendum)".[11]

According to Art. 5 of the Law of the USSR "On the popular vote (Soviet Union referendum)" [12] Law of the USSR referendum destination belonged to the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, and on matters not related to the exclusive jurisdiction of the USSR Congress of People's Deputies, in the period between congresses – the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. "Based on the fact that no one, except the people can not take the historical responsibility for the fate of the USSR, pursuant to the decision of the fourth Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR in accordance with the law on the referendum of the USSR"[13] On January 16, 1991 the Supreme Council USSR decided that to:

Шаблон:Quote


Results

Шаблон:Referendum results

In participating republics

Republic For Against Invalid
votes 		Total
votes 		Registered
voters 		Turnout
Votes % Votes %
Шаблон:Flagicon image Russian SFSR 56,860,783 73.00 21,030,753 27.00 1,809,633 79,701,169 105,643,364 75.44
Шаблон:Flagicon image Bashkiria 1,908,875 85.9 269,007 12.1 43,276 2,221,158 2,719,637 81.7
Шаблон:Flagicon image Buryatia 447,438 83.5 78,167 14.6 10,197 535,802 668,231 80.2
Шаблон:Flagicon image Dagestan 670,488 82.6 131,522 16.2 9,999 812,009 1,008,626 80.5
Шаблон:Flagicon image Kabardino-Balkaria 290,380 77.9 77,339 20.8 4,888 372,607 489,436 76.1
Шаблон:Flagicon image Kalmykia 148,462 87.8 17,833 10.5 2,829 169,124 204,301 82.8
Шаблон:Flagicon image Karelia 317,854 76.0 92,703 22.0 7,544 418,101 551,644 75.8
Шаблон:Flagicon image Komi 412,842 76.0 119,678 22.0 10,883 543,403 797,049 75.44
Шаблон:Flagicon image Mari 333,319 79.6 77,239 18.5 8,041 418,599 525,685 79.6
Шаблон:Flagicon image Mordovia 459,021 80.3 101,886 17.8 10,724 571,631 677,706 84.3
Шаблон:Flagicon image North Ossetia 331,823 90.2 32,786 8.9 3,249 367,858 428,307 85.9
Шаблон:Flagicon image Tatarstan 1,708,193 87.5 211,516 10.8 32,059 1,951,768 2,532,383 77.1
Шаблон:Flagicon image Tuva 126,598 91.4 9,404 6.8 2,494 138,496 171,731 80.6
Шаблон:Flagicon image Udmurtia 622,714 76.0 180,289 22.0 16,137 819,140 1,103,083 74.3
Шаблон:Flagicon image Checheno-Ingushetia 318,059 75.9 94,737 22.6 6,216 419,012 712,139 58.8
Шаблон:Flagicon image Chuvashia 616,387 82.4 113,249 15.1 18,784 748,420 900,913 81.3
Шаблон:Flagicon image Yakutia 415,712 76.7 116,798 21.6 9,483 541,993 688,679 78.7
Шаблон:Flagicon image Byelorussia 5,069,313 83.72 986,079 16.28 71,591 6,126,983 7,354,796 83.31
Шаблон:Flagicon image Ukraine 22,110,899 71.48 8,820,089 28.52 583,256 31,514,244 37,732,178 83.52
Шаблон:Flagicon image Azerbaijan 2,709,246 94.12 169,225 5.88 25,326 2,903,797 3,866,659 75.10
Шаблон:Flagicon image Nakhichevan 31,328 87.3 3,620 10.1 918 35,866 174,364 20.6
Шаблон:Flagicon image Kazakhstan 8,295,519 95.00 436,560 5.00 84,464 8,816,543 9,999,433 88.17
Шаблон:Flagicon image Kirghizia 2,057,971 95.98 86,246 4.02 30,377 2,174,593 2,341,646 92.87
Шаблон:Flagicon image Tajikistan 2,315,755 96.85 75,300 3.15 16,497 2,407,552 2,549,096 94.45
Шаблон:Flagicon image Turkmenia 1,766,584 98.26 31,203 1.74 6,531 1,804,310 1,846,310 97.66
Шаблон:Flagicon image Uzbekistan 9,196,848 94.73 511,373 5.27 108,112 9,816,333 10,287,938 95.42
Шаблон:Flagicon image Karakalpakstan 563,916 97.6 10,133 1.8 3,668 577,717 584,208 98.9
Source: Direct Democracy

In republics not participating in the Soviet referendums

An official referendum had been held in Estonia on 3 March 1991 on whether to restore the Estonian republic that had been occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940. The result was 77.8% in favour of restoring the Estonian republic.[14] Latvia also held an official referendum on 3 March 1991, when the overwhelming majority voted to restore the independent Latvian republic. Lithuania had held a referendum on 9 February 1991, in which 93% of voters had approved independence.

Georgia was to hold its own independence referendum two weeks later, and Armenia on 21 September.

