Английская Википедия:2011 in spaceflight

The year 2011 saw a number of significant events in spaceflight, including the retirement of NASA's Space Shuttle after its final flight in July 2011, and the launch of China's first space station module, Tiangong-1, in September. A total of 84 orbital launches were conducted over the course of the year, of which 78 were successful. Russia, China and the United States conducted the majority of the year's orbital launches, with 35, 19 and 18 launches respectively; 2011 marked the first year that China conducted more successful launches than the United States.^[1] Seven crewed missions were launched into orbit during 2011, carrying a total of 28 astronauts to the International Space Station. Additionally, the Zenit-3F and Long March 2F/G carrier rockets made their maiden flights in 2011, while the Delta II Heavy made its last.

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Overview of orbital spaceflight

A total of 84 orbital launches were attempted in 2011, with 78 being reported as successful; 80 launches reached orbit. 35 launches were conducted using Russian and former Soviet rockets, whilst China launched 19 rockets, and the United States launched 18. Europe conducted five launches, India and Japan launched three rockets each, and Iran conducted one launch.

Crewed launches

Seven crewed spaceflights – four Soyuz and three Space Shuttle missions – were launched in 2011, carrying a total of 28 astronauts and cosmonauts into orbit. At the beginning of the year, the Expedition 26 crew was aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The first crewed flight of 2011 was STS-133, the final flight of the Space Shuttle Шаблон:OV, which launched from the Kennedy Space Center on 24 February. STS-133 carried Leonardo, the final American pressurised module of the ISS, for installation. Discovery returned to Earth on 9 March.

On 16 March, Expedition 27 began aboard the ISS with the departure of the Soyuz TMA-01M spacecraft, which had been docked since October 2010. On 4 April, Soyuz TMA-21 launched to the space station, delivering a further three crewmembers. On 16 May, Space Shuttle Шаблон:OV launched to the station on its final mission, STS-134, delivering and installing the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, before returning to Earth on 1 June. Expedition 28 began aboard the ISS on 23 May with the departure of Soyuz TMA-20, which had been launched in December 2010, and landed in the early morning of 24 May. Three more crewmembers were launched to the space station aboard Soyuz TMA-02M on 7 June.

The final Space Shuttle mission, STS-135, began on 8 July with the launch of Шаблон:OV, carrying supplies for the ISS aboard the Raffaello Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM). After resupplying the space station, Atlantis returned to Earth, landing at Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility at 09:57 UTC on 21 July, and concluding thirty years of Space Shuttle operations. Two days before landing, Atlantis deployed PSSC-2, the last satellite to be launched from a Space Shuttle.

On 29 September, China launched its first space station module, Tiangong-1, which was placed into orbit by a Long March 2F/G carrier rocket flying from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre. Although no crewed missions to Tiangong-1 were conducted in 2011, the uncrewed Shenzhou 8 spacecraft, which was launched on 31 October, docked twice with the module to test its systems in preparation for a successful 2012 crewed docking.

ISS Expedition 28 ended, and Expedition 29 began, with the undocking of Soyuz TMA-21 on 16 September. The launch of Soyuz TMA-22 did not take place until 14 November, having been delayed by reliability concerns surrounding the Soyuz rocket after an uncrewed launch failure in August. A week later, Soyuz TMA-02M undocked, beginning Expedition 30, with the Soyuz spacecraft landing on 22 November. The final crewed launch of the year took place on 21 December, when Soyuz TMA-03M was launched to bring a further three crewmembers to the ISS.

Ten spacewalks were conducted in 2011, all of them by ISS or Space Shuttle astronauts. The final spacewalk by a Space Shuttle crew was conducted on 27 May, during the STS-134 mission.

Robotic exploration

Numerous scientific exploration missions were begun in 2011. In March 2011, the MESSENGER probe became the first artificial satellite of the planet Mercury. In July, the Dawn spacecraft became the first artificial satellite of the asteroid 4 Vesta. The Mars Science Laboratory – at the time, the largest Mars rover ever constructed – was launched in November, conducting a successful landing on Mars in August 2012.^[2]

Launch failures

Six orbital launches failed in 2011, four of which failed to achieve orbit and the remaining two reached lower orbits than expected. The first failure occurred on 1 February, when a Rokot with a Briz-KM upper stage placed Kosmos 2470 into a useless orbit, from which it could not recover. The failure was later traced to a software problem on the Briz-KM.

