Английская Википедия:2011 in spaceflight
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Morefootnotes Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox Year in spaceflight Шаблон:TLS-L
The year 2011 saw a number of significant events in spaceflight, including the retirement of NASA's Space Shuttle after its final flight in July 2011, and the launch of China's first space station module, Tiangong-1, in September. A total of 84 orbital launches were conducted over the course of the year, of which 78 were successful. Russia, China and the United States conducted the majority of the year's orbital launches, with 35, 19 and 18 launches respectively; 2011 marked the first year that China conducted more successful launches than the United States.[1] Seven crewed missions were launched into orbit during 2011, carrying a total of 28 astronauts to the International Space Station. Additionally, the Zenit-3F and Long March 2F/G carrier rockets made their maiden flights in 2011, while the Delta II Heavy made its last.
Overview of orbital spaceflight
A total of 84 orbital launches were attempted in 2011, with 78 being reported as successful; 80 launches reached orbit. 35 launches were conducted using Russian and former Soviet rockets, whilst China launched 19 rockets, and the United States launched 18. Europe conducted five launches, India and Japan launched three rockets each, and Iran conducted one launch.
Crewed launches
Seven crewed spaceflights – four Soyuz and three Space Shuttle missions – were launched in 2011, carrying a total of 28 astronauts and cosmonauts into orbit. At the beginning of the year, the Expedition 26 crew was aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The first crewed flight of 2011 was STS-133, the final flight of the Space Shuttle Шаблон:OV, which launched from the Kennedy Space Center on 24 February. STS-133 carried Leonardo, the final American pressurised module of the ISS, for installation. Discovery returned to Earth on 9 March.
On 16 March, Expedition 27 began aboard the ISS with the departure of the Soyuz TMA-01M spacecraft, which had been docked since October 2010. On 4 April, Soyuz TMA-21 launched to the space station, delivering a further three crewmembers. On 16 May, Space Shuttle Шаблон:OV launched to the station on its final mission, STS-134, delivering and installing the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, before returning to Earth on 1 June. Expedition 28 began aboard the ISS on 23 May with the departure of Soyuz TMA-20, which had been launched in December 2010, and landed in the early morning of 24 May. Three more crewmembers were launched to the space station aboard Soyuz TMA-02M on 7 June.
The final Space Shuttle mission, STS-135, began on 8 July with the launch of Шаблон:OV, carrying supplies for the ISS aboard the Raffaello Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM). After resupplying the space station, Atlantis returned to Earth, landing at Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility at 09:57 UTC on 21 July, and concluding thirty years of Space Shuttle operations. Two days before landing, Atlantis deployed PSSC-2, the last satellite to be launched from a Space Shuttle.
On 29 September, China launched its first space station module, Tiangong-1, which was placed into orbit by a Long March 2F/G carrier rocket flying from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre. Although no crewed missions to Tiangong-1 were conducted in 2011, the uncrewed Shenzhou 8 spacecraft, which was launched on 31 October, docked twice with the module to test its systems in preparation for a successful 2012 crewed docking.
ISS Expedition 28 ended, and Expedition 29 began, with the undocking of Soyuz TMA-21 on 16 September. The launch of Soyuz TMA-22 did not take place until 14 November, having been delayed by reliability concerns surrounding the Soyuz rocket after an uncrewed launch failure in August. A week later, Soyuz TMA-02M undocked, beginning Expedition 30, with the Soyuz spacecraft landing on 22 November. The final crewed launch of the year took place on 21 December, when Soyuz TMA-03M was launched to bring a further three crewmembers to the ISS.
Ten spacewalks were conducted in 2011, all of them by ISS or Space Shuttle astronauts. The final spacewalk by a Space Shuttle crew was conducted on 27 May, during the STS-134 mission.
Robotic exploration
Numerous scientific exploration missions were begun in 2011. In March 2011, the MESSENGER probe became the first artificial satellite of the planet Mercury. In July, the Dawn spacecraft became the first artificial satellite of the asteroid 4 Vesta. The Mars Science Laboratory – at the time, the largest Mars rover ever constructed – was launched in November, conducting a successful landing on Mars in August 2012.[2]
Launch failures
Six orbital launches failed in 2011, four of which failed to achieve orbit and the remaining two reached lower orbits than expected. The first failure occurred on 1 February, when a Rokot with a Briz-KM upper stage placed Kosmos 2470 into a useless orbit, from which it could not recover. The failure was later traced to a software problem on the Briz-KM.
