Английская Википедия:1997 Central European flood

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The 1997 Central European flood or the 1997 Oder Flood of the Oder and Morava river basins in July 1997 affected Poland, the Czech Republic and Germany, taking the lives of 114 people and causing material damages estimated at $4.5 billion (3.8 billion euros in the Czech Republic and Poland and 330 million euros in Germany). The flooding began in the Czech Republic, then spread to Poland and Germany. In Poland, where it was one of the most disastrous floods in the country's history,[1][2] it was named the Millennium Flood (Powódź tysiąclecia).[2] The term was also used in Germany (Jahrtausendflut).[3] The event has also been referred to as the Great Flood of 1997.[2][4]

Causes

Файл:1997 Central European Flood Rainfall Animation.webm
Animation of rainfall over Central Europe in July 1997

Southwestern Poland and the northeastern Czech Republic experienced two periods of extensive rainfall, first occurring 3–10 July and second 17–22 July.[2][5] The precipitation was caused by a Genoa low pressure system, which moved from northern Italy to Moravia and Poland. The unusual development occurred when a field of higher air pressure between the Azores Islands and Scandinavia was blocked. The center of low pressure remained over southern Poland for a long period of time.[2]

The precipitation was very high, measuring Шаблон:Convert, and corresponded to several months' average rainfall over a few days.[1] Water levels rose 2–3 m above previously recorded averages[1] and were so high that they caused the water to flow over existing measurement poles. It was one of the heaviest rainfalls in recorded world's history.[4] It was dubbed the Millennium Flood because a likelihood of such a flood in a particular year was estimated at 0.1%.[6][7]

Floods

Файл:Stary Dwor (pow. Wolowski)-powodz 1997.jpg
Exit sign from village of Stary Dwór, Wołów County, Poland

Flooding began on 5 July in the Czech Republic and spread to Poland on 6 July. Those early floods were very rapid flash floods (water levels rose by up to four meters in half a day).[2] In Poland, the first settlements flooded were located around Prudnik and Głuchołazy,[8] and were visited by Polish Prime Minister Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz on 7 July.[4] Flooding spread rapidly from Chałupki to Racibórz. In Kłodzko several buildings dating back a few hundred years (kamienica) collapsed; on 8 July the flood reached Krapkowice. In the second stage of the flood, the flood wave flowed down through the Oder river, submerging successive towns in the area.[2] Left-bank Opole was flooded on 10 July, Wrocław and Rybnik on 12 July, and Głogów soon after. The rising waters slowed by the time they reached the Polish-German border (the Oder-Neisse line), allowing more time for preparations; the damages were thus much lower.[2]

On 18 July, Polish president Aleksander Kwaśniewski declared a day of national mourning.[9]

Water levels

Файл:1997-07-29-Oderhochwasser-RalfR-img029.jpg
Zollbrücke, Germany
Файл:1997-07-29-Oderhochwasser-RalfR-img030.jpg
Hohensaaten, Germany
Файл:1997-07-29-Oderhochwasser-RalfR-img024.jpg
Hohenwutzen, Germany
Файл:1997-07-29-Oderhochwasser-RalfR-img018.jpg
Siekierki, Poland

Water levels recorded on the Oder river in the flood period:[10]

Файл:Powodzianka-Wroclaw-mostUniwersytecki.jpg
A memorial near University Bridge in Wrocław honors people who worked to save the city during the 1997 flood. It depicts a symbolic woman at the University Library, carrying all books from lower to upper floors.
Location Oder-km Maximum water level
[cm]		 Date
Шаблон:Flagicon Racibórz Miedonia 55.5 1045 9 July 1997
Шаблон:Flagicon Ujście Nysy 180.5 768 10 July 1997
Шаблон:Flagicon Rędzin 261.1 1030 13 July 1997
Шаблон:Flagicon Brzeg Dolny 284.7 970 13 July 1997 – Шаблон:Nowrap
Шаблон:Flagicon Malczyce 304.8 792 14 July 1997 – Шаблон:Nowrap
Шаблон:Flagicon Ścinawa 331.9 732 15 July 1997
Шаблон:Flagicon Głogów 392.9 712 16 July 1997
Шаблон:Flagicon Nowa Sól 429.8 681 16 July 1997
Шаблон:Flagicon Cigacice 471.3 682 19 July 1997
Шаблон:Flagicon Połęcko 530.3 595 24 July 1997
Шаблон:Flagicon Ratzdorf 542.5 691 24 July 1997
Шаблон:Flagicon Eisenhüttenstadt 554.1 717 24 July 1997
Шаблон:Flagicon Frankfurt/Oder 584.0 657-656 27 July 1997
Шаблон:Flagicon Słubice 584.1 637 27 July 1997
Шаблон:Flagicon Kietz 614.8 653 27 July 1997 – Шаблон:Nowrap
Шаблон:Flagicon Kienitz 633.0 628 24 July 1997
Шаблон:Flagicon Gozdowice 645.3 659 31 July 1997 – Шаблон:Nowrap
Шаблон:Flagicon Hohensaaten-Finow 664.9 729 31 July 1997
Шаблон:Flagicon Hohensaaten
Шаблон:Nowrap 		667.2 805 31 July 1997
Шаблон:Flagicon Bielinek 673.5 712 31 July 1997 – Шаблон:Nowrap
Шаблон:Flagicon Stützkow 680.5 1009 29 July 1997
Шаблон:Flagicon Schwedt Oderbrücke 690.6 886 2 August 1997
Шаблон:Flagicon Schwedt
Шаблон:Nowrap 		697.0 840 1 August 1997 – Шаблон:Nowrap
Шаблон:Flagicon Widuchowa 701.8 760 2 August 1997 – Шаблон:Nowrap
Шаблон:Flagicon Gartz (Oder) 8.0 698 1 August 1997 – Шаблон:Nowrap
Шаблон:Flagicon Mescherin 14.1 672 3 August 1997
Шаблон:Flagicon Gryfino 718.5 649 3 August 1997
Шаблон:Flagicon Ückermünde Oderhaff 536 6 August 1997