The next failure occurred on 4 March, when the payload fairing of a Taurus-XL failed to separate, resulting in the rocket being too heavy to reach orbit. The Glory climate research satellite was lost in the failure, along with the KySat-1, Hermes and Explorer-1 [PRIME] CubeSats. The previous Taurus-XL launch, carrying the Orbiting Carbon Observatory in February 2009, also failed due to the fairing not separating.

No more launch failures occurred until mid-August when, over the space of a week, three consecutive orbital launches failed. On 17 August, a Proton-M/Briz-M launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, carrying the Ekspress-AM4 communications satellite. In the morning of 18 August, the rocket's upper stage failed to conduct the fourth of five planned burns due to an attitude control system malfunction, leaving the spacecraft in a parking orbit. Later that same day, a Long March 2C launched from Jiuquan carrying the Shijian XI-04 satellite. The second stage vernier engine's mounting suffered a structural failure, resulting in a loss of control, and the rocket failed to reach orbit. Finally, on 24 August, a Soyuz-U carrying the Progress M-12M cargo spacecraft to the International Space Station suffered a third-stage engine failure and also failed to attain orbit.

The final launch failure of 2011 occurred on 23 December, when a Soyuz-2-1b/Fregat carrying the Meridian 5 satellite failed to achieve orbit due to a third-stage malfunction. Debris fell over Novosibirsk Oblast, with one piece hitting a house; however, no casualties were reported.

In November 2011, Russia's Fobos-Grunt Martian sample return probe launched successfully, but experienced a malfunction post-launch and became stranded in orbit. The spacecraft, which was Russia's first attempt at an interplanetary mission since the 1996 Mars 96 mission, disintegrated over the Pacific Ocean on 15 January 2012.^[3]^[4] China's first Mars probe, Yinghuo-1, which was being carried by the same rocket as Fobos-Grunt, was also lost in the incident.

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Suborbital flights

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Deep space rendezvous

Date (UTC)	Spacecraft	Event	Remarks
9 January	Mars Express	Flyby of Phobos	Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert. Mars Express made a total of 8 flybys of Phobos at a distance of less than Шаблон:Convert between 20 December and 16 January.
9 January	Artemis P1	Spacecraft left LL2 orbit and joined Artemis P2 in LL1 orbit
11 January	Cassini	3rd flyby of Rhea	Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert^[5]
15 February	Шаблон:Nowrap	Flyby of Tempel 1	Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert. Observed changes since Deep Impact flyby and imaged crater created by Deep Impact impactor, as well as new terrain.
18 February	Cassini	74th flyby of Titan	Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert
18 March	MESSENGER	Шаблон:Nowrap	First artificial satellite of Mercury; elliptical orbit with a periapsis of 200 kilometers (120 mi) and an apoapsis of 15,000 km (9,300 mi).^[6]
19 April	Cassini	75th flyby of Titan	Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert
8 May	Cassini	76th flyby of Titan	Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert
8 June	Chang'e 2	Departed lunar orbit	Travelled to L2 Lagrangian point, which it reached in August 2011.^[7]
20 June	Cassini	77th flyby of Titan	Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert
27 June	Artemis P1	Lunar orbit insertion	Initial orbital parameters were: apogee Шаблон:Convert, perigee Шаблон:Convert. Over the following three months, the orbit was lowered to an apogee of Шаблон:Convert and a perigee of Шаблон:Convert, with an inclination of 20 degrees; retrograde orbit.
16 July	Dawn	Vestiocentric orbit injection	First artificial satellite of 4 Vesta.^[8] Initial orbit was Шаблон:Convert high and was reduced to Шаблон:Convert until 11 August.
17 July	Artemis P2	Lunar orbit insertion	Initial orbital parameters were similar to Artemis P1. Over the following three months the orbit was lowered to an apogee of Шаблон:Convert and a perigee of Шаблон:Convert, with an inclination of 20 degrees; prograde orbit.
25 August	Cassini	Second-closest flyby of Hyperion^[9]	Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert
Шаблон:Nowrap	Cassini	78th flyby of Titan	Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert
16 September	Cassini	Flyby of Hyperion	Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert
1 October	Cassini	14th flyby of Enceladus	Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert
19 October	Cassini	15th flyby of Enceladus	Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert
6 November	Cassini	16th flyby of Enceladus	Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert
12 December	Cassini	3rd flyby of Dione	Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert
13 December	Cassini	79th flyby of Titan	Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert
31 December	GRAIL-A	Lunar orbit insertion	Twin satellite Grail-B's insertion occurred a day later, on 1 January 2012.