The next failure occurred on 4 March, when the payload fairing of a Taurus-XL failed to separate, resulting in the rocket being too heavy to reach orbit. The Glory climate research satellite was lost in the failure, along with the KySat-1, Hermes and Explorer-1 [PRIME] CubeSats. The previous Taurus-XL launch, carrying the Orbiting Carbon Observatory in February 2009, also failed due to the fairing not separating.
No more launch failures occurred until mid-August when, over the space of a week, three consecutive orbital launches failed. On 17 August, a Proton-M/Briz-M launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, carrying the Ekspress-AM4 communications satellite. In the morning of 18 August, the rocket's upper stage failed to conduct the fourth of five planned burns due to an attitude control system malfunction, leaving the spacecraft in a parking orbit. Later that same day, a Long March 2C launched from Jiuquan carrying the Shijian XI-04 satellite. The second stage vernier engine's mounting suffered a structural failure, resulting in a loss of control, and the rocket failed to reach orbit. Finally, on 24 August, a Soyuz-U carrying the Progress M-12M cargo spacecraft to the International Space Station suffered a third-stage engine failure and also failed to attain orbit.
The final launch failure of 2011 occurred on 23 December, when a Soyuz-2-1b/Fregat carrying the Meridian 5 satellite failed to achieve orbit due to a third-stage malfunction. Debris fell over Novosibirsk Oblast, with one piece hitting a house; however, no casualties were reported.
In November 2011, Russia's Fobos-Grunt Martian sample return probe launched successfully, but experienced a malfunction post-launch and became stranded in orbit. The spacecraft, which was Russia's first attempt at an interplanetary mission since the 1996 Mars 96 mission, disintegrated over the Pacific Ocean on 15 January 2012.[3][4] China's first Mars probe, Yinghuo-1, which was being carried by the same rocket as Fobos-Grunt, was also lost in the incident.
Orbital launches
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Suborbital flights
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Deep space rendezvous
Date (UTC) | Spacecraft | Event | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
9 January | Mars Express | Flyby of Phobos | Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert. Mars Express made a total of 8 flybys of Phobos at a distance of less than Шаблон:Convert between 20 December and 16 January. |
9 January | Artemis P1 | Spacecraft left LL2 orbit and joined Artemis P2 in LL1 orbit | |
11 January | Cassini | 3rd flyby of Rhea | Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert[5] |
15 February | Шаблон:Nowrap | Flyby of Tempel 1 | Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert. Observed changes since Deep Impact flyby and imaged crater created by Deep Impact impactor, as well as new terrain. |
18 February | Cassini | 74th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert |
18 March | MESSENGER | Шаблон:Nowrap | First artificial satellite of Mercury; elliptical orbit with a periapsis of 200 kilometers (120 mi) and an apoapsis of 15,000 km (9,300 mi).[6] |
19 April | Cassini | 75th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert |
8 May | Cassini | 76th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert |
8 June | Chang'e 2 | Departed lunar orbit | Travelled to L2 Lagrangian point, which it reached in August 2011.[7] |
20 June | Cassini | 77th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert |
27 June | Artemis P1 | Lunar orbit insertion | Initial orbital parameters were: apogee Шаблон:Convert, perigee Шаблон:Convert. Over the following three months, the orbit was lowered to an apogee of Шаблон:Convert and a perigee of Шаблон:Convert, with an inclination of 20 degrees; retrograde orbit. |
16 July | Dawn | Vestiocentric orbit injection | First artificial satellite of 4 Vesta.[8] Initial orbit was Шаблон:Convert high and was reduced to Шаблон:Convert until 11 August. |
17 July | Artemis P2 | Lunar orbit insertion | Initial orbital parameters were similar to Artemis P1. Over the following three months the orbit was lowered to an apogee of Шаблон:Convert and a perigee of Шаблон:Convert, with an inclination of 20 degrees; prograde orbit. |
25 August | Cassini | Second-closest flyby of Hyperion[9] | Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert |
