Английская Википедия:1999 Portuguese legislative election

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Шаблон:Infobox election

The 1999 Portuguese legislative election took place on 10 October. The election renewed all 230 members of the Assembly of the Republic.

The Socialist Party was aiming a second term under the lead of António Guterres, incumbent Prime Minister, as a good economy and Portugal's growing prestige, following the Expo 1998 and the support for the East-Timor cause, were strengthening the PS position.[1] Polls leading up to the election predicted a comfortable PS majority government. Adding to this, the main opposition party, the Social Democratic Party (PSD), was exiting an internal crisis after former leader Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa resigned in March 1999 amid disagreements with the CDS-People's Party leader, Paulo Portas, regarding a future PSD/CDS alliance for these elections.[2] The party elected, in a snap party congress in May 1999, José Manuel Durão Barroso as new leader.

Despite opinion polls predictions, the election results were labeled as a disappointment for the Socialists as the party failed to win a historical absolute majority by just one MP and barely improved their 1995 score, just 0.3%.[3] The disappointing PS score would create instability in Guterres second government in the years to follow.[4] The Social Democratic Party was still away from the preferences of the majority of the Portuguese people, after the ten years cycle under the lead of Cavaco Silva that had terminated four years before, and lost 7 MPs, compared with 1995, and gathered 32% of the votes. The Democratic Unity Coalition achieved an important climb in the scorecard, against those who predicted its irreversible decline after the end of the Socialist Bloc in the early 1990s. The CDS-People's Party was able to hold on to its 15 MPs after tensions with the PSD earlier that year. For the first time, the Left Bloc, formed after the merger of several minor left-wing parties became represented in the parliament after electing two MPs.

Turnout in this election was very low, only being surpassed by all elections after 2009 when turnout stands below 60%. Overall, voter turnout was only 61% of voters, one of the lowest ever recorded.

Background

Leadership changes and challenges

PSD 1996 leadership election

After leading his party to two successive defeats, in the 1995 election and in the 1996 Presidential election, then PSD leader Fernando Nogueira resigned.[5] A party congress to elect a new leader was called for late March 1996. For that leadership ballot, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa announced his candidacy, just a few days after saying a phrase that would become famous in Portuguese politics, "Not even if Christ descends to earth, will I run."[6] Marcelo faced Pedro Santana Lopes, which repeated his failed bid of 1995. Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa was easily elected as PSD leader.[7] The results were the following: Шаблон:Election table |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% |- |bgcolor=orange| | align=left | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa | align=right | 603 | align=right | 66.4 |- |bgcolor=orange| | align=left | Pedro Santana Lopes | align=right | 305 | align=right | 33.6 |- |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout | align=right | 908 | align=center | |- | colspan="4" align=left|Source: Results |}

CDS–PP 1998 leadership election

Then CDS leader, Manuel Monteiro, resigned from the leadership after the party's poor results in the 1997 local elections.[8] Paulo Portas, which had a tense relationship with Monteiro, announced his candidacy but faced the candidate of the "Monteiro wing", Maria José Nogueira Pinto. The congress was very tense, with strong accusations between both candidates, but in the end Paulo Portas was elected as new party leader:[9] Шаблон:Election table |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | Paulo Portas | align=center | WIN | align=right | |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | Maria José Nogueira Pinto | align=right | | align=right | |- |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout | align=right | | align=center | |- | colspan="4" align=left|Source: |}

PSD 1999 leadership election

Then PSD leader Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa plan to creat an electoral alliance with the CDS – People's Party was splitting his party, but nonetheless, the alliance was approved in a party congress in February 1999.[10] However, at the same a time, a scandal involving CDS–PP leader Paulo Portas, the "Moderna affair", in which corrupt deals and bad management were done in Moderna University,[11] was creating a bad mood between PSD and CDS–PP and, specially, between the two party's leaders.[12] In late March, Paulo Portas gives an interview on SIC that precipitated Marcelo's resignation. In that interview, Portas says that the PSD needs to come clean and say if they trust the CDS leader, and that Marcelo told him that a majority of the PSD leadership doesn't like him and feels he's a liability to the alliance.[13] Feeling betrayed and seeing that Portas was untrustworthy, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa resigned from the PSD leadership. A snap party congress was called for early May, and, as the sole candidate, José Manuel Durão Barroso was unanimously elected as the new PSD leader:

Шаблон:Election table |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% |- |bgcolor=orange| | align=left | José Manuel Durão Barroso | align=right | | align=right | 100.0 |- |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout | align=right | | align=center | |- | colspan="4" align=left|Source: Results |}

Electoral system

Файл:Eleições legislativas 1999.png
Official logo of the election.

