Английская Википедия:2002 Portuguese legislative election

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox election

The 2002 Portuguese legislative election took place on 17 March. The election renewed all 230 members of the Assembly of the Republic.

These elections were called after the resignation of the then incumbent Prime Minister, António Guterres after the defeat of the Socialist Party in the 2001 local elections. That fact, plus the problematic state of the country's finances were the main arguments of the right-wing parties, which led them to be the favourites to win the election.

With just over 40% of the votes cast, the Social Democrats regained the status as the largest political force in Portugal, although the Socialists won almost 38% of the vote. This was, and still is, the smallest difference between the two major parties in Portugal. This short distance also appears on the electoral map, with each party winning eleven of the 22 districts, while the PS won the most populous, Lisbon and Porto. As a result, the Social Democrats fail to win the absolute majority they had between 1987 and 1995.

As no Party got an absolute majority, the Social Democrats formed a coalition with the right-wing People's Party. The left-wing Democratic Unity Coalition achieved the lowest result ever, finishing in the third place in its traditional strongholds, Évora and Setúbal. The Left Bloc gained one MP. Turnout was slightly higher than it was in 1999 but remained quite low, marking a growing separation between the politics and the Portuguese people, mainly due to the image of the politicians as corrupts and the idea that all the parties are the same.

Voter turnout was slightly higher than in 1999, as 61.5% of the electorate cast a ballot.

Background

Шаблон:See also After the disappointing results of the Socialist Party (PS) in the 1999 elections, the PS government entered in a series of crisis.[1] Resignations of ministers from government and incapacity of passing legislation in Parliament led to controversial, and weird, alliances, like the 2000 and 2001 budgets which were approved by a sole CDS – People's Party (CDS–PP) Member of Parliament, Daniel Campelo, in exchange for the government approving a cheese factory in Campelo's hometown, Ponte de Lima.[2]

Fall of the government

Шаблон:See also The Socialist Party suffered a big, and unexpected, defeat in the December 2001 local elections.[3] The party lost major cities across the country, mainly Lisbon, Porto, Sintra and Coimbra to the Social Democratic Party. Due to this surprising defeat, Prime Minister António Guterres announced he was to tender his resignation as Prime Minister in order to avoid the country falling "into a political swamp".[4] Shortly after, President Jorge Sampaio accepted Guterres resignation and called snap elections for March 2002.[5]

Leadership changes and challenges

PSD 2000 leadership election

After the 1999 election defeat, Durão Barroso's leadership started to be challenged and criticized.[6] In January 2000, Durão Barroso called a snap party congress to resolve the leadership dispute.[7] Alongside Barroso, Pedro Santana Lopes and Luís Marques Mendes also ran. Durão Barroso was reelected as PSD leader and the results were the following: Шаблон:Election table |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% |- |bgcolor=orange| | align=left | José Manuel Durão Barroso | align=right | 469 | align=right | 50.3 |- |bgcolor=orange| | align=left | Pedro Santana Lopes | align=right | 313 | align=right | 33.6 |- |bgcolor=orange| | align=left | Luís Marques Mendes | align=right | 150 | align=right | 16.1 |- |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout | align=right | 932 | align=center | |- | colspan="4" align=left|Source: Results |}

PS 2002 leadership election

Following the resignation of António Guterres as Prime Minister and PS leader,[8] the party started the process to elect a new leader. The popular minister in Guterres cabinet, Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues, and PS member Paulo Penedos, were the two candidates on the ballot. Around 121,000 PS members were registered to vote.[9] In the end, Ferro Rodrigues got almost unanimous support by being elected with almost 97% of the votes.[10] The results were the following: Шаблон:Election table |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues | align=right | | align=right | 96.5 |- |bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left | Paulo Penedos | align=right | | align=right | 2.7 |- | colspan=2 align=left | Blank/Invalid ballots | align=right | | align=right | 0.8 |- |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout | align=right | | align=center | |- | colspan="4" align=left|Source: Results |}

Electoral system

Файл:Eleições legislativas 2002.png
Official logo of the election.