Шаблон:Nowrap | Cassini | 78th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert |
16 September | Cassini | Flyby of Hyperion | Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert |
1 October | Cassini | 14th flyby of Enceladus | Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert |
19 October | Cassini | 15th flyby of Enceladus | Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert |
6 November | Cassini | 16th flyby of Enceladus | Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert |
12 December | Cassini | 3rd flyby of Dione | Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert |
13 December | Cassini | 79th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert |
31 December | GRAIL-A | Lunar orbit insertion | Twin satellite Grail-B's insertion occurred a day later, on 1 January 2012. |
EVAs
Start Date/Time | Duration | End Time | Spacecraft | Crew | Remarks | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
21 January 10:05 |
5 hours Шаблон:Nowrap |
15:49 | Шаблон:Nowrap ISS Pirs |
Шаблон:Flagicon Dmitri Kondratyev Шаблон:Flagicon Oleg Skripochka |
Prepared the ISS Poisk module for future dockings.[10] | |
16 February 13:15 |
6 hours Шаблон:Nowrap |
18:15 | Шаблон:Nowrap ISS Pirs |
Шаблон:Flagicon Dmitri Kondratyev Шаблон:Flagicon Oleg Skripochka |
Installed a radio antenna, deployed a nanosatellite, installed two experiments and retrieved two exposure panels on a third experiment. | |
28 February 15:46 |
6 hours Шаблон:Nowrap |
22:20 | Шаблон:Nowrap ISS Quest |
Шаблон:Flagicon Stephen Bowen Шаблон:Flagicon Alvin Drew |
Removed a failed coolant pump and routed a power extension cable. | |
2 March 15:41 |
6 hours Шаблон:Nowrap |
21:55 | Шаблон:Nowrap ISS Quest |
Шаблон:Flagicon Stephen Bowen Шаблон:Flagicon Alvin Drew |
Removed or repaired thermal insulation, swapped out an attachment bracket on the Columbus module, installed a camera assembly on Dextre and installed a light on a cargo cart. | |
20 May 07:10 |
6 hours Шаблон:Nowrap |
13:29 | Шаблон:Nowrap ISS Quest |
Шаблон:Flagicon Andrew Feustel Шаблон:Flagicon Gregory Chamitoff |
Completed installation of a new set of MISSE experiments, started installing a new wireless video system, installed an ammonia jumper, a new light on the CETA cart on the S3 truss segment, and a cover on the starboard SARJ. | |
22 May 06:05 |
8 hours Шаблон:Nowrap |
14:12 | Шаблон:Nowrap ISS Quest |
Шаблон:Flagicon Andrew Feustel Шаблон:Flagicon Michael Fincke |
Hooked up a jumper to transfer ammonia to the Port 6 PVTCS, lubricated the SARJ and one of the "hands" on Dextre, and installed a stowage beam on the S1 truss. | |
25 May 05:43 |
6 hours Шаблон:Nowrap |
12:37 | Шаблон:Nowrap ISS Quest |
Шаблон:Flagicon Andrew Feustel Шаблон:Flagicon Michael Fincke |
Installed PDGF (except for data cable), routed power cables from Unity to Zarya, finished installation of wireless video system, took pictures of Zarya's thrusters and captured infrared video of an experiment in ELC 3. | |
27 May 04:15 |
7 hours Шаблон:Nowrap |
11:39 | Шаблон:Nowrap ISS Quest |
Шаблон:Flagicon Gregory Chamitoff Шаблон:Flagicon Mike Fincke |
Installed OBSS on S1 truss, removed the EFGF and replaced it with a spare PDGF, and released some torque on the bolts that were holding the spare arm for Dextre down against ELC 3. Final shuttle spacewalk.[11] | |
12 July 13:22 |
6 hours Шаблон:Nowrap |
19:53 | Шаблон:Nowrap ISS Quest |
Шаблон:Flagicon Ronald Garan Шаблон:Flagicon Michael Fossum |
Moved a failed cooling pump from the station to the shuttle Atlantis, transferred a robotic refuelling apparatus from the shuttle to the ISS, installed a materials science experiment on the station's truss, serviced a robot arm attachment fitting, installed a thermal cover over the unused docking port PMA-3, and fixed a protruding wire on a grapple fixture on the Zarya module. | |
3 August 14:51 |
6 hours Шаблон:Nowrap |
21:22 | Шаблон:Nowrap ISS Pirs |
Шаблон:Flagicon Sergei Volkov Шаблон:Flagicon Aleksandr Samokutyayev |
Launched Kedr satellite, installed BIORISK experiment outside Pirs, and installed laser communication equipment to transmit scientific data from the Russian Orbital Segment. |
Orbital launch statistics
By country
For the purposes of this section, the yearly tally of orbital launches by country assigns each flight to the country of origin of the rocket, not to the launch services provider or the spaceport. For example, Soyuz launches by Arianespace in Kourou are counted under Russia because Soyuz-2 is a Russian rocket.
