Английская Википедия:2013 Kenyan general election

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox election

General elections were held in Kenya on 4 March 2013.[1] Voters elected the President, members of the National Assembly and newly formed Senate. They were the first elections held under the new constitution, which was approved in a 2010 referendum, and were also the first run by the new Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC). They coincided with the 2013 Kenyan local elections.

The presidential election saw Uhuru Kenyatta of the National Alliance (TNA) defeat Raila Odinga of the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM). Incumbent President Mwai Kibaki was ineligible to pursue a third term due to the two-term limit established in Clause 142 of the Constitution of Kenya. This was the first Kenyan presidential election to include a joint-ticket system for deputy president, which was introduced in the 2010 Constitution. Kenyatta was joined on his ticket by William Ruto, while Odinga's running mate was Kalonzo Musyoka. Kenyatta was backed by the Jubilee Alliance, while Odinga was supported by the Coalition for Reforms and Democracy (CORD). Kenyatta was declared the winner with 50.5% of the vote, meaning a second round of voting was not needed. Odinga unsuccessfully contested the results in the Supreme Court.[2]

Background

Election date

The elections were originally scheduled for 14 August 2012 or December 2012 were planned for the election, depending on a court ruling to be issued. The court ruled that presidential and parliamentary elections should be held in March 2013.[3] This resulted in the resignation of several civil servants who wished to enter politics, as required by the Elections Act.[4] On 28 December 2012, the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission announced the Notice of General Elections which confirmed polling day as 4 March. The nomination deadlines were set over a period between 29 January and 1 February, with presidential candidates submitting their nomination papers on 29 and 30 January.

Supreme Court

On 13 January, the Judiciary indicated it would hear and determine within two weeks disputes on Presidential Election results. The Judiciary Working Committee on Election Preparations (JWCEP) announced that election petitions would be certified urgent.[5] These rules were developed in pursuance of Article 163(8) of the constitution which mandates the Supreme Court to make rules for the exercise of its exclusive jurisdiction of hearing presidential election petition.[6]

Voter registration

Voter registration ran from 19 November 2012 for 30 days.[7][8] Problems were reported during the first few days of the registration exercise included availability of electricity, military operations in some areas and logistical challenges caused by rains.[9] Another subsequent challenge was the inability to register prospective voters who were still awaiting issuance of their formal identity documents by the government.[10] On 27 November, the government announced that, due to time and logistics constraints, there would be no attempts to register Kenyan voters in the diaspora.[11] The IEBC later announced a decision to register Kenyan diaspora voters living within the East African Community Countries.[12] The ten-day exercise concluded on 25 December 2012 with low turnout attributed to "logistical challenges". The IEBC estimate was that about 1,700 people registered.[13]

Voter registration was carried out using Biometric Voter Registration (BVR) Kits which would reduce certain incidents of fraud.[14] The purchase of the BVR Kits was financed through a loan from Standard Chartered Kenya in a government-to-government deal involving Kenya and Canada made cheaper by a guarantee from the Canadian government. The Canadian government arranged to have its fully owned parastatal, Canadian Commercial Corporation (CCC), sign a contract with the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC).[15]

A case was filed in court seeking to extend the voter registration period arguing that Section 5(1) of the Elections Act was in conflict with the Constitution to the extent that it limited continuous registration of voters.[16] The courts however declined request to extend the deadline.[17]

After the 18 December deadline, the IEBC released the provisional voter numbers showing a registered base of 14.3 million voters. The IEBC indicated that they had missed their target of 18 million voters, citing voter apathy as one of reasons for this.[18] The IEBC begun an exercise to clean up the voters' roll with a target of opening it for verification early January 2013.[19] On 13 January 2013 the IEBC opened its voter register for inspection; voters were to verify their details before 26 January to enable the commission clean the register ahead of the poll. The options include visiting respective registration centers, the IEBC website or the use of mobile phone numbers via an SMS service (using National Identity Card or Passport numbers used during registration).[20]

The IEBC announced on 23 February 2013 that it had removed 20,000 voters who had registered more than once from the voter roll. The names were identified during continuing activities to clean up the register.[21]

Electoral system

The 2010 constitution provided for a two-round system for presidential elections, the president having previously been elected on a first-past-the-post basis. In order to win in the first round, a candidate was required to receive over 50% of the vote, as well as 25% of the vote in at least 24 counties.[22][23]