The Assembly of the Republic has 230 members elected to four-year terms. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 116 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.[14]

The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the district magnitude.[15] The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.[16]

For these elections, and compared with the 1995 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following:[17]

District Number of MPs Map
LisbonШаблон:Font color 49 Шаблон:Image label begin

Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label end

Porto 37
BragaШаблон:Font color 17
Setúbal 17
AveiroШаблон:Font color 15
Leiria, Santarém and Coimbra 10
Viseu 9
Faro 8
Viana do Castelo 6
Azores, Castelo Branco, Madeira and Vila Real 5
Bragança, Évora and Guarda 4
BejaШаблон:Font color and Portalegre 3
Europe and Outside Europe 2

Parties

The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the 7th legislature (1995–1999) and that also partook in the election:

Name Ideology Political position Leader 1995 result
% Seats
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| PS Socialist Party
Шаблон:Small 		Шаблон:Nowrap Centre-left António Guterres 43.8% Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| PPD/PSD Social Democratic Party
Шаблон:Small 		Шаблон:Nowrap Centre-right José Manuel Durão Barroso 34.1% Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| CDS-PP CDS – People's Party
Шаблон:Nowrap 		Christian democracy
Conservatism 		Шаблон:Nowrap Paulo Portas 9.1% Шаблон:Composition bar
PCP Portuguese Communist Party
Шаблон:Small 		Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		Far-left Carlos Carvalhas 8.6%
Шаблон:Efn 		Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| PEV Ecologist Party "The Greens"
Шаблон:Small 		Eco-socialism
Green politics 		Left-wing Isabel Castro Шаблон:Composition bar

Campaign period

Party slogans

Party or alliance Original slogan English translation Refs
width="1" bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| PS « Portugal em boas mãos » "Portugal in good hands" [18]
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| PSD « Vamos cumprir » "We will deliver" [19]
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| CDS–PP « Alternativa'99 » "Alternative'99" [20]
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| CDU « Para que não fique tudo na mesma » "So that everything will not stay the same" [21]
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| BE « É tempo de ser exigente » "It's time to be demanding" [22]

Candidates' debates

1999 Portuguese legislative election debates
Date Organisers Moderator(s) Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Colors Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Colors Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Colors Шаблон:Small
PS
Шаблон:Small 		PSD
Шаблон:Small 		CDU
Шаблон:Small 		CDS–PP
Шаблон:Small 		Refs
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"|
16 Sep SIC José Alberto Carvalho P P N N [23]
17 Sep SIC José Alberto Carvalho N N P P [23]
19 Sep SIC José Alberto Carvalho N P N P [23]
20 Sep SIC José Alberto Carvalho P N P N [23]
21 Sep SIC José Alberto Carvalho P N N P [23]
22 Sep SIC José Alberto Carvalho N P P N [23]
23 Sep RTP1 Judite de Sousa P P P P [24]
Шаблон:Small
Date Organisers Polling firm/Link
PS PSD CDU CDS–PP Notes
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"|
16 Sep SIC SIC Шаблон:Party shading/PS| 57 25 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:Small

Opinion polling

Шаблон:See also The following table shows the opinion polls of voting intention of the Portuguese voters before the election. Those parties that are listed were represented in parliament (1995-1999). Included is also the result of the Portuguese general elections in 1995 and 1999 for reference.

Note, until 2000, the publication of opinion polls in the last week of the campaign was forbidden.