EVAs

Start Date/Time	Duration	End Time	Spacecraft	Crew	Remarks
21 January 10:05	5 hours Шаблон:Nowrap	15:49	Шаблон:Nowrap ISS Pirs	Шаблон:Flagicon Dmitri Kondratyev Шаблон:Flagicon Oleg Skripochka	Prepared the ISS Poisk module for future dockings.^[10]
16 February 13:15	6 hours Шаблон:Nowrap	18:15	Шаблон:Nowrap ISS Pirs	Шаблон:Flagicon Dmitri Kondratyev Шаблон:Flagicon Oleg Skripochka	Installed a radio antenna, deployed a nanosatellite, installed two experiments and retrieved two exposure panels on a third experiment.
28 February 15:46	6 hours Шаблон:Nowrap	22:20	Шаблон:Nowrap ISS Quest	Шаблон:Flagicon Stephen Bowen Шаблон:Flagicon Alvin Drew	Removed a failed coolant pump and routed a power extension cable.
2 March 15:41	6 hours Шаблон:Nowrap	21:55	Шаблон:Nowrap ISS Quest	Шаблон:Flagicon Stephen Bowen Шаблон:Flagicon Alvin Drew	Removed or repaired thermal insulation, swapped out an attachment bracket on the Columbus module, installed a camera assembly on Dextre and installed a light on a cargo cart.
20 May 07:10	6 hours Шаблон:Nowrap	13:29	Шаблон:Nowrap ISS Quest	Шаблон:Flagicon Andrew Feustel Шаблон:Flagicon Gregory Chamitoff	Completed installation of a new set of MISSE experiments, started installing a new wireless video system, installed an ammonia jumper, a new light on the CETA cart on the S3 truss segment, and a cover on the starboard SARJ.
22 May 06:05	8 hours Шаблон:Nowrap	14:12	Шаблон:Nowrap ISS Quest	Шаблон:Flagicon Andrew Feustel Шаблон:Flagicon Michael Fincke	Hooked up a jumper to transfer ammonia to the Port 6 PVTCS, lubricated the SARJ and one of the "hands" on Dextre, and installed a stowage beam on the S1 truss.
25 May 05:43	6 hours Шаблон:Nowrap	12:37	Шаблон:Nowrap ISS Quest	Шаблон:Flagicon Andrew Feustel Шаблон:Flagicon Michael Fincke	Installed PDGF (except for data cable), routed power cables from Unity to Zarya, finished installation of wireless video system, took pictures of Zarya's thrusters and captured infrared video of an experiment in ELC 3.
27 May 04:15	7 hours Шаблон:Nowrap	11:39	Шаблон:Nowrap ISS Quest	Шаблон:Flagicon Gregory Chamitoff Шаблон:Flagicon Mike Fincke	Installed OBSS on S1 truss, removed the EFGF and replaced it with a spare PDGF, and released some torque on the bolts that were holding the spare arm for Dextre down against ELC 3. Final shuttle spacewalk.^[11]
12 July 13:22	6 hours Шаблон:Nowrap	19:53	Шаблон:Nowrap ISS Quest	Шаблон:Flagicon Ronald Garan Шаблон:Flagicon Michael Fossum	Moved a failed cooling pump from the station to the shuttle Atlantis, transferred a robotic refuelling apparatus from the shuttle to the ISS, installed a materials science experiment on the station's truss, serviced a robot arm attachment fitting, installed a thermal cover over the unused docking port PMA-3, and fixed a protruding wire on a grapple fixture on the Zarya module.
3 August 14:51	6 hours Шаблон:Nowrap	21:22	Шаблон:Nowrap ISS Pirs	Шаблон:Flagicon Sergei Volkov Шаблон:Flagicon Aleksandr Samokutyayev	Launched Kedr satellite, installed BIORISK experiment outside Pirs, and installed laser communication equipment to transmit scientific data from the Russian Orbital Segment.

Orbital launch statistics

By country

For the purposes of this section, the yearly tally of orbital launches by country assigns each flight to the country of origin of the rocket, not to the launch services provider or the spaceport. For example, Soyuz launches by Arianespace in Kourou are counted under Russia because Soyuz-2 is a Russian rocket.