The Assembly of the Republic has 230 members elected to four-year terms. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 116 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.[11]

The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the district magnitude.[12] The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.[13]

For these elections, and compared with the 1999 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following:[14]

District Number of MPs Map
LisbonШаблон:Font color 48 Шаблон:Image label begin

Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label small Шаблон:Image label end

PortoШаблон:Font color 38
BragaШаблон:Font color 18
Setúbal 17
Aveiro 15
Leiria, Santarém and Coimbra 10
Viseu 9
Faro 8
Viana do Castelo 6
Azores, Castelo Branco, Madeira and Vila Real 5
Bragança and Guarda 4
Beja, ÉvoraШаблон:Font color and Portalegre 3
Europe and Outside Europe 2

Parties

The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the 8th legislature (1999–2002) and that also partook in the election:

Name Ideology Political position Leader 1999 result
% Seats
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| PS Socialist Party
Шаблон:Small 		Social democracy Centre-left Ferro Rodrigues 44.1% Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| PPD/PSD Social Democratic Party
Шаблон:Small 		Шаблон:Nowrap Centre-right José Manuel Durão Barroso 32.3% Шаблон:Composition bar
PCP Portuguese Communist Party
Шаблон:Small 		Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		Far-left Carlos Carvalhas 9.0%
Шаблон:Efn 		Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| PEV Ecologist Party "The Greens"
Шаблон:Small 		Eco-socialism
Green politics 		Left-wing Isabel Castro Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| CDS-PP CDS – People's Party
Шаблон:Nowrap 		Christian democracy
Conservatism 		Шаблон:Nowrap Paulo Portas 8.3% Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| BE Left Bloc
Шаблон:Small 		Шаблон:Nowrap Left-wing Francisco Louçã 2.4% Шаблон:Composition bar

Campaign period

Party slogans

Party or alliance Original slogan English translation Refs
width="1" bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| PS "Fazer bem" "Doing well" [15]
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| PSD « Somos todos Portugal. » "We are all Portugal" [16]
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| CDU "Mudar para melhor" "Change for the better" [17]
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| CDS–PP « O braço direito de Portugal » "Portugal's right-hand man" [18]
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| BE « Com Razões Fortes » "With strong reasons" [19]

Candidates' debates

2002 Portuguese legislative election debates
Date Organisers Moderator(s) Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Colors Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Colors Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Colors Шаблон:Small
PS
Шаблон:Small 		PSD
Шаблон:Small 		CDU
Шаблон:Small 		CDS–PP
Шаблон:Small 		BE
Шаблон:Small 		Refs
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"|
26 Feb SIC P P N N N [20]
12 Mar RTP1 Judite de Sousa
José Alberto Carvalho 		P P P P P [21]

Opinion polling

Шаблон:See also The following table shows the opinion polls of voting intention of the Portuguese voters before the election. Those parties that are listed were represented in parliament (1999-2002). Included is also the result of the Portuguese general elections in 1999 and 2002 for reference.