{{#invoke:Chart|pie chart
| radius = 120 | slices = ( 19 : China : red ) ( 5 : Europe : navy ) ( 3 : India : darkorange ) ( 1 : Iran : darkgreen ) ( 3 : Japan : white ) ( 29 : Russia : brown ) ( 6 : Ukraine : yellow ) ( 18 : USA : blue ) | units suffix = | hide group legends = true
}}
Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures |
Remarks | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Шаблон:CHN | 19 | 18 | 1 | 0 | ||
Шаблон:EUR | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | ||
Шаблон:IND | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
Шаблон:IRN | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Шаблон:JPN | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
Шаблон:RUS | 29 | 25 | 4 | 0 | Includes two European Soyuz launches from Kourou, French Guiana by Arianespace. Fobos-Grunt launched successfully, but failed while on its parking orbit.[12] | |
Шаблон:UKR | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | Includes one Zenit from Sea Launch and one from Land Launch. | |
Шаблон:USA | 18 | 17 | 1 | 0 | ||
World | 84 | 78 | 6 | 0 |
By rocket
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By family
Family | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ariane | Шаблон:EUR | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas | Шаблон:USA | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta | Шаблон:USA | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
H-II | Шаблон:JPN | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March | Шаблон:CHN | 19 | 18 | 1 | 0 | |
Minotaur | Шаблон:USA | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
R-7 | Шаблон:RUS | 19 | 17 | 2 | 0 | |
R-36 | Шаблон:UKR | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Safir | Шаблон:IRN | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
ILV | Шаблон:IND | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Space Shuttle | Шаблон:USA | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
Universal Rocket | Шаблон:RUS | 10 | 8 | 2 | 0 | |
Zenit | Шаблон:UKR | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
By type
Rocket | Country | Family | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ariane 5 | Шаблон:EUR | Ariane | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V | Шаблон:USA | Atlas | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta II | Шаблон:USA | Delta | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta IV | Шаблон:USA | Delta | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Dnepr | Шаблон:UKR | R-36 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
H-IIA | Шаблон:JPN | H-II | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
H-IIB | Шаблон:JPN | H-II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 2 | Шаблон:CHN | Long March | 7 | 6 | 1 | 0 | |
Long March 3 | Шаблон:CHN | Long March | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 4 | Шаблон:CHN | Long March | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Minotaur I | Шаблон:USA | Minotaur | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Minotaur IV | Шаблон:USA | Minotaur | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV | Шаблон:IND | ILV | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Proton | Шаблон:RUS | Universal Rocket | 9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | |
Safir | Шаблон:IRN | Safir | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz | Шаблон:RUS | R-7 | 10 | 9 | 1 | 0 | |
Soyuz-2 | Шаблон:RUS | R-7 | 9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | |
Space Shuttle | Шаблон:USA | Space Shuttle | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
UR-100 | Шаблон:RUS | Universal Rocket | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Taurus | Шаблон:USA | Minotaur | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Zenit | Шаблон:UKR | Zenit | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
By configuration
Rocket | Country | Type | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ariane 5 ECA | Шаблон:EUR | Ariane 5 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Ariane 5 ES | Шаблон:EUR | Ariane 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 401 | Шаблон:USA | Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 411 | Шаблон:USA | Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 501 | Шаблон:USA | Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 541 | Шаблон:USA | Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 551 | Шаблон:USA | Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta II 7320 | Шаблон:USA | Delta II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta II 7920 | Шаблон:USA | Delta II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta II 7920H | Шаблон:USA | Delta II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) | Шаблон:USA | Delta IV | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta IV Heavy | Шаблон:USA | Delta IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Dnepr | Шаблон:UKR | Dnepr | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
H-IIA 202 | Шаблон:JPN | H-IIA | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
H-IIB | Шаблон:JPN | H-IIB | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 2C | Шаблон:CHN | Long March 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