Campaign

Coalitions and alliances

The law required all Kenyan political parties to register any coalition agreements with the Registrar of Political Parties by 4 December 2012. This resulted in several publicised discussions among key political players and their respective parties who aimed to form pre-election coalitions prior to the deadline. Another effect considered likely was a reduction in the number of prospective candidates.[24] Four coalitions formed by the deadline include:

The release of the calendar resulted in several parties opting to hold their nominations on 17 January 2013.[33] The IEBC proposed public school shut down on 17 January 2013, as the schools would be the venue for a significant number of nomination activities across the country.[34] The Government confirmed that public schools would not open on 17 January 2013.[35] The government later announced that Public primary schools would for the second day (18 January 2013) remain closed to allow party primaries to continue.[36] On 19 January the IEBC indicated that political aspirants who lost during respective party primaries are not allowed to defect and seek tickets on other parties after Midnight on 18 January 2013. By law, political parties were expected to nominate their candidates for an election at least 45 days before.[37]

While other parties and coalitions held their nominations early, the Jubilee, Amani and CORD coalitions chose to hold country wide their nominations two days before the deadline. These were marked with disorganization and chaos with protests arising in Nairobi, Nyanza and Central provinces.[38][39]

Further acrimony arose over issuance of certificates by political parties, with over 200 complaints filed with the IEBC disputes and Resolution panel[40] The committee consisted of 4 IEBC Commissioners and one official from the Director of Public Prosecutions office. The committee held its sittings at the Milimani Law Courts in Nairobi. Complaints raised included issuing of certificates not losers, nepotism and discrimination.[41] The committee had seven days to complete the arbitration process with those dissatisfied with the tribunal's decision asked to lodge their cases with the High Court.[42] The panel eventually announced 3 days of hearings.[43] The Panel completed its work on 28 January 2013 dismissing 64 out of 207 petitions following failure by complainants to attend. 29 applications did not need determination as Political parties conceded to the complaints.[44]

Presidential candidates

Minister of Internal Security George Saitoti, second hand man to both Daniel Arap Moi and incumbent President Mwai Kibaki, was expected to be a candidate but died in June 2012 in a helicopter crash. His mixed Masai and Kikuyu heritage was seen as important in light of the violence that followed the 2007 presidential election and the tendency in Kenyan politics for ethnic-based alliances.[45]

Several politicians made public their intentions to run or were speculated to run by media analysts and polling organizations:

Ultimately Joseph Hellon, George Luchiri Wajackoyah, Dishon Kirima and Kingwa Kamencu did not submit papers to the IEBC. William Ruto, Mutava Musyimi and Joseph Nyagah opted to support Uhuru Kenyatta with Ruto being selected as his running mate. Those who stepped down in favour of Raila Odinga included Cyrus Jirongo, Moses Wetangula, Sylvester Wakoli Bifwoli and Kalonzo Musyoka, who became his running mate. Eugene Wamalwa opted to support Mudavadi while Raphael Tuju supported Peter Kenneth who both chose other running mates.

On 24 January 2013 the IEBC begun collecting the initial batch of documents to be used for processing the names of presidential candidates who would contest the elections. Candidate were required to present a letter expressing intention to contest the presidency and lists of 2,000 signatures from supporters in more than half of the 47 counties.[66]

ICC and Integrity court cases

A court case was filed seeking to restrain the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission from accepting the nomination of any candidate who has been committed to trial for serious criminal charges under the Kenyan and International law.[67] At the time of the elections, Kenyatta and Ruto were facing charges of crimes against humanity at the International Criminal Court (ICC) [68] following the International Criminal Court investigation in Kenya as a result of the 2007–2008 post-election violence. Although the petitioners withdrew the case on 29 November 2012,[69] a new petition was filed the following day by an NGO that was an interested party in the initial case.[70] On 22 January 2013 High Court Judge David Majanja ruled that three integrity cases filed against presidential candidates and their deputies would be heard jointly. The cases sought to bar Prime Minister Raila Odinga, Vice-President Kalonzo Musyoka, Deputy Prime Ministers Uhuru Kenyatta and Musalia Mudavadi and William Ruto from contesting in the presidential elections.[71] On 25 January 2013 Chief Justice Willy Mutunga appointed five judges to hear the three cases jointly; Mbogholi Msagha, Luka Kimaru, Hellen Omondi, George Kimondo and Pauline Nyamweya. Hearings began on 7 February 2013. On 15 February the High Court unanimously rejected the petition.[72][73]

Debates

The Kenyan media announced their sponsorship of presidential debates set to be broadcast between 26 November 2012 and 11 February 2013 with coverage from eight television stations and 32 radio stations.[74] The debates were postponed to January 2013 to allow completion of the nomination process.[75] On 25 January, the media confirmed the debates would be held on 11 February 2013 and 25 February 2013.[76] Other organisation later sponsored similar though less publicised presidential and vice presidential debates.