{{#invoke:Chart|pie chart

 | radius = 120
 | slices = 
   ( 19 : China : red )
   (  5 : Europe : navy )
   (  3 : India : darkorange )
   (  1 : Iran : darkgreen )
   (  3 : Japan : white )
   ( 29 : Russia : brown )
   (  6 : Ukraine : yellow )
   ( 18 : USA  : blue )
 | units suffix = 
 | hide group legends = true

}}

Country		Launches	Successes	Failures	Remarks
	Шаблон:CHN	19	18	1
	Шаблон:EUR	5	5	0
	Шаблон:IND	3	3	0
	Шаблон:IRN	1	1	0
	Шаблон:JPN	3	3	0
	Шаблон:RUS	29	25	4	Includes two European Soyuz launches from Kourou, French Guiana by Arianespace. Fobos-Grunt launched successfully, but failed while on its parking orbit.^[12]
	Шаблон:UKR	6	6	0	Includes one Zenit from Sea Launch and one from Land Launch.
	Шаблон:USA	18	17	1
World		84	78	6

By rocket

{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart | float = center | width = 850 | height = 400 | stack = 1 | group 1 = 5:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 2 = 0: 5:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 3 = 0:0: 3:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 4 = 0:0: 2:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 5 = 0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 6 = 0:0:0: 2:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 7 = 0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 8 = 0:0:0:0: 7:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 9 = 0:0:0:0: 9:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 10 = 0:0:0:0: 3:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 11 = 0:0:0:0:0: 2:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 12 = 0:0:0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 13 = 0:0:0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 14 = 0:0:0:0:0:0: 6:0:0:0:0:0 | group 15 = 0:0:0:0:0:0: 4:0:0:0:0:0 | group 16 = 0:0:0:0:0:0: 7:0:0:0:0:0 | group 17 = 0:0:0:0:0:0: 2:0:0:0:0:0 | group 18 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 3:0:0:0:0 | group 19 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 3:0:0:0 | group 20 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 0:0:0 | group 21 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 9:0:0 | group 22 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 1:0:0 | group 23 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 1:0 | group 24 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 2:0 | group 25 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 2:0 | group 26 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 2 | colors = MediumBlue : Goldenrod : SteelBlue : LightSteelBlue : DarkBlue : Olive : DarkKhaki : FireBrick : IndianRed : Salmon: DarkGreen : LightGreen : SeaGreen : Grey : DarkGrey : Chocolate : CornflowerBlue : SaddleBrown : Gold : Peru : Tan : Wheat : MediumPurple : MediumOrchid : Orchid : LightGrey | group names = Ariane 5 : Atlas V : Delta II : Delta IV : Delta IV Heavy : H-IIA : H-IIB : Long March 2 : Long March 3 : Long March 4 : Minotaur I : Minotaur IV : Taurus : Soyuz-U : Soyuz-FG : Soyuz-2 (Russia) : Soyuz ST (Europe) : Space Shuttle : PSLV : Proton-K : Proton-M : Rokot : Zenit-2M : Zenit-3F : Zenit-3SL/SLB : Others | x legends = Ariane : Atlas : Delta : H-II : Long March : Minotaur : R-7 : Shuttle : ILV : UR : Zenit :Others | units suffix = _launches }}

By family

Family	Country	Launches	Successes	Failures	Remarks
Ariane	Шаблон:EUR	5	5	0
Atlas	Шаблон:USA	5	5	0
Delta	Шаблон:USA	6	6	0
H-II	Шаблон:JPN	3	3	0
Long March	Шаблон:CHN	19	18	1
Minotaur	Шаблон:USA	4	3	1
R-7	Шаблон:RUS	19	17	2
R-36	Шаблон:UKR	1	1	0
Safir	Шаблон:IRN	1	1	0
ILV	Шаблон:IND	3	3	0
Space Shuttle	Шаблон:USA	3	3	0	Final flight
Universal Rocket	Шаблон:RUS	10	8	2
Zenit	Шаблон:UKR	5	5	0

