Английская Википедия:2009 Strasbourg–Kehl summit

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The 2009 Strasbourg–Kehl Summit was a NATO summit of heads of state and heads of government held in Strasbourg, France, and in Kehl and Baden-Baden, Germany, on 3–4 April 2009. The summit marked the 60th anniversary of the establishment of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Primarily a celebratory 60th-anniversary event, the agenda included a number of urgent topics commanding the NATO leaders' attention.[1]

Summit participants

Hosts

To symbolize an evolving vision of European cooperation, for the first time a NATO summit was jointly hosted by two member nations: French President Nicolas Sarkozy and German Chancellor Angela Merkel.[2]

The formal meetings were chaired by NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer.[3] This was the last summit for de Hoop Scheffer, whose 61st birthday, coincidentally, came just one day before this 60th-anniversary summit.[4]

Although the first of the significant summit events in Germany was held in Baden-Baden, the town was left off the official logo. This led to protests from local politicians; but the result was a comparatively calm beginning to a summit which also provided the opportunity for dramatic protests on the second day.[5]

In attendance

Summit agenda

Details of the agenda were withheld until the last minute.[18]

Файл:President Obama, Secretary Clinton and Prime Minister Brown at the 2009 NATO summit.jpg
At the North Atlantic Council meeting on 4 April 2009 in Strasbourg, left to right: U.K. Prime Minister Gordon Brown, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, and U.S. President Barack Obama

United States President Barack Obama posed a unique quandary as Europeans asked themselves how best to respond to an ally who is sending all the signals they had desired.[19]

On Friday, 3 April 2009, the summit's first official event was a working dinner at the Kurhaus, Baden-Baden.

The first event on Saturday, 4 April 2009, focused on Chancellor Merkel's welcome to the NATO leaders as they arrived individually in Kehl, Germany. Then, having gathered on the German side of the Rhine River, the NATO Leaders walked together across the Passerelle pedestrian bridge to Strasbourg, France. The NATO leaders were greeted at the French border by President Sarkozy. Meetings were held at the Palais de la musique et des congrès with an arrival ceremony at the Palais Rohan, Strasbourg.[3]

On the French side of the Rhine, the 28 national leaders posed for the NATO "family portrait", a tradition at NATO summits. Then the main work began with a working lunch and at other meetings in Strasbourg.[3]

In addition, several heads of state, government leaders and other principals were involved in non–summit events which encompassed individual and/or bilateral events on the margins of the formal summit agenda.[3]

Issues

After 60 years, NATO found itself on the cusp of a watershed period in the organization's history;[20] and top items on the agenda included:

Afghanistan war

Some have argued that the most critical issue NATO faces in 2009 arises from Afghanistan.[21] Any NATO discussion about Afghanistan involves developing a comprehensive strategy which brings non-NATO regional powers into a discussion about how best to proceed in short- and longer-term time frames.[22] Although the newly elected Obama continued to enjoy a reservoir of good will, experts anticipated only token gestures of support for any plan which involves increased levels of European troops.[23] In the end, the allies managed to find more reasons for consensus than had been expected, and the increases in the various commitments from the Europeans was a little greater than had been anticipated.[24]

Relations with Russia

Шаблон:See also Russia's relationships with the West are a perennial NATO concern.[21] Obama summarized his view of the dialogue with Russia about maintaining stability while protecting the autonomy of all countries in Europe: "I think that it is important for NATO allies to engage Russia and to recognize that they have legitimate interests in some cases, we've got common interests, but we also have some core disagreements."[4]

France's reintegration

France's decision to seek reintegration with the NATO military hierarchy caused all the allies to evaluate the potential ramifications.[21] In 1966, then-President Charles de Gaulle caused France to withdraw from the U.S.-led military command.[25] Sarkozy determined that the time was ripe to change course radically, and the French Parliament backed this decision with a vote of confidence.[26]

New strategic concept

The tumble of events in the past years has made it necessary to re-examine NATO's core strategic concepts. This re-assessment opens up possibilities for change and for plausible "new" strategies and "new" assumptions as well.[21] At this summit, the allied leaders moved forward in a process which is expected to result in a new strategic doctrine which will be formally adopted at next year's summit in Lisbon, Portugal. The updated vision of NATO contemplates a range of expanded responsibilities, including out-of-area operations in Afghanistan and anti-piracy patrols near the Horn of Africa.[21]

Unresolved questions surrounded all aspects of potential NATO expansion.[1] On 1 April 2009, two days before the summit's first day, Albania and Croatia were accepted as full members of the organization. The President and Prime Minister of each of these newest NATO allies attended the summit. Official flag-raising ceremonies at NATO's headquarters in Brussels, Belgium, were planned for 7 April 2009.[27]

Pre-summit speculation about the next NATO Secretary-General focused on five candidates: Bulgaria's former Foreign Minister Solomon Passy, Poland's Foreign Minister Radek Sikorski, Norway's Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre, Canada's Defense Minister Peter MacKay, and Denmark's Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen.[28] In the end, Rasmussen was chosen by consensus.[29]