Шаблон:Legend2

Date Released Polling Firm PS PSD CDS–PP CDU BE Others Lead
10 Oct 1999 Leg. Election 44.1
Шаблон:Font 		32.3
Шаблон:Font 		8.3
Шаблон:Font 		9.0
Шаблон:Font 		2.4
Шаблон:Font 		3.9
Шаблон:Font 		11.8
10 Oct 1999 RTP/Universidade Católica 46.0 30.3 7.5 8.5 2.5 5.2 15.7
10 Oct 1999 SIC/Seeds 46.3 31.5 8.0 9.8 2.8 1.6 14.8
10 Oct 1999 TVI/Intercampus 46.3 28.6 8.3 9.5 3.2 4.1 17.7
2 Oct 1999 Euroexpansão 50.0 32.0 8.0 6.0 2.0 2.0 18.0
1 Oct 1999 Seeds 47.0 32.0 7.0 8.0 1.0 5.0 15.0
1 Oct 1999 Metris 48.0 31.0 7.0 7.0 1.0 6.0 17.0
1 Oct 1999 Universidade Católica 47.2 30.0 7.2 7.9 2.8 4.9 17.2
30 Sep 1999 Marktest 46.2 30.7 4.2 10.6 2.8 5.5 15.5
30 Sep 1999 Aximage 49.0 33.0 6.0 7.0 1.0 4.0 16.0
29 Jul 1999 Universidade Católica 52.0 31.6 6.2 6.9 1.9 1.4 20.4
13 Jun 1999 EP Elections 43.1 31.1 8.2 10.3 1.8 5.5 12.0
19 Mar 1999 Universidade Católica 55.3 32.6Шаблон:Efn 9.3 2.0 0.8 22.7
Sep 1998 Universidade Católica 45.3 36.1 5.2 6.9 Шаблон:N/A 6.5 9.2
14 Dec 1997 Local Elections 41.3 35.2 6.3 12.0 Шаблон:N/A 5.2 6.1
21 Mar 1997 Universidade Católica 40.0 33.0 6.5 8.0 Шаблон:N/A 12.5 7.0
Dec 1996 Universidade Católica 47.0 29.0 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 24.0 18.0
1 Oct 1995 Leg. Election 43.8
Шаблон:Font 		34.1
Шаблон:Font 		9.1
Шаблон:Font 		8.6
Шаблон:Font 		4.4
Шаблон:Font 		Did not
exist 		9.7

National summary of votes and seats

Шаблон:Election table |-

| colspan=11|

Файл:Portugal Parliament 1999.svg

|- ! rowspan="2" colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Parties ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Votes ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|% ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|± ! colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|MPs ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |MPs %/
votes % |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align=center|1995 ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align=center|1999 ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|± ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|% ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|± |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |2,385,922||44.06||Шаблон:Increase0.3||112||115||Шаблон:Increase3||50.00||Шаблон:Increase1.3||1.13 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |1,750,158||32.32||Шаблон:Decrease1.8||88||81||Шаблон:Decrease7||35.22||Шаблон:Decrease3.1||1.09 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colourШаблон:Efn |487,058||8.99||Шаблон:Increase0.4||15||17||Шаблон:Increase2||7.39||Шаблон:Increase0.9||0.82 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |451,643||8.34||Шаблон:Decrease0.7||15||15||Шаблон:Steady0||6.52||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.78 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |132,333||2.44||Шаблон:N/A||Шаблон:N/A||2||Шаблон:N/A||0.87||Шаблон:N/A||0.36 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |40,006||0.74||Шаблон:Increase0.0||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |19,938||0.37||Шаблон:Increase0.3||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |16,522||0.31||Шаблон:N/A||Шаблон:N/A||0||Шаблон:N/A||0.00||Шаблон:N/A||0.0 |- |style="width: 10px" bgcolor=#000080 align="center" | |align=left|National Solidarity |11,488||0.21||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |7,346||0.14||Шаблон:N/A||Шаблон:N/A||0||Шаблон:N/A||0.00||Шаблон:N/A||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |4,104||0.08||Шаблон:Increase0.1||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colourШаблон:Efn |438||0.01||Шаблон:Decrease0.0||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0 |- |colspan=2 align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total valid |width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,306,956 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|98.00 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Шаблон:Decrease0.1 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|230 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|230 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Шаблон:Steady0 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Шаблон:Steady0.0 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|— |- |colspan=2|Blank ballots |56,964||1.05||Шаблон:Increase0.3||colspan=6 rowspan=4| |- |colspan=2|Invalid ballots |51,230||0.95||Шаблон:Decrease0.1 |- |colspan=2 align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total |width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,415,102 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"| |- |colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout ||8,864,604||61.09||Шаблон:Decrease5.2 |- | colspan=11 align=left | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |} Шаблон:Bar box Шаблон:Bar box