Шаблон:Legend2

Date Released Polling Firm PS PSD CDU CDS–PP BE Others Lead
17 Mar 2002 Leg. Election 37.8
Шаблон:Font 		40.2
Шаблон:Font 		6.9
Шаблон:Font 		8.7
Шаблон:Font 		2.7
Шаблон:Font 		3.7
Шаблон:Font 		2.4
17 Mar 2002 (20:00) RTP1 - Universidade Católica 36.0–41.0 37.0–42.0 5.5–8.0 7.5–10.0 3.0–4.0 — 1.0
17 Mar 2002 (20:00) SIC - Eurosondagem 35.5–39.3 40.1–43.9 6.2–8.4 6.2–8.4 2.0–3.4 — 4.6
17 Mar 2002 (20:00) TVI - INTERCAMPUS 35.5–40.5 37.8–42.8 6.8–9.8 5.3–8.3 1.6–4.2 — 2.3
15 Mar 2002 Marktest 35.2 43.7 8.1 6.0 3.7 3.3 8.5
15 Mar 2002 Lusófona 40.9 43.6 5.7 7.1 2.8 Шаблон:N/A 2.7
15 Mar 2002 Eurosondagem 39.3 41.4 6.9 5.6 3.5 3.3 2.1
15 Mar 2002 Eurequipa 33.9 44.7 7.1 9.1 3.2 2.0 10.8
15 Mar 2002 Universidade Católica 37.5 42.2 6.9 6.8 3.6 3.0 4.7
14 Mar 2002 INTERCAMPUS 39.0 41.0 8.0 5.0 3.0 4.0 2.0
14 Mar 2002 Aximage 40.0 44.0 7.0 6.0 2.0 1.0 4.0
13 Mar 2002 SIC/Visão 36.2 41.0 6.6 5.2 2.0 9.0 4.8
8 Mar 2002 Marktest 36.0 43.0 6.0 7.0 4.0 4.0 7.0
2 Mar 2002 Eurosondagem 35.0 38.0 6.0 5.0 2.0 14.0 3.0
27 Feb 2002 Universidade Católica 35.6 43.5 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 20.9 7.9
Feb 2002 Marktest 34.7 45.7 6.7 7.3 2.5 3.1 11.0
Jan 2002 Marktest 33.8 41.8 9.6 8.1 2.5 4.2 8.0
22 Dec 2001 Marktest 34.0 39.0 11.0 9.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
16 Dec 2001 Local Elections 37.1 41.0 10.6 4.0 1.2 6.1 3.9
Nov 2001 Marktest 35.4 33.7 10.6 11.6 2.9 5.8 1.7
Oct 2001 Marktest 35.9 33.9 10.5 11.5 2.7 5.5 2.0
26 Jan 2001 Marktest 37.0 33.0 10.0 11.0 3.0 6.0 4.0
8 May 2000 Universidade CatólicaШаблон:Efn 40.9 32.5 6.7 8.1 3.0 8.8 8.4
10 Oct 1999 Leg. Election 44.1
Шаблон:Font 		32.3
Шаблон:Font 		9.0
Шаблон:Font 		8.3
Шаблон:Font 		2.4
Шаблон:Font 		3.9
Шаблон:Font 		11.9

National summary of votes and seats

Шаблон:Election table |-

| colspan=11|

Файл:Portugal Parliament 2002.svg

|- ! rowspan="2" colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Parties ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Votes ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|% ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|± ! colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|MPs ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |MPs %/
votes % |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align=center|1999 ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align=center|2002 ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|± ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|% ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|± |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |2,200,765||40.21||Шаблон:Increase7.9||81||105||Шаблон:Increase24||45.65||Шаблон:Increase10.4||1.14 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |2,068,584||37.79||Шаблон:Decrease6.3||115||96||Шаблон:Decrease19||41.74||Шаблон:Decrease8.3||1.10 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |477,350||8.72||Шаблон:Increase0.4||15||14||Шаблон:Decrease1||6.09||Шаблон:Decrease0.4||0.70 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colourШаблон:Efn |379,870||6.94||Шаблон:Decrease2.1||17||12||Шаблон:Decrease5||5.22||Шаблон:Decrease2.2||0.75 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |149,966||2.74||Шаблон:Increase0.3||2||3||Шаблон:Increase1||1.30||Шаблон:Increase0.4||0.47 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |36,193||0.66||Шаблон:Decrease0.0||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |15,540||0.28||Шаблон:Decrease0.1||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |12,398||0.23||Шаблон:Decrease0.1||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |11,472||0.21||Шаблон:Increase0.1||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |4,712||0.09||Шаблон:N/A||Шаблон:N/A||0||Шаблон:N/A||0.00||Шаблон:N/A||0.0 |- | Шаблон:Party name with colour |4,316||0.08||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0 |- |style="width: 10px" bgcolor=#8b0000 align="center" | |align=left|Left Bloc/People's Democratic UnionШаблон:Efn |3,911||0.07||Шаблон:N/A||Шаблон:N/A||0||Шаблон:N/A||0.00||Шаблон:N/A||0.0 |- |style="width: 10px" bgcolor=#000080 align="center" | |align=left|National SolidarityШаблон:Efn[22] |0||0.00||Шаблон:Decrease0.2||0||0||Шаблон:Steady0||0.00||Шаблон:Steady0.0||0.0 |- |colspan=2 align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total valid |width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,365,881 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|98.03 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Шаблон:Increase0.0 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|230 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|230 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Шаблон:Steady0 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Шаблон:Steady0.0 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|— |- |colspan=2|Blank ballots |55,121||1.01||Шаблон:Decrease0.1||colspan=6 rowspan=4| |- |colspan=2|Invalid ballots |52,653||0.96||Шаблон:Increase0.0 |- |colspan=2 align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total |width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,473,655 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00 |width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"| |- |colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout ||8,902,713||61.48||Шаблон:Increase0.4 |- | colspan=11 align=left | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |} Шаблон:Bar box Шаблон:Bar box