Consequently, in these republics, pro-Soviet front-organisations organised voluntary referendums without official sanction.[15][16] Turnout of voting here was considerably less than 50% of the franchised voters of these countriesШаблон:Fact, but this information was not included in the official statement of the Central Commission of the Referendum of USSR.[17]

Republic For Against Invalid
votes 		Total
votes 		Registered
voters
(not equal to
franchised voters) 		Turnout
(based on
registered,
not franchised voters)
Votes % Votes %
Шаблон:Flagicon image Armenia 2,541 72.46 966 27.54 42 3,549 4,923 72.09
Шаблон:Flagicon image South Ossetia 43,950 99.98 9 0.02 53 44,012 45,696 96.31
Шаблон:Flagicon image Abkhazia 164,231 98.5 1,566 0.9 747 166,544 318,317 52.3
Шаблон:Flagicon image Moldova 688,905 98.72 8,916 1.28 3,072 700,893 841,507 83.29
Шаблон:Flagicon image Estonia 211,090 95.46 10,040 4.54 1,110 222,240 299,681 74.16
Шаблон:Flagicon image Latvia 415,147 95.84 18,015 4.16 3,621 436,783 670,828 65.11
Шаблон:Flagicon image Lithuania 496,050 99.13 4,355 0.87 970 436,783 582,262 86.11
Source: Direct Democracy

Additional questions

In several of the republics, additional questions were added to the ballot. In Russia, an additional question was asked on whether an elective post of the president of Russia should be created. In Kirghizia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan the additional question was on the sovereignty of their republics as part of a new union.[3]

Kirghizia

In Kirghizia, voters were also asked "Do you agree that the Republic of Kirghizistan should be in the renewed Union as a sovereign republic with equal rights?" It was approved by 62.2% of voters, although turnout was lower at 81.7%, compared to 92.9% in the Union-wide referendum.[18]

Шаблон:Referendum results

Ukraine

Шаблон:Main In Ukraine, voters were also asked "Do you agree that Ukraine should be part of a Union of Soviet sovereign states on the basis on the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine?"[19] The proposal was approved by 81.7% of voters.[19] Ukraine later held its own referendum on 1 December, in which 92% voted for independence.

Шаблон:Referendum results

At the same day a referendum in the Galician provinces Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, and Ternopil asked the three regions of the USSR about the creation of independent state of Ukraine.[20][21] 88% of the voters in this referendum supported Ukraine's independence.[22]

Uzbekistan

In Uzbekistan, voters were also asked "Do you agree that Uzbekistan should remain part of a renewed Union (federation) as a sovereign republic with equal rights?" It was approved by 94.9% of voters, with a turnout of 95.5%.[2] On 29 December, 98% of Uzbeks would vote for full independence.

Шаблон:Referendum results

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Soviet elections Шаблон:Kyrgyzstani elections Шаблон:Ukrainian elections Шаблон:Uzbekistani elections Шаблон:1991 Independence of Ukraine

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p492 Шаблон:ISBN
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Referendum of March 1991 Шаблон:Webarchive Russian History Encyclopedia on Answers.com
  4. ↑ Шаблон:In lang Chronicle of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict (1988-2008) Шаблон:Webarchive
  5. ↑ Historical Overview of the PMR (Transnistria, Transdniestr, Transdnestr, Pridnestrovie) Шаблон:Webarchive
  6. ↑ Understanding the Cold War: A Historian's Personal Reflections Шаблон:Webarchive by Adam Bruno Ulam, Leopolis Press, 2000, Шаблон:ISBN (page 353)
  7. ↑ Russia and the World Economy: Problems of Integration Шаблон:Webarchive by Alan H. Smith, Routledge, 1993, Шаблон:ISBN (page 1)
  8. ↑ Постановление СНД СССР от 24 декабря 1990 года № 1853-1 «О сохранении Союза ССР как обновлённой федерации равноправных суверенных республик» // Ведомости СНД и ВС СССР. — 1990. — № 52. — ст. 1158.
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Любарев А. Е. Выборы в Москве: опыт двенадцати лет. 1989—2000 Шаблон:Webarchive. — М.: Стольный град, 2001. — 412 с. — Шаблон:ISBN.
  10. ↑ Съездом было принято два постановления о проведении референдумов по вопросу о частной собственности на землю
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 Постановление СНД СССР от 24 декабря 1990 года № 1856-1 «О проведении референдума СССР по вопросу о Союзе Советских Социалистических Республик» // Ведомости СНД и ВС СССР. — 1990. — № 52. — ст. 1161.
  12. ↑ Закон СССР от 27 декабря 1990 года № 1869-1 «О всенародном голосовании (референдуме СССР)» // Ведомости СНД и ВС СССР. — 1991. — № 1. — ст. 10.
  13. ↑ Постановление ВС СССР от 16 января 1991 года № 1910-1 «Об организации и мерах по обеспечению проведения референдума СССР по вопросу о сохранении Союза Советских Социалистических Республик» // Ведомости СНД и ВС СССР. 1991. — № 4. — ст. 87.
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Об итогах референдума СССР, состоявшегося 17 марта 1991 года (Из сообщения Центральной комиссии референдума СССР) // Известия. — 1991. — 27 марта.
  16. ↑ Шаблон:In lang Воля, которую мы потеряли... "Время" № 5. 16 марта 2001 года Шаблон:Webarchive
  17. ↑ Шаблон:In langСообщение Центральной комиссии референдума СССР об итогах референдума СССР, состоявшегося 17 марта 1991 года // Правда. — 1991. — 27 марта.
  18. ↑ Nohlen et al., p443
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Nohlen & Stöver, p1985
  20. ↑ Dissolution: Sovereignty and the Breakup of the Soviet UnionШаблон:Dead link by Edward W. Walker, Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, Шаблон:ISBN (134)
  21. ↑ The Ukrainian West: Culture and the Fate of Empire in Soviet Lviv Шаблон:Webarchive by William Jay Risch, Harvard University Press, 2011, Шаблон:ISBN, (page 4)
  22. ↑ Cleft Countries: Regional Political Divisions and Cultures in Post-Soviet Ukraine and Moldova (Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society 33) Шаблон:Webarchive by Ivan Katchanovski, 2006, Шаблон:ISBN (page 40)
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