Long March 2D | Шаблон:CHN | Long March 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 2F | Шаблон:CHN | Long March 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 2F/G | Шаблон:CHN | Long March 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight |
Long March 3A | Шаблон:CHN | Long March 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 3B | Шаблон:CHN | Long March 3 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 3C | Шаблон:CHN | Long March 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 4B | Шаблон:CHN | Long March 4 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Minotaur I | Шаблон:USA | Minotaur I | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Minotaur IV+ | Шаблон:USA | Minotaur IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV-G | Шаблон:IND | PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV-CA | Шаблон:IND | PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV-XL | Шаблон:IND | PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Proton-M / Briz-M | Шаблон:RUS | Proton | 9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | |
Rokot / Briz-KM | Шаблон:RUS | UR-100 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Safir-B | Шаблон:IRN | Safir | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-2.1a / Fregat-M | Шаблон:RUS | Soyuz-2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz ST-A / Fregat | Шаблон:RUS | Soyuz-2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat-M | Шаблон:RUS | Soyuz-2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT | Шаблон:RUS | Soyuz-2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-FG | Шаблон:RUS | Soyuz | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-U | Шаблон:RUS | Soyuz | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | |
Space Shuttle | Шаблон:USA | Space Shuttle | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
Taurus-XL | Шаблон:USA | Taurus | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Zenit-2M | Шаблон:UKR | Zenit | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Zenit-3F | Шаблон:UKR | Zenit | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight |
Zenit-3SL | Шаблон:UKR | Zenit | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Zenit-3SLB | Шаблон:UKR | Zenit | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
By spaceport
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Site | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baikonur | Шаблон:KAZ | 25 | 23 | 2 | 0 | |
Cape Canaveral | Шаблон:USA | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
Dombarovsky | Шаблон:RUS | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Kourou | Шаблон:FRA | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
Jiuquan | Шаблон:CHN | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | |
Kennedy Space Center | Шаблон:USA | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Kodiak | Шаблон:USA | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
MARS | Шаблон:USA | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Ocean Odyssey | Шаблон:Flagicon International waters | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Plesetsk | Шаблон:RUS | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 | |
Satish Dhawan | Шаблон:IND | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Semnan | Шаблон:IRN | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Tanegashima | Шаблон:JPN | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Taiyuan | Шаблон:CHN | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Vandenberg | Шаблон:USA | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | |
Xichang | Шаблон:CHN | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | |
Total | 84 | 78 | 6 | 0 |
By orbit
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| group 7 = 0:0:0:24:0:0
| group 8 = 0:0:0: 3:0:0
| group 9 = 0:0:0:0: 3:0
| group 10 = 0:0:0:0:0: 2
| colors = DeepSkyBlue: Navy : MediumBlue : RoyalBlue : DodgerBlue : LightSeaGreen : SaddleBrown : Peru : Black: Gold
| group names = Transatmospheric : Low Earth : Low Earth (ISS) : Low Earth (SSO) : Low Earth (retrograde) : Medium Earth : Geosychronous
(transfer) : Inclined GSO : High Earth : Heliocentric
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Orbital regime | Launches | Шаблон:Tooltip | Failures | Accidentally achieved |
Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Transatmospheric | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Low Earth | 44 | 40 | 4 | 0 | 14 to ISS, 1 to Tiangong-1 |
Medium Earth / Molniya | 8 | 7 | 1 | 0 | |
Geosynchronous / GTO | 27 | 26 | 1 | 1 | |
High Earth / Lunar transfer | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Heliocentric / Planetary transfer | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Total | 84 | 78 | 6 | 1 |
See also
References
Footnotes
Шаблон:TLS-L Шаблон:2011 in space Шаблон:Orbital launches in 2011
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ "Phobos-Grunt: Failed probe likely to return late Sunday". BBC. 15 January 2012.
- ↑ "Phobos-Grunt: Failed Russian Mars Probe Falls to Earth". ABC News. 15 January 2012.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ "Chang'e 2 reaches liberation point 2". Xinhua. 27 August 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ "Astronauts complete final shuttle space-walk at ISS". BBC News. 28 May 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ↑ "New attempt to contact Phobos-Grunt fails" Шаблон:Webarchive. Voice of Russia. 2 December 2011.