Distribution by constituency

Шаблон:Election table |- class="unsortable" !rowspan=2|Constituency!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S !rowspan=2|Total
S |- class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;" !colspan=2 | PSD !colspan=2 | PS !colspan=2 | CDS–PP !colspan=2 | CDU !colspan=2 | BE |- | style="text-align:left;" | Azores | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|45.4 | 3 | 41.0 | 2 | 8.4 | - | 1.4 | - | 1.4 | - | 5 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Aveiro | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|46.4 | 8 | 33.5 | 5 | 12.9 | 2 | 2.6 | - | 1.8 | - | 15 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Beja | 21.2 | - | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|43.5 | 2 | 3.7 | - | 24.2 | 1 | 1.9 | - | 3 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Braga | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|44.4 | 9 | 37.4 | 8 | 9.3 | 1 | 4.4 | - | 1.7 | - | 18 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Bragança | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|53.2 | 3 | 30.0 | 1 | 10.9 | - | 1.9 | - | 0.9 | - | 4 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Castelo Branco | 38.3 | 2 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|46.1 | 3 | 7.1 | - | 3.3 | - | 1.5 | - | 5 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Coimbra | 41.0 | 5 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|41.3 | 5 | 6.7 | - | 5.1 | - | 2.4 | - | 10 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Шаблон:HsÉvora | 25.3 | 1 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|42.8 | 1 | 4.6 | - | 21.8 | 1 | 1.8 | - | 3 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Faro | 37.7 | 4 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|40.5 | 4 | 8.3 | - | 6.3 | - | 2.8 | - | 8 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Guarda | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|48.5 | 2 | 34.7 | 2 | 9.6 | - | 2.2 | - | 1.2 | - | 4 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Leiria | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|50.8 | 6 | 29.5 | 3 | 9.8 | 1 | 4.1 | - | 2.2 | - | 10 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Lisbon | 35.7 | 18 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|38.7 | 20 | 8.5 | 4 | 8.8 | 4 | 4.7 | 2 | 48 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Madeira | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|53.5 | 4 | 25.8 | 1 | 12.1 | - | 2.5 | - | 3.1 | - | 5 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Portalegre | 30.6 | 1 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|45.2 | 2 | 6.4 | - | 12.4 | - | 1.6 | - | 3 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Porto | 40.0 | 16 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|41.2 | 17 | 8.4 | 3 | 4.6 | 1 | 2.7 | 1 | 38 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Santarém | 38.1 | 4 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|38.4 | 4 | 8.4 | 1 | 8.6 | 1 | 2.9 | - | 10 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Setúbal | 24.7 | 5 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|39.3 | 7 | 6.9 | 1 | 20.5 | 4 | 4.6 | - | 17 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Viana do Castelo | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|45.5 | 3 | 35.3 | 3 | 10.3 | - | 3.5 | - | 1.8 | - | 6 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Vila Real | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|54.1 | 3 | 31.9 | 2 | 8.1 | - | 2.0 | - | 0.9 | - | 5 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Viseu | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|52.1 | 5 | 31.1 | 3 | 10.6 | 1 | 1.5 | - | 1.4 | - | 9 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Europe | 36.9 | 1 | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|42.1 | 1 | 5.0 | - | 4.8 | - | 1.1 | - | 2 |- | style="text-align:left;" | Outside Europe | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|66.3 | 2 | 21.5 | - | 3.4 | - | 0.9 | - | 0.4 | - | 2 |- |- class="unsortable" style="background:#E9E9E9" | style="text-align:left;" | Total | style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"|40.2 | 105 | 37.8 | 96 | 8.7 | 14 | 6.9 | 12 | 2.7 | 3 | 230 |- | colspan=12 style="text-align:left;" | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |}

