Английская Википедия:1993 Russian legislative election

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox legislative election

Parliamentary elections were held in Russia on 12 December 1993.[1] They were the first parliamentary elections in post-Soviet Russia and the only time to the Federation Council,[2] with future members appointed by provincial legislatures and governors.

Background

The 1993 general election was taking place in the aftermath of the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, a violent confrontation on the streets of Moscow which resulted in the dissolution of the previous Russian parliament by military force. Boris Yeltsin hoped to resolve the political turmoil by decreeing for the election to the new Russian parliament and the constitutional referendum to take place on 12 December 1993.

Electoral system

The new election law adopted for the 1993 Duma election stipulated half the 450 Duma members were elected by a party-list system of proportional representation, and half were elected as individual representatives from single-member districts. Every Russian voter thus received two different ballots. The proportional representation ballot required each voter to endorse an electoral organization or vote against all of them. By contrast, the single-member district ballot required a voter to endorse an individual, whose party affiliation, if any, could not be given on the ballot.

In order to nominate a list of candidates in the proportional representation ballot, a party or electoral organization had to gather 100,000 signatures from the electorate, of which no more than 15% could be from any one region or republic. The method used to calculate the number of seats won by each party was the Hare method, with a threshold of 5.0 per cent of the valid vote, including votes cast against all, but excluding invalid ballots. To secure a place on a single-member district ballot, candidates had to gather the signatures of at least 1.0 percent of the constituency electorate. The winner in each single-member districts contest was simply the candidate with the plurality of votes, regardless of the number of votes cast against all.

Political blocs

Bloc Шаблон:Abbr First troika Political position Ideologies Notes
1 style="background: Шаблон:Party color;"| Agrarian Party of Russia APR Mikhail LapshinAlexander DavydovAlexander Zaveryukha Left-wing Agrarian socialism / Collectivism [3]
2 style="background: Шаблон:Party color;"| Yavlinsky–Boldyrev–Lukin YaBL Grigory YavlinskyYury BoldyrevVladimir Lukin Centre-left Social democracy / Social liberalism
3 style="background: Шаблон:Party color;"| Future of Russia–New Names BRNI Vyacheslav Laschevsky • Oleg Sokolov • Vladimir Mironov Centre Youth politics / Social policies
4 style="background: Шаблон:Party color;"| Choice of Russia VR Yegor GaidarSergei KovalevElla Pamfilova Centre-right Conservative liberalism / Liberal conservatism
5 style="background: Шаблон:Party color;"| Civic Union for Stability, Justice and Progress GS Arkady VolskyNikolay BekhAlexander Vladislavlev Centre to centre-left Social democracy / Anti-Yeltsinism / Federalism
6 style="background: Шаблон:Party color;"| Democratic Party of Russia DPR Nikolay TravkinStanislav GovorukhinOleg Bogomolov Centre-right Conservatism
7 style="background: Шаблон:Party color;"| Dignity and Charity DM Konstantin FrolovNikolai Gubenko • Vyacheslav Grishin Big tent Federalism / Veterans' rights / Disabled rights
8 style="background: Шаблон:Party color;"| Communist Party of the Russian Federation CPRF Gennady ZyuganovVitaly SevastyanovViktor Ilyukhin Left-wing to far-left Communism / Marxism–Leninism / Left-wing nationalism
9 style="background: Шаблон:Party color;"| Constructive-Ecological Movement of Russia "Kedr" KEDR Lyubov Lymar • Vladimir Chiburayev • Stanislav Baranov Centre to centre-left Green politics / Agrarianism
10 style="background: Шаблон:Party color;"| Liberal Democratic Party of Russia LDPR Vladimir ZhirinovskyViktor KobelevVyacheslav Marychev Right-wing to far-right Right-wing populism / Pan-Slavism
11 style="background: Шаблон:Party color;"| Party of Russian Unity and Accord PRES Sergey ShakhrayAlexander ShokhinKonstantin Zatulin Centre-right Moderate liberalism / Conservatism / Regionalism
12 style="background: Шаблон:Party color;"| Women of Russia ZhR Alevtina FedulovaEkaterina LakhovaNatalya Gundareva Centre Women's rights / Pacifism
13 style="background: Шаблон:Party color;"| Russian Democratic Reform Movement RDDR Anatoly SobchakSvyatoslav FyodorovOleg Basilashvili Centre Liberal democracy / Federalism

Results

State Duma

Шаблон:Election results

Шаблон:Notelist

Federation Council

Although the Federation Council was contested on a non-party basis,[2] 11 were members of the Communist Party, six were members of Russia's Choice and nine were members of other parties.[4]

Шаблон:Election results Шаблон:Notelist

Aftermath

The results of the polls proved to be disappointing for the Kremlin: the two competing pro-government parties, Russia's Choice and the Party of Russian Unity and Accord, gained 15.5% and 6.7% of the vote respectively and won 123 of the 450 seats in the State Duma. Neither party was able to control the parliamentary agenda nor impose the will of the president on the Duma. Lacking legislative success, both parties rapidly lost membership.

Parliamentary groups

The use of the mixed system for the election of the Duma produced a large number of deputies which were unaffiliated with any electoral bloc. By joining other parliamentary groups or forming groups of independent deputies, they could significantly influence the balance of power in the Duma. Hence, the parliamentary groups in the first two-year term of the Duma showed lack of stability and its numbers may be given only with approximation.

Parliamentary group Leader Seats
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Vladimir Zhirinovsky 53-64
Russia's Choice Yegor Gaidar 47-78
Communist Party of the Russian Federation Gennady Zyuganov 45-47
Women of Russia Yekaterina Lakhova 20-24
Agrarian Party of Russia Mikhail Lapshin 50-55
Yabloko Grigory Yavlinsky 27-28
Party of Russian Unity and Accord Sergey Shakhray 12-34
Democratic Party of Russia Nikolay Travkin 8-15
Liberal Democratic Union of 12 December Irina Khakamada 11-38
New Regional Politics - Duma-96 V. Medvedev 30-67
Russia I. Shichalin 34-38
Stability A. Leushkin 34-40
Russian Way (unregistered) Sergei Baburin 11-14
Strong State (Derzhava) (unregistered) V. Kobelev 4-5

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Russian elections

  1. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1642 Шаблон:ISBN
  2. 2,0 2,1 Nohlen & Stöver, p1656
  3. https://www.rcoit.ru/lib/history/russian_federation/18050/ «Выборы в Государственную Думу Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации первого созыва»
  4. Nohlen & Stöver, p1658