The first debate was held on 11 February 2013 at the Brookhouse International School and moderated by Julie Gichuru and Linus Kaikai.[76] Initially, only the six leading candidates were slated to participate. However, a legal challenge by Paul Muite, ensured that himself and Mohammed Dida were added to the participant list.[77] Their addition was so last-minute, that they had to use makeshift podiums that were noticeably different from those of the other candidates. The debate was split into two with a break in-between.

The second media sponsored debate was held on 25 February 2013 at the Brookhouse International School and was moderated by Joe Ageyo and Uduak Amimo.[76] Initially, Kenyatta had threatened to boycott the second debate alleging bias on the part of moderator Linus Kaikai. According to a Jubilee campaign press release, the first debate was 'skewed, shambolic and farcical', while the CORD campaign retorted by accusing Kenyatta of dodging tough questions.[78] Eventually, Kenyatta agreed to participate, and once again, all presidential candidates were involved.[79]

Several churches and Christian organisations supported by Daystar University held presidential and vice-presidential debates,[80][81] which were both broadcast on the Kenya Broadcasting Corporation TV station and intermittently on several other TV stations. The debates were held at the Anglican Church of Kenya's All Saints Cathedral. The focus of these debates were issues and question that the Christians bodies identified as important to them. Aside from the lower publicity, the debates were also characterized by poor turnout by the candidates.

The Central Organization of Trade Unions (COTU) also held a debate which received low publicity and participation of some of the candidates.[82]

Issues

During the campaign Odinga caused as stir when he implied that Kenyatta was among those in possession of huge tracts of land across the country and could therefore not reform the sector.[83] Kenyatta responded by claiming he was clean and that Odinga should respond over his involvement with the Kisumu Molasses Plant.[84] The National Cohesion and Integration Commission (NCIC) however through its chairman Mzalendo Kibunja stated that such statements were a form of incitement.[85]

Kibunja was contradicted by Constitution Implementation Commission (CIC) chairman Charles Nyachae who said candidates should not be prevented from discussing land issues during their campaigns.[86] The recently appointed police Inspector General David Kimaiyo whose name appears in the Ndungu Land Commission's report on illegal/irregular allocation of public land[87] also added his voice asking for politicians not to debate land matters.[88] Rejection of debate on land matters also came from the Anglican Church of Kenya.

Conduct

In mid-August 2012, tribal conflict led to the highest death toll through deliberate killings since the last election. Though the specific instance had no clear motive, past clashes have occurred due to the alleged misuse of land and water resources, however this instance was reportedly larger in scale and intensity. Speculation was made of links to the election amid an increase in political tensions.[89] During and in the aftermath of the political party nominations held between 17 and 18 January 2013 unrest was seen in several parts of the country most notably in Nairobi, Nyanza and Central Provinces[38][39]

The 2013 elections were largely peaceful, other than an incident in the early hours of 4 March just before polls opened, when a gang killed at least six police officers in the region of Changamwe, Mombasa.[90][91] and in Kwale county. The authorities immediately blamed the Mombasa Republican Council (a fringe separatist group that had opposed the elections and believes that Kenya's coastal zone should be a separate country) and arrested some of its members over the incident.[92] Nevertheless, turnout in the affected counties was still high.