Maps

Aftermath

After the elections, PSD and CDS–PP formed a coalition government, the first since the Democratic Alliance (AD) in the early 1980's.[23] This government was marked by the fragile fiscal and economic situation of the country and the 2003 Casa Pia child sexual abuse scandal. During this government, Portugal became a major ally in the War in Iraq, which divided public opinion.[24] In the 2004 European Parliament election in Portugal, the PSD/CDS–PP coalition Força Portugal suffered a big defeat by gathering just 33% of the votes, against the 44% of the Socialist Party. A few days later, José Manuel Durão Barroso announced he was resigning from the post of Prime Minister in order to become President of the European Commission.[25] Despite pleas for a snap legislative election from Opposition parties, President Jorge Sampaio decided to nominate the new PSD leader, Pedro Santana Lopes as Prime Minister.[26]

Fall of the government

Santana Lopes government was marked with deep disagreements and disputes within his own party, the Social Democratic Party, which began to damage the government's actions.[27] One of these disputes was the resignation of Youth and Sports Minister, Henrique Chaves, which was a close ally of Santana. This resignation precipitated the fall of the government, with Chaves accusing Santana of not being "loyal and truthful".[28] Just five months after swearing in Santana Lopes as Prime Minister, President Jorge Sampaio gave a speech in which he accused the government of "contradictions and lack of coordination that contributed to its discredit",[29] and used his power of dissolution of Parliament and called a snap election, so far the only time till date such power was used in Portuguese democracy by a President.[30][31] Santana Lopes disagreed with the President's decision but respected it and announced his resignation.[32] A new election was called, by the President, for 20 February 2005.[33]

Further reading

Notes

Шаблон:Notes

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

See also

Шаблон:Portuguese elections

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  1. ↑ "António Guterres e o pântano ", Público, 31 December 2001. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  2. ↑ "Há 21 anos o orçamento valeu um queijo limiano ", Observador, 12 October 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  3. ↑ "PS sofre hecatombe inesperada ", Público, 17 December 2001. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  4. ↑ "A noite que mudou a vida de Guterres ", Expresso, 13 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  5. ↑ "Sampaio assina decreto que dissolve Parlamento e marca eleições antecipadas ", Público, 17 January 2002. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  6. ↑ "Divisões no PSD", RTP, 17 January 2000. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  7. ↑ "Durão Barroso desafia Santana Lopes", RTP, 19 January 2000. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  8. ↑ "Guterres apresenta demissão depois de derrota nas autárquicas (act)", Jornal de Negócios, 17 December 2001. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  9. ↑ "Acção Socialista", PS, 10 January 2002. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  10. ↑ "Ferro Rodrigues eleito novo secretário-geral do PS ", Público, 20 January 2002. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Gallaher, Michael (1992). "Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes and Majorities"
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  22. ↑ "Josué, o "Marquês de Pombal" do PSN em Vila Real ", Público, 19 March 2002. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  23. ↑ "2002: O regresso da coligação de Direita ao poder", SIC Notícias, 1 October 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  24. ↑ "Cimeira nas Lajes", RTP, 16 March 2003. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  25. ↑ "Durão Barroso apresenta demissão para ser presidente da Comissão Europeia ", RTP, 8 September 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  26. ↑ "O dia em que Jorge Sampaio decepcionou os socialistas", Expresso, 15 January 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  27. ↑ "As "trapalhadas" de Santana em 2004 (que Rio apoiou e Marcelo arrasou) ", Observador, 21 December 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  28. ↑ "Henrique Chaves demite-se do Governo por falta de «lealdade e de verdade» de Santana", Jornal de Negócios, 28 November 2004. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  29. ↑ "Jorge Sampaio anuncia a dissolução do Parlamento ", RTP, 8 September 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  30. ↑ "Jorge Sampaio vai dissolver Assembleia da República ", Público, 30 November 2004. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  31. ↑ "A bomba atómica de Sampaio", Correio da Manhã, 10 September 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  32. ↑ "Santana Lopes pede demissão do XVI Governo Constitucional ", Público, 11 December 2004. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  33. ↑ "Jorge Sampaio assinou hoje decreto de dissolução do Parlamento ", Público, 22 December 2004. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
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