Английская Википедия:1993 Rome municipal election

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Шаблон:Infobox election Municipal elections were held in Rome on 21 November and 5 December 1993 to elect the Mayor of Rome and 60 members of the City Council.

For the first time under a new local electoral law, enacted on 25 March 1993, citizens could vote to directly elect the Mayor.

As no candidate won a majority in the first round, a runoff was held between the top two candidates – Francesco Rutelli, a former radical deputy at that time one of the most prominent figure of the environmentalist Federation of the Greens (FdV) and Gianfranco Fini, Giorgio Almirante's pupil and national leader of the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI) – which Rutelli finally won.

Background

With the Law of 25 March 1993, n. 81 was introduced the direct election of Mayor. In this way the form of government of the city, previously attributed to a parliamentary model, was neared at semi-presidential system. The same law fixed four years term of office for Mayor, later extended to five years.

The first direct-election of the Mayor of Rome took place in a period of changes for the Italian politics: the scandal called Tangentopoli, which highlighted pervasive corruption in the Italian political system, exposed in the 1992 Mani Pulite investigations, led to the collapse of the dominant Christian Democracy party and of its allies in the municipal politics.

Mayoral election

For the first time a leftist coalition, composed by the former-communist Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) and some other progressives party, took part in the election, presenting Francesco Rutelli as its mayoral candidate. Rutelli was a young politician who had been a member of the Italian Radicals then a member of the newborn Federation of the Greens.

The main opposition to Rutelli's coalition was represented by the neo-fascist candidate Gianfranco Fini. Fini was a young politician considered the inheritor of Giorgio Almirante's political knowledge in the Italian Social Movement (MSI). Fini and his party were quite popular in Rome: their popularity, originated from the Fascist regime, was increased by the political scandal which had invested the historical Christian Democracy (DC) and Italian Socialist Party (PSI). However Fini's popularity continued after the 1993 election, since all the candidates supported by the center-right coalition in the future elections would have been members of neo-fascist party National Alliance (AN).

Although the political crisis, Christian Democracy (DC) presented its candidate, Carmelo Caruso, who was supported also by the weak Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI).

Many other candidates took part in the election, all of them from very small parties, civic lists or associations. The most famous of this small party was the so-called Love Party, which was in favor of sexuality in a libertarian sense and for this reason decided to present as candidate for Mayor the famous pornstars Moana Pozzi.

The election was distinguished by the active involvement of an unprecedented numbers of Italian nobles as either candidates or supporters, including members of the Barberini, Orsini, Chigi, and Borghese families.

Voting System

The voting system is used for all mayoral elections in Italy, in the city with a population higher than 15,000 inhabitants. Under this system voters express a direct choice for the mayor or an indirect choice voting for the party of the candidate's coalition. If no candidate receives 50% of votes, the top two candidates go to a second round after two weeks. This gives a result whereby the winning candidate may be able to claim majority support, although it is not guaranteed.

The election of the City Council is based on a direct choice for the candidate with a preference vote: the candidate with the majority of the preferences is elected. The number of the seats for each party is determined proportionally.

Parties and candidates

This is a list of the major parties (and their respective leaders) which participated in the election.

Political party or alliance		Constituent lists		Candidate
style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"|	Italian Social Movement			Gianfranco Fini
rowspan=4 style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"|	Progressives	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |	Democratic Party of the Left	Francesco Rutelli
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |		Federation of the Greens
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |		Democratic Alliance
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |		Pannella List
	Centrist coalition	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |	Christian Democracy	Carmelo Caruso
		style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"|	Union of the Centre
		bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |	Italian Democratic Socialist Party
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |	Communist Refoundation Party			Renato Nicolini
	Lay and Reformist Alliance			Vittorio Ripa di Meana

Results

Summary of the 1993 Rome City Council and Mayoral election results

Файл:Rome City Council 1993.svg
Candidates		1st round		2nd round		Leader's seat	Parties		Votes	%	Seats
		Votes	%	Votes	%
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" rowspan=5|	Francesco Rutelli	684,529	39.55	955,859	53.11	–		Democratic Party of the Left	233,924	18.17	18
Federation of the Greens								136,753	10.62	10
Alliance for Rome								63,271	4.91	5
Pannella List								45,082	3.50	3
Total								479,030	37.21	36
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" rowspan=3|	Gianfranco Fini	619,309	35.78	844,030	46.89	Шаблон:Tick		Italian Social Movement	399,594	31,04	13
Together for Rome								30,684	2.38	–
Total								430,278	33.42	13
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" rowspan=5|	Carmelo Caruso	197,801	11.43	–	–	Шаблон:Tick		Christian Democracy	154,552	12.00	5
Union of the Centre								14,392	1.12	–
Italian Democratic Socialist Party								11,333	0.88	–
Civilization and Progress								3,160	0.25	–
Total								183,437	14.25	5
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" rowspan=3|	Renato Nicolini	143,364	8.28	–	–	Шаблон:Tick		Communist Refoundation Party	90,461	7.03	2
Freeing Rome								12,798	0.99	–
Total								103,259	8.02	2
	Vittorio Ripa di Meana	26,064	1.51	–	–	Шаблон:Tick		Reformist Lay Alliance (PSI–PRI)	30,818	2.39	–
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |	Maria Ida Germontani	11,770	0.68	–	–	–	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |	Federal Italy League	13,726	1.07	–
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |	Antonio Pappalardo	9,527	0.55	–	–	–		Solidarity and Democracy	9,557	0.74	–
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |	Laura Scalabrini	9,164	0.53	–	–	–	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |	Federalist Greens	10,531	0.82	–
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |	Moana Pozzi	8,977	0.52	–	–	–	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |	Love Party	7,228	0.56	–
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |	Giulio Savelli	4,198	0.24	–	–	–		Independent Movement for Rome	3,373	0.26	–
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |	Federica Rossi Gasparrini	4,075	0.24	–	–	–		New Italy	4,685	0.36	–
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |	Gabriella Carlizzi	3,998	0.23	–	–	–		Christian Party of Democracy	3,409	0.26	–
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |	Mirella Cece	2,002	0.12	–	–	–		European Liberal Christian Movement	2,096	0.16	–
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |	Rosario Caccamo	1,948	0.11	–	–	–		People's Movement for Man and the Environment	1,861	0.14	–
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |	Carlo Olivieri	1,590	0.09	–	–	–	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |	Humanist Alliance	1,485	0.12	–
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |	Pier Vittorio Fiorelli	1,519	0.09	–	–	–		Rights and Duties	1,859	0.14	–
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" |	Rosanna Bartolomei	882	0.05	–	–	–		Corporatist Democracy	896	0.07	–
Total		1,730,717	100.00	1,799,889	100.00	4			1,287,528	100.00	56
Eligible voters		2 317 077	100.00	2 317 077	100.00
Did not vote		492 536	21.26	466 787	20.15
Voted		1 824 541	78.74	1 850 290	79.85
Blank or invalid ballots		93 824	5.14	50 401	2.72
Total valid votes		1 730 717	94.86	1 799 889	97.28
Source: Ministry of the Interior