Distribution by constituency

Шаблон:Election table |- class="unsortable" !rowspan=2|Constituency!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S !rowspan=2|Total
S |- class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;" !colspan=2 | PS !colspan=2 | PSD !colspan=2 | CDU !colspan=2 | CDS–PP !colspan=2 | BE |- | style="text-align:left;" | Azores | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|53.3 | 3 | 35.8 | 2 | 1.7 | - | 5.6 | - | 1.1 | - | 5 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Aveiro | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|40.2 | 7 | 38.3 | 6 | 3.5 | - | 13.6 | 2 | 1.3 | - | 15 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Beja | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|46.7 | 2 | 14.5 | - | 28.3 | 1 | 3.9 | - | 1.6 | - | 3 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Braga | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|44.3 | 8 | 36.7 | 7 | 5.4 | 1 | 8.9 | 1 | 1.2 | - | 17 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Bragança | 39.7 | 2 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|45.1 | 2 | 2.6 | - | 8.7 | - | 0.8 | - | 4 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Castelo Branco | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|51.6 | 3 | 32.0 | 2 | 5.3 | - | 6.3 | - | 1.2 | - | 5 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Coimbra | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|47.2 | 6 | 35.2 | 4 | 6.1 | - | 6.0 | - | 2.0 | - | 10 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Шаблон:HsÉvora | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|45.7 | 2 | 18.7 | 1 | 24.6 | 1 | 5.1 | - | 1.5 | - | 4 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Faro | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|48.4 | 5 | 29.5 | 3 | 8.3 | - | 7.3 | - | 2.3 | - | 8 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Guarda | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|43.4 | 2 | 39.2 | 2 | 3.2 | - | 9.8 | - | 1.1 | - | 4 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Leiria | 36.8 | 4 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|42.6 | 5 | 5.3 | - | 9.9 | 1 | 1.7 | - | 10 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Lisbon | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|42.7 | 23 | 27.3 | 14 | 12.3 | 6 | 8.5 | 4 | 4.9 | 2 | 49 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Madeira | 35.1 | 2 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|46.2 | 3 | 2.8 | - | 10.9 | - | 1.2 | - | 5 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Portalegre | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|51.2 | 2 | 22.5 | 1 | 15.0 | - | 5.9 | - | 1.2 | - | 3 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Porto | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|48.0 | 19 | 32.7 | 13 | 6.2 | 2 | 7.5 | 3 | 2.3 | - | 37 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Santarém | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|45.5 | 5 | 30.2 | 3 | 10.1 | 1 | 8.1 | 1 | 2.0 | - | 10 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Setúbal | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|43.7 | 8 | 18.0 | 3 | 24.8 | 5 | 5.6 | 1 | 3.5 | - | 17 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Viana do Castelo | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|40.2 | 3 | 35.8 | 2 | 5.0 | - | 14.0 | 1 | 1.2 | - | 6 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Vila Real | 40.8 | 2 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|45.5 | 3 | 2.4 | - | 6.8 | - | 0.8 | - | 5 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Viseu | 38.1 | 4 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|44.3 | 4 | 2.2 | - | 10.5 | 1 | 1.2 | - | 9 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Europe | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|55.4 | 2 | 24.7 | - | 5.3 | - | 3.2 | - | 0.6 | - | 2 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Outside Europe | 39.8 | 1 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|49.5 | 1 | 1.7 | - | 3.5 | - | 0.4 | - | 2 |- |- class="unsortable" style="background:#E9E9E9" | style="text-align:left;" | Total | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|44.1 | 115 | 32.3 | 81 | 9.0 | 17 | 8.3 | 15 | 2.4 | 2 | 230 |- | colspan=12 style="text-align:left;" | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |}