Opinion polls

President

First round

Pollster Date Sample Kenyatta Odinga Mudavadi Kenneth Others
Consumer Insight 26 February 2013 – 44.30% 46.80% 4.20% –
Strategic Research 26 February 2013 – 43.80% 45.70% 5.70% –
Infotrak Research and Consulting 26 February 2013 – 44.50% 46% 4.30% –
Infotrak Research and Consulting 24–26 February 2013 3,244 45% 46% 5% 2% Шаблон:Tooltip
Ipsos Synovate 15–19 February 2013 5,971 44.80% 44.40% 5.20% 1.60% Шаблон:Tooltip
Consumer Insight 14–17 February 2013 – 43% 45% 5% 3% Шаблон:Tooltip
Strategic Research 14–17 February 2013 2,500 43.90% 44.40% 6.40% 2.80% Шаблон:Tooltip
Infotrak Research & Consulting 14–17 February 2013 2,572 44.40% 45.90% 6% 1.90% Шаблон:Tooltip
Ipsos Synovate 14–15 February 2013 2,500 43% 43% 5% –
Infotrak Research & Consulting 15 February 2013 1,650 42% 45% 5% 4% Шаблон:Tooltip
Ipsos Synovate 13 February 2013 1,074 40% 37% 4% 7% Шаблон:Tooltip
Ipsos Synovate 31 January–2 February 2013 2,365 40% 45% 5% 2% Шаблон:Tooltip
Infotrak Research & Consulting 30 January–2 February 2013 2,500 43% 45% 7% 2% Шаблон:Tooltip
Strategic Research 30 January–2 February 2013 2,100 42% 44% 7% 2% Шаблон:Tooltip
Smart Octopus 20–22 January 2013 2,400 45% 32% 11% 2% Шаблон:Tooltip
Ipsos-Synovate 12–20 January 2013 5,895 40% 46% 5% 1% Шаблон:Tooltip
Infotrak Research & Consulting 28 December 2012 – 2 January 2013 1,500 39% 51% 3% 3% Шаблон:Tooltip
Infotrak Research & Consulting 29 October–1 November 2012 1,500 24% 35.40% 10% 2% Шаблон:Tooltip
Ipsos-Synovate 24–28 September 2012 2,229 30% 36% 7% – Шаблон:Tooltip
Infotrak Research & Consulting 17–18 August 2012 2,400 17.30% 35% 8.50% 2% Шаблон:Tooltip
Ipsos-Synovate 6–17 April 2012 2,000 22% 34% 5% 1% Шаблон:Tooltip
Infotrak Harris Poll 11–13 March 2012 2,400 22% 42% 5% 1% Шаблон:Tooltip
Ipsos-Synovate 12–19 December 2011 2,000 22% 32% – 1% Шаблон:Tooltip
Ipsos-Synovate 15–23 October 2011 2,000 24% 34% – – Шаблон:Tooltip
Infotrak Harris Poll 20–23 September 2011 1,500 19% 41% – – Шаблон:Tooltip
Smart Octopus Limited 15 August 2011 – 23% 26% – – Шаблон:Tooltip
Synovate Research Reinvented 15 July 2011 3,070 21.40% 42.60% – – Шаблон:Tooltip
Synovate Research Reinvented 15 April 2011 – 13% 38% – – Шаблон:Tooltip

Second round

Pollster Date Sample Kenyatta Odinga Undecided
Consumer Insight 26 February 2013 – 46.3% 50.6% –
Strategic Research 26 February 2013 – 45.7% 51.7% –
Infotrak Research and Consulting 26 February 2013 – 47.2% 49.5%
Ipsos-Synovate 24–28 September 2012 2,229 50% 42% 8%

Results

President

Шаблон:Election results

Senate

Шаблон:Election results

National Assembly

Шаблон:Election results

Local elections

Шаблон:Main The 2013 general election will be the first where there would be election of County governors and their deputies for the 47 newly created counties. A total of 237 candidates ran for office. Each county was divided into wards in order to elect County Assembly representatives, with 9,885 candidates running.

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Kenyan elections Шаблон:Kenya general elections, 2013

