Английская Википедия:1992 Bosnian independence referendum

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Шаблон:Infobox referendumШаблон:Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina

An independence referendum was held in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 29 February and 1 March 1992, following the first free elections of 1990 and the rise of ethnic tensions that eventually led to the breakup of Yugoslavia. Independence was strongly favored by Bosniak and Bosnian Croat voters while Bosnian Serbs boycotted the referendum or were prevented from participating by Bosnian Serb authorities.

The total turnout of voters was 63.4%, 99.7% of whom voted for independence. On 3 March, Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina Alija Izetbegović declared the independence of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the parliament ratified the action. By declaring independence, Bosnia and Herzegovina left the union with Serbia after almost 74 years. On 6 April, the United States and the European Economic Community recognized Bosnia and Herzegovina as an independent state and on 22 May it was admitted into the United Nations.

Background

In November 1990, the first free elections were held, putting nationalist parties into power with three parties. These were the Party of Democratic Action (SDA), led by Alija Izetbegović, the Serbian Democratic Party (SDS), led by Radovan Karadžić, and the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), led by Stjepan Kljuić. Izetbegović was elected as the Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Jure Pelivan, of the HDZ, was elected as the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Momčilo Krajišnik, of the SDS, was elected as the speaker of Parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina.Шаблон:Sfn

Throughout 1990, the RAM Plan was developed by a group of Serb officers of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and experts from the JNA's Psychological Operations DepartmentШаблон:Sfn to organize Serbs outside Serbia, consolidate control of the SDS, and prepare arms and ammunition.Шаблон:Sfn In 1990 and 1991, Serbs in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina had proclaimed a number of Serbian Autonomous Oblasts (SAOs) to later unify them to create a Greater Serbia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn As early as September or October 1990, the JNA had begun to arm Bosnian Serbs and organize them into militias.Шаблон:Sfn That same year the JNA disarmed the Territorial Defense Force of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (TORBiH).Шаблон:Sfn By March 1991, the JNA had distributed an estimated 51,900 firearms to Serb paramilitaries and 23,298 firearms to the SDS.Шаблон:Sfn Throughout 1991 and early 1992, the SDS heavily Serbianized the police force in order to increase Serb political control.Шаблон:Sfn According to Noel Malcolm, the "steps taken by Karadžić and his party – [declaring Serb] Autonomous Regions, the arming of the Serb population, minor local incidents, non-stop propaganda, the request for federal army "protection" – matched exactly what had been done in Croatia. Few observers could doubt that a single plan was in operation."Шаблон:Sfn

In a session on 15 October 1991, the Bosnian Parliament, alarmed by the existence of the RAM Plan,Шаблон:Sfn approved the "Memorandum on Sovereignty" through the use of a parliamentary movement to reopen parliament after Krajišnik had closed it and after Serb deputies had walked out.Шаблон:Sfn On 24 October 1991, the SDS formed the Assembly of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina and in November held a referendum about remaining within Yugoslavia. At the same time it issued the "Instructions for the Organization and Activities of the Organs of the Serbian People in Bosnia and Herzegovina in Emergency Conditions" which told SDS officials to form Serb Municipal Assemblies and Crisis Staffs, secure supplies for Serbs, and create extensive communication networks.Шаблон:Sfn In January 1992, the assembly declared the creation of the Republic of the Serb People of Bosnia and HerzegovinaШаблон:Sfn and its secession.Шаблон:Sfn The Bosnian government declared the referendum an unconstitutional and self-proclaimed entity and it was recognized only by Yugoslavia.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:AnchorRecognition

In late December 1991, Bosniak and Croat politicians asked the European Economic Community (EEC) to recognize Bosnia and Herzegovina with Slovenia, Croatia and Macedonia as sovereign nations.Шаблон:Sfn The Badinter Arbitration Committee, set up by the EEC, initially refused to recognize Bosnia and Herzegovina because of its "absence of a referendum" while it determined (among other things) that Yugoslavia was in the process of dissolution and the internal boundaries of its republics could not be altered without agreement.Шаблон:Sfn In January 1992, the EEC ruled that "the will of the peoples of Bosnia Herzegovina to constitute the Social Republic of Bosnia Herzegovina as a sovereign and independent cannot be held to have been fully established" and suggested "a referendum of all the citizens of the SRBH without distinction"; this could not be normally held, because Serb authorities prevented their people from participating.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn That month, Slobodan Milošević issued a secret order to transfer all JNA officers born in Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Socialist Republic of Serbia and enlist them in a new Bosnian Serb army.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On 23 January, EEC Council of Ministers president João de Deus Pinheiro said that the EEC would recognize Bosnia and Herzegovina if a referendum on independence was approved.Шаблон:Sfn