Protests and security measures

In view of announced protests, French and German authorities announced plans to restrict access to and movement within designated security areas, including parts of Strasbourg and Kehl.[30] These included the requirement that 700 local residents living in a restricted area of Kehl would not be allowed to leave their homes between Friday night and Saturday morning without requesting a police escort.[31] In response, War Resisters International argued that the measures are contrary to the French constitution and the European Convention on Human Rights.[32] Following negotiations, protest organizers accused German authorities of stalling tactics.[33]

German police estimates anticipated that 25,000 protesters will seek to express themselves during the summit.[30] 15,000 German police were on call for the weekend;[34] and forces were augmented by Bundeswehr support, including interceptor planes, transport helicopters, paramedics, motorcycle escorts, buses and other vehicles.[31] Major demonstrations and protest activities took place on Saturday in France, with 300 protestors arrested.[34] In contrast, Baden-Baden's increased security preparations seemed not to affect an abiding sense of calm in the German resort town.[35]

France temporarily reactivated border controls with neighboring European nations for two weeks in anticipation of the summit. These strict measures were designed to "guarantee security" and minimize terrorism risks during the summit.[36] Special permission was granted to France and Germany to suspend the Schengen Agreement which guarantees free passage for all European Union citizens traveling between EU member states.Шаблон:Cn

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:NATO summits

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 "NATO North Atlantic Council Summit meetings of Heads of State and Government; Complementary Information for the media." NATO press release. Retrieved 5 May 2009. Archived 15 August 2009.
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  5. ↑ monstersandcritics.com: NATO summit venue a symbol of Franco-German reconciliation
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 "NATO welcomes Albania and Croatia at the Summit," NATO News. 4 April 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009. Archived 2009-08-15.
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 NATO Newsroom: Arrival photos, captions. Retrieved 5 May 2009. Archived 2009-08-15.
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  9. ↑ "Harper heads to Europe at crucial crossroads for economy and NATO," The Canadian Press. 30 March 2009.
  10. ↑ Ricard, Philippe. «Les Européens s'efforcent de présenter un front uni face au président Obama,» Le Monde (Paris). 31 March 2009.
  11. ↑ "Danish PM to be new head of Nato," Al Jazeera (English). 4 April 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009. Archived 2009-08-15.
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 12,4 12,5 12,6 12,7 12,8 12,9 «OTAN: les 28 dirigeants présents au sommet de Strasbourg/Baden Baden,»Шаблон:Dead link Associated Press/Yahoo.fr. 2 April 2009.
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  14. ↑ Foreign Minister attending NATO anniversary Summit. Icelandic Ministry for Foreign Affairs. 2 April 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 "Berlusconi defends NATO summit phone gaffe," Agence France-Presse. 4 April 2009.
  16. ↑ "Sommet de l’OTAN en Allemagne," Radio Slovakia International. 3 April 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009. Archived 2009-08-15.
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  18. ↑ Scheffer, Jaap de Hoop. "The Future of Nato. Шаблон:Webarchive 23 March 2009.
  19. ↑ Marquand, Robert. "On eve of NATO summit, Obama's style poses inherent challenge for Europe," The Christian Science Monitor (Boston). 2 April 2009.
  20. ↑ «'Der Friedensbeitrag der Nato ist unbestritten,' Jean-Claude Juncker au sujet des anciennes performances et des nouveaux défis de l'OTAN,» Le gouvernement de Grande-Duché du Luxembourg. 4 April 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009. Archived 15 August 2009.
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 21,4 Шаблон:Cite news
  22. ↑ «L'Afghanistan reste au centre des inquiétudes de l'Otan,» Шаблон:Webarchive L'Express (Paris). 4 April 2009.
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  24. ↑ «Le sommet de l'OTAN s'achève sur un consensus,» Le Monde (Paris). 4 April 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009. Archived 15 August 2009.
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  27. ↑ "NATO Secretary General welcomes Albania and Croatia as NATO members." Шаблон:Webarchive NATO newsroom. 2 April 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009. Archived 14 August 2009.
  28. ↑ "New NATO Chief Thumbnails," Шаблон:Webarchive Suomen Kuvalehti Шаблон:Webarchive (Helsinki). 3 April 2009.
  29. ↑ «Anders Fogh Rasmussen, prochain secrétaire général de l'Otan,» Шаблон:Webarchive L'Express (Paris). 4 April 2009.
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Soldt, Rüdiger.faz.net: "Polizei erwartet bis zu 25.000 Nato-Gegner," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ). 28 February 2009. Шаблон:In lang
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 "Policing a Pricey Photo-Op: Germany Beefs up Security for NATO Summit," Der Spiegel International. 9 March 2009.
  32. ↑ War Resisters International – NATO summit 2009: A democracy free zone – 11 March 2009
  33. ↑ Arzt, Ingo. Keine Gnade für Demonstranten die tageszeitung. 19 January. 2009
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  35. ↑ France3: «Baden-Baden fête les 60 ans de l'OTAN.» Шаблон:Webarchive 3 April 2009.
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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