Maps

Aftermath

Guterres second government was haunted by its failure in winning an absolute majority in the 1999 elections.[25] The tie between the Government and the Opposition created a series of problems to Guterres as all Opposition parties, PSD, CDU, CDS–PP and BE, refused to negotiate with the Government. The solution was a controversial one: With a sole CDS–PP MP, Daniel Campelo, Guterres assured the approval of his annual State Budgets with the exchange of the State financing a cheese factory in Campelo's hometown of Ponte de Lima. The 2000, 2001 and 2002 budgets were approved with the abstention of this sole CDS–PP MP:

2000 State Budget
António Guterres (PS)
Ballot → 15 March 2000
Required majority → Simple Шаблон:Tick
Шаблон:Collapsible list Шаблон:Composition bar
Шаблон:Collapsible list Шаблон:Composition bar
Шаблон:Collapsible list Шаблон:Composition bar
Absentees Шаблон:Composition bar
Sources[26]

Fall of the government

However, despite the fragile majority to approve major legislation, Guterres also suffered with a lot of instability within his own cabinet, with two reshuffles in just four months during 2001. The Hintze Ribeiro Bridge collapse generated public anger against the government, which eroded even more Guterres' popularity.[27] By 2001, the economy was also showing strong signs of slowdown, in a time when Portugal was about to enter into the Euro common currency and was suffering from the global impact of the September 11 attacks.[28] All these problems culminated in the December 2001 local elections, in which the PS suffered a big defeat and saw major urban centers, mainly Lisbon and Porto, swing dramatically to the right-wing, and in response, Guterres announced his resignation as Prime Minister.[29] President Jorge Sampaio dissolved Parliament and called an election for 17 March 2002.

Notes

Шаблон:Notes

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

See also

Шаблон:Portuguese elections

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  1. ↑ "World: Europe Portugal goes to the polls", BBC News, 10 October 1999. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  2. ↑ "PSD. O dia em que Marcelo desistiu de ser primeiro-ministro", Jornal i, 26 March 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  3. ↑ "A noite que mudou a vida de Guterres ", Expresso, 16 October 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  4. ↑ "Os orçamentos do PS e Daniel Campelo ", RTP, 8 September 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  5. ↑ "Demissão de Fernando Nogueira da liderança do PSD", RTP, 16 January 1996. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  6. ↑ "Nem que Cristo desça à terra", NewsMuseum. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  7. ↑ "Exclusivo Aconteceu em 1996 - Marcelo eleito presidente do PSD", Diário de Notícias, 31 March 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  8. ↑ "Monteiro demitiu-se do PP há cinco anos mas continua à espreita", Publico, 23 September 2001. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  9. ↑ "Monteiro demitiu-se do PP há cinco anos mas continua à espreita", RTP, 22 March 1998. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  10. ↑ "A angústia do voto secreto ", Publico, 19 February 1999. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  11. ↑ "Facturas associam Paulo Portas ao caso Moderna", Publico, 25 April 2003. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  12. ↑ "PSD. O dia em que Marcelo desistiu de ser primeiro-ministro", Jornal i, 26 March 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  13. ↑ "Marcelo. O show do comentador acaba em Belém? ", Observador, 11 October 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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  16. ↑ Gallaher, Michael (1992). "Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes and Majorities"
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  25. ↑ "A noite que mudou a vida de Guterres ", Expresso, 13 October 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
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  27. ↑ "Quando Jorge Coelho contrariou Guterres e pediu a demissão: "A culpa não pode morrer solteira"", Observador, 17 October 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  28. ↑ " Guterres quer minimizar impacto da crise na economia nacional", Público, 8 October 2001. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  29. ↑ "Guterres deve formalizar hoje pedido de demissão ", Público, 17 December 2001. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
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