On 25 January a debate over a referendum was held in Parliament, ending when the Serb deputies withdrew after Bosniak and Croat delegates rejected a Serb motion that it be determined by a yet-to-be-formed Council for National Equality. After Momčilo Krajišnik tried to adjourn the session, he was replaced by an SDA member and the proposal to hold a referendum was adopted in the absence of the SDS.Шаблон:Sfn Since the referendum intended to change the status of Bosnia and Herzegovina from a federal state of Yugoslavia to a sovereign state, it breached the Constitution of Yugoslavia (since the Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina did not have jurisdiction, and exceeded its powers).Шаблон:Sfn According to the Yugoslav constitution, changing the borders of Yugoslavia was impossible without the consent of all republics.Шаблон:Sfn The referendum was also unconstitutional in terms of the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Amendment LXX to the constitution established a council entrusted with exercising the right to equality of the nations and nationalities of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The proposal for a referendum on the "status of Bosnia and Herzegovina" was required to be considered by the Council, since such a referendum directly impacted "the principles of equality among nations and nationalities".Шаблон:Sfn

Citizens of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina voted for independence in the referendum held on 29 February and 1 March 1992.Шаблон:Sfn Independence was strongly favored by Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) and Bosnian Croat voters, while Bosnian Serbs largely boycotted the referendumШаблон:Sfn or were prevented by Bosnian Serb authorities from participating.Шаблон:Sfn According to the SDS, independence would result in the Serbs becoming "a national minority in an Islamic state".Шаблон:Sfn It blocked the delivery of ballot boxes with armed irregular units and dropped leaflets encouraging a boycott,Шаблон:Sfn although thousands of Serbs in larger cities voted for independence.Шаблон:Sfn There were bombings and shootings throughout the voting period, most notably the Sarajevo wedding attack.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Voter turnout was 63.4 percent, of whom 99.7 percent voted for independence.Шаблон:Sfn However, the referendum failed to attain the constitutionally-required two-thirds majority since only 63.4 percent of eligible voters participated.Шаблон:Sfn On 3 March, Alija Izetbegović declared the independence of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian parliament ratified his action.Шаблон:Sfn

White flag with blue-and-gold fleur-de-lis crest in center
Flag adopted by the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

On 4 March United States Secretary of State James Baker urged the EEC to recognize Bosnia and Herzegovina,Шаблон:Sfn and on 6 March Izetbegović requested international recognition.Шаблон:Sfn On 10 March, a joint US-EEC declaration agreed on the recognition of Slovenia and Croatia. It also agreed that Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina should be recognized if Bosnia and Herzegovina "adopt, without delay, constitutional arrangements that will provide for a peaceful and harmonious development of this republic within its existing borders."Шаблон:Sfn On 7 April the United States and the EEC recognized Bosnia and Herzegovina as an independent state,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and other members of the international community also recognized the country in early April.Шаблон:Sfn That day, Bosnian Serb leaders declared independence and renamed their self-proclaimed entity the Republika Srpska.Шаблон:Sfn On 12 May, the Bosnian Serb Assembly adopted "Six Strategic Goals of the Serbian Nation"; Radovan Karadžić said, "The first such goal is separation of the two national communities – separation of states, separation from those who are our enemies and who have used every opportunity, especially in this century, to attack us, and who would continue with such practices if we were to stay together in the same state."Шаблон:Sfn On 22 May, Bosnia and Herzegovina was admitted to the United Nations.Шаблон:Sfn

Results

Choice Votes %
For 2,061,932 99.71
Against 6,037 0.29
Invalid/blank votes 5,227 –
Total 2,073,568 100
Registered voters/turnout 3,253,847 63.73
Source: Nohlen & Stöver[1]

Aftermath

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Файл:Sarajevo Grbavica.JPG
Heavily damaged apartment buildings in the Grbavica district of Sarajevo.

Within a month of recognition, the siege of Sarajevo began, by which time the Bosnian Serb Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) controlled 70% of Bosnia and Herzegovina.Шаблон:Sfn The VRS were backed by Yugoslavia, and the Bosnian Army by the newly-created Republic of Croatia as well as the unrecognized proto-state Herzeg-Bosnia.

The war lasted for three years, with over 100,000 casualties in total. The Bijeljina, Srebrenica and Markale massacres provoked widespread media coverage, and drew attention to the conflict.

See also

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Notes

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References

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Шаблон:Bosnian elections Шаблон:Yugoslavian independence referendums

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  1. ↑ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook Шаблон:ISBN
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