fr:Élection présidentielle kényane de 2013

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  1. ↑ Kenya sees huge election turnout but violence mostly limited to separatists The Guardian, 5 March 2013
  2. ↑ IEBC declares Uhuru Kenya's fourth president Daily Nation, 9 March 2013
  3. ↑ Kenya high court delays elections to March 2013 Reuters, 13 January 2012
  4. ↑ Mutua leads exodus of state officers joining politics Nation, 3 September 2012
  5. ↑ Courts to determine poll disputes in time Standard Digital, 13 January 2013
  6. ↑ Why this election may be won in courts The Star, 12 January 2013
  7. ↑ IEBC voter registration kicks off Nov 19 Standard Digital News, 12 November 2012
  8. ↑ IEBC starts off race to register 20 million voters Standard Digital News, 20 November 2012
  9. ↑ IEBC says registration problems are minor Daily Nation, 22 November 2012
  10. ↑ Kenyans with ID waiting cards could register as voters Capital FM, 6 December 2012
  11. ↑ Kenyans in diaspora locked out of March poll Business Daily, 27 November 2012
  12. ↑ IEBC registers Kenyans in EAC member states Standard Digital, 19 December 2012
  13. ↑ IEBC registers 2,000 Kenyans in East African bloc Daily Nation, 27 December 2012
  14. ↑ BVR kits finally arrive in Kenya Standard Digital News, 5 November 2012
  15. ↑ How BVR technology is poised to revolutionise voting in Kenya Business Daily Africa
  16. ↑ Kenya: Lawyers Sue IEBC Over Dec 18 Voter Listing Deadline All Africa, 14 December 2012
  17. ↑ Court declines to extend voter registration Standard Digital, 18 December 2012
  18. ↑ IEBC misses target by four million voters Standard Digital, 21 December 2012
  19. ↑ IEBC cleaning up voters’ roll Daily Nation, 22 December 2012
  20. ↑ Voters urged to verify their details with IEBC Capital FM, 13 January 2013
  21. ↑ IEBC removes 20,000 double registered voters from roll Шаблон:Webarchive Daily Nation, 12 February 2013
  22. ↑ Presidential Candidates Kenya Diaspora Vote
  23. ↑ Article 138 (4) Constitution of Kenya 2010
  24. ↑ Inside the Uhuru-Ruto deal Daily Nation, 29 November 2012
  25. ↑ Alliance exudes confidence of victory in General Election Standard Digital, 23 December 2012
  26. ↑ Uhuru, Ruto, Mudavadi in new coalition pact Daily Nation, 4 December 2012
  27. ↑ Mudavadi leaves Jubilee coalition Шаблон:Webarchive The Star, 21 December 2012
  28. ↑ Youthful TNA team to reap from Uhuru’s win Capital FM, 14 March 2013
  29. ↑ Kenneth, Tuju to hold joint nominations Daily Nation, 6 December 2012
  30. ↑ Wamalwa to battle out other aspirants in coalition deal Standard Digital, 5 December 2012
  31. ↑ Jirongo, Wamalwa coalition collapses Capital FM, 29 December 2012
  32. ↑ Mudavadi, Wamalwa, Moi form Amani coalition Шаблон:Webarchive The Star, 4 January 2013
  33. ↑ Confusion ahead of Jan 17 party nominations deadline The Star, 14 January 2013
  34. ↑ IEBC proposes public schools closure to allow party primaries Daily Nation, 14 January 2013
  35. ↑ Public schools closed Thursday to allow primaries Daily Nation, 15 January 2013
  36. ↑ Public schools to remain closed on Friday Standard Digital, 19 January 2013
  37. ↑ IEBC warns party primaries losers Standard Digital, 19 January 2013
  38. ↑ 38,0 38,1 Disarray as TNA conducts nominations Capital FM, 18 January 2013
  39. ↑ 39,0 39,1 Chaos rocks Nyanza over nominations The Star, 21 January 2013
  40. ↑ IEBC to pronounce over 200 verdicts on party primaries Capital FM, 26 January 2013
  41. ↑ IEBC starts hearing primaries disputes Thursday Standard Digital, 24 January 2013
  42. ↑ IEBC dispute team warns aspirants over ticket Шаблон:Webarchive Daily Nation, 23 January 2013
  43. ↑ Election team gives three days to hear nomination cases Business Daily, 23 January 2013
  44. ↑ Big names survive poll disputes Capital FM, 28 January 2013
  45. ↑ Saitoti's death leaves power vacuum in Kenya Al Jazeera, 17 June 2012
  46. ↑ I am still in the race for President, says Wakoli The Star