Fatalities and damages

Файл:Powodz wr.jpg
Wrocław, Poland. July 1997. Flooding aftermath. Podwale Street near Krasińskiego, Dąbrowskiego and Komuny Paryskiej St. crossing. Left side of photo – town moat.

The flood caused the deaths of 114 people (56 in Poland,[11][12] 50 in the Czech Republic[13]) and material damages estimated at $4.5 billion[14] (3.8 billion euros in the Czech Republic and Poland and 330 million euros in Germany).

In Poland, it is estimated that 7,000 people lost all of their possessions. 9,000 private businesses were affected and 680,000 houses were damaged or destroyed. The flood also damaged 843 schools (100 destroyed), 4,000 bridges (45 destroyed), 14,400 km of roads and 2,000 km of railways. In total, 665,835 hectares were affected in Poland (an estimated 2% of total Polish territory).[1][15] The losses were estimated at 7.4-11.3 billion Polish zlotys (or US$2.3–3.5 billion at the 1997 levels).[1] The historic town of Kłodzko sustained damages equivalent to 50 years of its annual budget.[2]

In the Czech Republic, 2,151 flats and 48 bridges were destroyed.[16] 538 villages and towns were affected.[4] The losses were estimated at 63 billion Czech crowns.[4] The town of Troubky was most severely affected.

In Germany there were no fatalities.[17]

Responses

Government responses in the Czech Republic and Poland were criticized.[4] The flood revealed various inadequacies in decision making and infrastructure, although the unprecedented magnitude of the disaster was seen by some as a mitigating factor.[1][2]

Numerous charities provided aid to those affected by the floods.[18]

In popular culture

In the wake of the floods in 1997, Polish rock band Hey released the song Moja i twoja nadzieja ("My and Your Hope"). All proceeds from the sale of the single went towards victims of the floods.[19] Hey also brought together a group of the most prominent Polish singers at the time to record a cover of the song (known as the "'97 version") for charity-. Also in 1997, Hey released the album Шаблон:Ill ("A Brick for Flood Victims"), containing five versions of the song - Hey's original single, the '97 version, an instrumental cover, an acoustic cover, and a jazz interpretation (by Anna Maria Jopek).

In October 2022, Netflix released High Water, a Polish-language six-episode limited series inspired by the 1997 flood. Set in Wrocław, Poland, it depicts the lead-up to the floods and reactions by the city and regional authorities, as well as inhabitants of surrounding villages (represented by the fictional village of Kęty). Although directors Jan Holoubek and Bartłomiej Ignaciuk emphasised that the series was not a documentary, they have been praised for the authenticity of the series.[20]

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 Roman Konieczny. Paweł Madej. Małgorzata Siudak. Local Flood Hazard Reduction Plans in Poland – Problems and Perspectives. In Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,9 Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz. Summer 1997 Flood in Poland in Perspective. In Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Martin Doring. The Politics of Nature: Constructing the German Reunification during the Great Odra Flood 1997 in Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 K. Szamalek. The Great Flood of 1997 in Poland: The Truth and Myth. In Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:In lang Studien und Tagungsberichte, Schriftenreihe des Landesumweltamtes Brandenburg. Band 16 – Das Sommerhochwasser an der Oder 1997 – Fachbeiträge anläßlich der Brandenburger Ökologietage II. Potsdam. Marz 1997
  6. ↑ Шаблон:In lang Przemysław Berg, Czy grozi nam powódź: Widmo Wielkiej Wody, Polityka, 21 lutego 2010
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  8. ↑ Dwa i pół tysiąca poszkodowanych, Wielka powódź '97, "Tygodnik Prudnicki", Andrzej Dereń, 27 (861), 4 July 2007, p. 12.
  9. ↑ Шаблон:In lang Zarządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 15 lipca 1997 r. w sprawie opuszczenia flagi państwowej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. M.P. 1997 nr 42 poz. 423
  10. ↑ Studien und Tagungsberichte, Schriftenreihe des Landesumweltamtes Brandenburg. Band 16 – Das Sommerhochwasser an der Oder 1997 – Fachbeiträge anläßlich der Brandenburger Ökologietage II. Potsdam. Marz 1997
  11. ↑ Шаблон:In lang ZBIGNIEW W. KUNDZEWICZ, MACIEJ ZALEWSKI, ANDRZEJ KĘDZIORA, EDWARD PIERZGALSKI, Zagrożenia związane z wodą Шаблон:Webarchive, NAUKA 4/2010 • 87–96
  12. ↑ Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz. Summer 1997 Flood in Poland in Perspective. In Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Pavel Punchchar, Marek Mata, and Daniel Pokorny. Improvement of Flood Protection in Czech Republic in Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Шаблон:In lang Jerzy Grela, Henryk Słota, Jan Zieliński (editors). 1999. Dorzecze Wisły. Monografia Powodzi lipiec 1997. Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej. Шаблон:ISBN
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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