By type

Rocket	Country	Family	Launches	Successes	Failures	Remarks
Ariane 5	Шаблон:EUR	Ariane	5	5	0
Atlas V	Шаблон:USA	Atlas	5	5	0
Delta II	Шаблон:USA	Delta	3	3	0
Delta IV	Шаблон:USA	Delta	3	3	0
Dnepr	Шаблон:UKR	R-36	1	1	0
H-IIA	Шаблон:JPN	H-II	2	2	0
H-IIB	Шаблон:JPN	H-II	1	1	0
Long March 2	Шаблон:CHN	Long March	7	6	1
Long March 3	Шаблон:CHN	Long March	9	9	0
Long March 4	Шаблон:CHN	Long March	3	3	0
Minotaur I	Шаблон:USA	Minotaur	2	2	0
Minotaur IV	Шаблон:USA	Minotaur	1	1	0
PSLV	Шаблон:IND	ILV	3	3	0
Proton	Шаблон:RUS	Universal Rocket	9	8	1
Safir	Шаблон:IRN	Safir	1	1	0
Soyuz	Шаблон:RUS	R-7	10	9	1
Soyuz-2	Шаблон:RUS	R-7	9	8	1
Space Shuttle	Шаблон:USA	Space Shuttle	3	3	0	Final flight
UR-100	Шаблон:RUS	Universal Rocket	1	0	1
Taurus	Шаблон:USA	Minotaur	1	0	1
Zenit	Шаблон:UKR	Zenit	5	5	0

By configuration

Rocket	Country	Type	Launches	Successes	Failures	Remarks
Ariane 5 ECA	Шаблон:EUR	Ariane 5	4	4	0
Ariane 5 ES	Шаблон:EUR	Ariane 5	1	1	0
Atlas V 401	Шаблон:USA	Atlas V	1	1	0
Atlas V 411	Шаблон:USA	Atlas V	1	1	0
Atlas V 501	Шаблон:USA	Atlas V	1	1	0
Atlas V 541	Шаблон:USA	Atlas V	1	1	0
Atlas V 551	Шаблон:USA	Atlas V	1	1	0
Delta II 7320	Шаблон:USA	Delta II	1	1	0
Delta II 7920	Шаблон:USA	Delta II	1	1	0
Delta II 7920H	Шаблон:USA	Delta II	1	1	0	Final flight
Delta IV Medium+ (4,2)	Шаблон:USA	Delta IV	2	2	0
Delta IV Heavy	Шаблон:USA	Delta IV	1	1	0
Dnepr	Шаблон:UKR	Dnepr	1	1	0
H-IIA 202	Шаблон:JPN	H-IIA	2	2	0
H-IIB	Шаблон:JPN	H-IIB	1	1	0
Long March 2C	Шаблон:CHN	Long March 2	4	3	1
Long March 2D	Шаблон:CHN	Long March 2	1	1	0
Long March 2F	Шаблон:CHN	Long March 2	1	1	0
Long March 2F/G	Шаблон:CHN	Long March 2	1	1	0	Maiden flight
Long March 3A	Шаблон:CHN	Long March 3	3	3	0
Long March 3B	Шаблон:CHN	Long March 3	5	5	0
Long March 3C	Шаблон:CHN	Long March 3	1	1	0
Long March 4B	Шаблон:CHN	Long March 4	3	3	0
Minotaur I	Шаблон:USA	Minotaur I	2	2	0
Minotaur IV+	Шаблон:USA	Minotaur IV	1	1	0
PSLV-G	Шаблон:IND	PSLV	1	1	0
PSLV-CA	Шаблон:IND	PSLV	1	1	0
PSLV-XL	Шаблон:IND	PSLV	1	1	0
Proton-M / Briz-M	Шаблон:RUS	Proton	9	8	1
Rokot / Briz-KM	Шаблон:RUS	UR-100	1	0	1
Safir-B	Шаблон:IRN	Safir	1	1	0
Soyuz-2.1a / Fregat-M	Шаблон:RUS	Soyuz-2	3	3	0
Soyuz ST-A / Fregat	Шаблон:RUS	Soyuz-2	1	1	0
Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat-M	Шаблон:RUS	Soyuz-2	4	3	1
Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT	Шаблон:RUS	Soyuz-2	1	1	0
Soyuz-FG	Шаблон:RUS	Soyuz	4	4	0
Soyuz-U	Шаблон:RUS	Soyuz	6	5	1
Space Shuttle	Шаблон:USA	Space Shuttle	3	3	0	Final flight
Taurus-XL	Шаблон:USA	Taurus	1	0	1
Zenit-2M	Шаблон:UKR	Zenit	1	1	0
Zenit-3F	Шаблон:UKR	Zenit	2	2	0	Maiden flight
Zenit-3SL	Шаблон:UKR	Zenit	1	1	0
Zenit-3SLB	Шаблон:UKR	Zenit	1	1	0