  47. ↑ Hellon’s Placenta Party sets up base in Mombasa Daily Nation, 12 August 2010
  48. ↑ Jirongo joins State House race Daily Nation, 9 September 2012
  49. ↑ As president, I could help to fix Kenya The Guardian, 14 August 2008
  50. ↑ Narc-K party to seek presidency on its own Daily Nation, 26 September 2010
  51. ↑ Poll predicts a Uhuru win over Raila in run-off Standard Digital, 5 November 2011
  52. ↑ 52,0 52,1 PROFILE-Kenya's Finance Minister Uhuru Kenyatta Reuters, 18 February 2011
  53. ↑ Dishon Kirima Шаблон:Webarchive My aspirant my Leader, 12 September 2012
  54. ↑ Ntimama endorses Kiyiapi for president Daily Nation, 31 December 2011
  55. ↑ Raila, Mudavadi teams deadlock Standard Digital, 6 March 2012
  56. ↑ 2012: Mutava Musyimi for Presidency Шаблон:Webarchive PolitiKenya, 3 July 2011
  57. ↑ VP Kalonzo kicks off campaign for 2012 presidency Daily Nation, 12 October 2010
  58. ↑ Dishon Kirima Шаблон:Webarchive My aspirant my Leader, 12 September 2012
  59. ↑ Kenyatta for President, Kenya, 2012/13: George Kenyatta Muumbo Шаблон:Webarchive My aspirant my Leader
  60. ↑ Why PM’s tour to central Kenya is causing jitters Daily Nation, 6 February 2010
  61. ↑ Ruto says he will run for president in 2012 Daily Nation, 19 October 2009
  62. ↑ Tuju joins presidential race to check Raila Standard Digital, 28 August 2011
  63. ↑ Presidential hopeful George Wajackoyah turns to an American for campaign manager Diaspora Messenger, 20 November 2011
  64. ↑ New Ford Kenya endorses Wamalwa for top seat Standard Digital, 19 May 2012
  65. ↑ Wetang’ula declares he’s still in race Daily Nation, 10 September 2012
  66. ↑ Presidential candidates present papers to IEBC Шаблон:Webarchive Daily Nation, 24 January 2013
  67. ↑ Court has final say on Uhuru and Ruto, says IEBC boss Daily Nation, 21 November 2012
  68. ↑ Kenyatta and Ruto to face ICC trial over Kenya violence BBC News, 23 January 2012
  69. ↑ Petitioners withdraw Uhuru, Ruto integrity case Daily Nation, 29 November 2012
  70. ↑ Uhuru, Ruto face fresh integrity case Standard Digital, 30 November 2012
  71. ↑ Integrity cases against five to be heard jointly Standard Digital, 23 January 2013
  72. ↑ 5 judges to hear Raila, Uhuru integrity case The Star, 26 January 2013
  73. ↑ Uhuru, Ruto get green light to run for State House Daily Nation, 16 February 2013
  74. ↑ Kenyan media to sponsor US-style presidential debate The Star, 20 October 2012
  75. ↑ Presidential debates moved to January Standard Digital, 1 November 2012
  76. ↑ 76,0 76,1 76,2 Presidential debates to start next month Standard Digital, 25 January 2013
  77. ↑ Muite and Dida to participate in presidential debate The Star, 11 February 2013
  78. ↑ Шаблон:Cite newsШаблон:Dead link
  79. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  80. ↑ Presidential candidates set for Churches' debate The Star, 19 February 2013
  81. ↑ Abortion, gay marriage lit up running mates debate Daily Nation, 15 February 2013
  82. ↑ Candidates face-off in Cotu debate Шаблон:Webarchive Standard Digital, 20 February 2013
  83. ↑ Raila says Uhuru can’t be trusted with land reform Standard Digital, 5 February 2013
  84. ↑ I am clean, Uhuru tells Raila over stolen wealth Standard Digital, 14 January 2013
  85. ↑ NCIC: Keep off historical injustices Standard Digital, 4 February 2013
  86. ↑ Nyachae warns against gagging debate on land Standard Digital, 9 February 2013
  87. ↑ Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Illegal/Irregular Allocation of Public Land, Volume 2, Annex 9 Шаблон:Webarchive Kenya Government Press, p234
  88. ↑ NCIC warn against hate speech Шаблон:Webarchive KBC, 7 February 2013
  89. ↑ Dozens killed in Kenya clashes Al-Jazeera, 23 August 2012
  90. ↑ Kenyan police killed as election day arrives The Guardian, 4 March 2013
  91. ↑ Polisen förstärker valsäkerhet efter dödliga attacker Dagens Hyheter
  92. ↑ MRC suspects arraigned in court over officers murder Standard Digital, 6 March 2013
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