By spaceport

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Site	Country	Launches	Successes	Failures
Baikonur	Шаблон:KAZ	25	23	2
Cape Canaveral	Шаблон:USA	7	7	0
Dombarovsky	Шаблон:RUS	1	1	0
Kourou	Шаблон:FRA	7	7	0
Jiuquan	Шаблон:CHN	6	5	1
Kennedy Space Center	Шаблон:USA	3	3	0
Kodiak	Шаблон:USA	1	1	0
MARS	Шаблон:USA	1	1	0
Ocean Odyssey	Шаблон:Flagicon International waters	1	1	0
Plesetsk	Шаблон:RUS	6	4	2
Satish Dhawan	Шаблон:IND	3	3	0
Semnan	Шаблон:IRN	1	1	0
Tanegashima	Шаблон:JPN	3	3	0
Taiyuan	Шаблон:CHN	4	4	0
Vandenberg	Шаблон:USA	6	5	1
Xichang	Шаблон:CHN	9	9	0
Total		84	78	6

By orbit

{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart | float = center | width = 800 | height = 400 | stack = 1 | group 1 = 0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 2 = 0:13:0:0:0:0 | group 3 = 0:13:0:0:0:0 | group 4 = 0:13:0:0:0:0 | group 5 = 0: 0:0:0:0:0 | group 6 = 0:0: 7:0:0:0 | group 7 = 0:0:0:24:0:0 | group 8 = 0:0:0: 3:0:0 | group 9 = 0:0:0:0: 3:0 | group 10 = 0:0:0:0:0: 2 | colors = DeepSkyBlue: Navy : MediumBlue : RoyalBlue : DodgerBlue : LightSeaGreen : SaddleBrown : Peru : Black: Gold | group names = Transatmospheric : Low Earth : Low Earth (ISS) : Low Earth (SSO) : Low Earth (retrograde) : Medium Earth : Geosychronous
(transfer) : Inclined GSO : High Earth : Heliocentric | x legends = Transatmospheric : Low Earth : Medium Earth : Geosynchronous / transfer : High Earth : Heliocentric | units suffix = _launches }}

Orbital regime	Launches	Шаблон:Tooltip	Failures	Accidentally achieved	Remarks
Transatmospheric	0	0	0	0
Low Earth	44	40	4	0	14 to ISS, 1 to Tiangong-1
Medium Earth / Molniya	8	7	1	0
Geosynchronous / GTO	27	26	1	1
High Earth / Lunar transfer	3	3	0	0
Heliocentric / Planetary transfer	2	2	0	0
Total	84	78	6	1

References

Шаблон:TLS-R

Footnotes

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:TLS-L Шаблон:2011 in space Шаблон:Orbital launches in 2011

↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ "Phobos-Grunt: Failed probe likely to return late Sunday". BBC. 15 January 2012.
↑ "Phobos-Grunt: Failed Russian Mars Probe Falls to Earth". ABC News. 15 January 2012.
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite news
↑ "Chang'e 2 reaches liberation point 2". Xinhua. 27 August 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
↑ Шаблон:Cite news
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ "Astronauts complete final shuttle space-walk at ISS". BBC News. 28 May 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
↑ "New attempt to contact Phobos-Grunt fails" Шаблон:Webarchive. Voice of Russia. 2 December 2011.

[1] Шаблон:Cite magazine

[MSL2012-2] Шаблон:Cite web

[3] "Phobos-Grunt: Failed probe likely to return late Sunday". BBC. 15 January 2012.

[4] "Phobos-Grunt: Failed Russian Mars Probe Falls to Earth". ABC News. 15 January 2012.

[5] Шаблон:Cite web

[6] Шаблон:Cite news

[7] "Chang'e 2 reaches liberation point 2". Xinhua. 27 August 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.

[8] Шаблон:Cite news

[9] Шаблон:Cite web

[eva326-10] Шаблон:Cite web

[11] "Astronauts complete final shuttle space-walk at ISS". BBC News. 28 May 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012.

[12] "New attempt to contact Phobos-Grunt fails" Шаблон:Webarchive. Voice of Russia. 2 December 2011.

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Английская Википедия:2011 in spaceflight

Содержание

Overview of orbital spaceflight

Crewed launches

Robotic exploration

Launch failures

Orbital launches

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December