Английская Википедия:2013 protests in Brazil
Шаблон:See also Шаблон:POV Шаблон:Infobox civil conflict The 2013 Brazilian protestsШаблон:Efn[1] were public demonstrations in several Brazilian cities, initiated mainly by the Movimento Passe Livre (Free Fare Movement), a local entity that advocates for free public transportation.
The demonstrations were initially organized to protest against increases in bus, train, and metro ticket prices in some Brazilian cities,[2][3][4][5] but grew to include other issues such as the high corruption in the government and police brutality used against some demonstrators.[6][7] By mid-June, the movement had grown to become Brazil's largest since the 1992 protests against former President Fernando Collor de Mello.[8]
As with the 2013 Gezi Park protests in Turkey, social media has played an important role in the organization of public outcries and in keeping protesters in touch with one another.[9]
Name
Urban riots in Brazil have been traditionally been referred to as the 'Revolt of [Something]'. An example of this was Rio de Janeiro's Revolta da Vacina in the early 20th century. These particular protests have been referred to as the Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-pt), Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-pt) or Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-pt) after more than 60 protesters were arrested in June 2013 for carrying vinegar as a home remedy against the tear gas and pepper spray used by police.[10][11][12]
Piero Locatelli, a journalist for the CartaCapital magazine, was arrested and taken to the Civil Police after being found with a bottle of vinegar.[13] The sarcastic tone dubbing the protests Шаблон:Lang i.e. "the vinegar march",[14] was a reference to the popularity of an earlier grassroots march for legalizing marijuana named Marcha da Maconha (the Brazilian version of the Global Marijuana March).
Another popular name for the protests is Шаблон:Lang ("Brazilian Autumn", in a playful reference to the events of the Arab Spring).[15][16] Шаблон:Lang (meaning "Spring") is also being used by media.[17]
The alternative name "June Journeys" (Jornadas de Junho), used by some sources and adapted from the France use of journées (days) in the sense of an important event, traces a revolutionary pedigree going back to the June Days Uprising, the June 1848 French workers' uprising in the wake of the 1848 Revolution in France.
Background
The first demonstrations took place in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, during August–September 2012 and were informally called Шаблон:Lang or Bus Rebellion. Over the course of these protests, demonstrators convinced their municipal authority to reduce the fare price.[18] Similar protests were carried out in Porto Alegre in March 2013, where protesters tried to convince the local city hall to further reduce the fare price, after it had been reduced by a judicial decision.[19]
In Goiânia, demonstrations started on May 16, before the prices were officially raised on May 22 from R$2.70 to R$3.00.[20] The peak of those demonstrations was on May 28, at Bíblia Square, when four buses were destroyed; two were incinerated and two were stoned.[20] 24 students were arrested for vandalism and disobedience.[20] Another demonstration took place on June 6, when students closed streets in downtown Goiânia, set fire to car tires, threw homemade bombs, and broke windows of police cars.[20] On June 13, the fares were brought back to their previous price when judge Fernando de Mello Xavier issued a preliminary injunction arguing that local bus companies were exempted from paying some taxes as of June 1, but the passengers were not benefiting from this exemption.[20]
In São Paulo, demonstrations started when the municipal government and the government of the State of São Paulo, which runs the train and metro system of São Paulo, announced the rise of ticket prices from R$3.00 to R$3.20.[22] The previous hike of bus fares occurred in January 2011,[23] and was also subject of demonstrations.[24] Train and metro fares had been raised to the same price in February 2012.[25] In early 2013, immediately after his election, Mayor Fernando Haddad announced that fares would increase in early 2013.[26] In May, the federal government announced that public transportation would be exempted from paying PIS and COFINS, two taxes of Brazil, so that the increase of public transportation costs would not contribute to ongoing inflation.[27] Even so, the fares were raised from R$3.00 to R$3.20, starting on June 2, sparking demonstrations.[22]
Demands of protesters
Although the bus fare increase was the tipping point for demonstrators, the basis for public disenchantment with the policies of the ruling class went far deeper. There was frustration among the general population's disappointment with the inadequate provision of social services in Brazil.[28] Despite Brazil's international recognition in lifting 40 million out of poverty, and into the nova Classe C with comfortable access to a middle class consumer market,[29] the policies have been the subject of intense political debate. Groups among the protestors argues that "Bolsa Familia" and other social policies were simply an electoral strategy from the Worker's Party aimed at "alming the poor".[30] Political opponents took issue with neoliberal or post-neoliberal traitor of its original Marxist precepts that benefits mostly the old, corrupt and stereotypical elites with black money and shady methods,[31][32] and only making the life of the traditional, more conservative, middle middle and upper middle classes (that are rejected as a sign of reactionary decadence by left-wing elements, and dominant among the mostly urban, young, white,[1] and educated protesters) even harder while political scandals involving the public money most expensive to this conservative middle class run rampant.[33]
Meanwhile, mega sports projects such as the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup (to which at that time Brazil had already spent over 7 billion reais and with total expected cost of over 32 billion reais, equivalent to three times South Africa's total in 2010, despite only half the stadiums being finished),[1] as well as the 2016 Summer Olympics, have turned out to be over-budget, and have resulted in a series of revelations about gross overbillings and multibillion-dollar financial scandals.[34] The occurrence of these protests simultaneously with Confederations Cup matches, with sounds of police weapons being audible during the Uruguay vs. Nigeria match on Thursday June 20, have raised serious questions amongst other sporting nations about the capability of Brazil to host the main event in a year's time, based upon its ostensibly severe social problems.[35] Other points of discontent are the high inflation rates and increases in the prices of basic consumer goods, including food,[36][37][38][39][40] that, as many other things in Brazil, are heavily taxed (at 27%).[41]
Other commonly stated reasons for the malaise include high taxes that do not benefit the poor.[1] The average Brazilian citizen is estimated to pay 40.5% of their income in taxes,[42] yet the country still suffers from various social and infrastructural problems such as poorly functioning health services, a low education rate,[43][44] inadequate welfare benefits, and a growing but still low rate of employment.[45]
There is also a feeling of powerlessness due to widespread cases of corruption and embezzlement as well as a lack of transparency and financial accountability. Indicted leaders and politicians often stay in power despite being cited for corruption and collusion in the growing overbilling scandals. The protesters particularly object to a constitutional amendment currently being drafted known as PEC 37 that is seen as a cover-up for corrupt politicians and an attempt to reduce the power of the judiciary in pursuing cases.[36] Though not a main cause for the demonstrations, some protestors also object to socially conservative legislation by the religious benches that is seen as a retrocess to Brazil's LGBT and women's rights, a threat to the state of Brazilian secularism,[46][47][48][49][50] and even freedom of expression.[51]
Timeline
June 1 to 14
In June 2013, a series of protests in the Brazilian city of São Paulo were organized against bus and metro fare hikes announced by the city mayor Fernando Haddad in January 2013, who stated that the fares would rise from R$ 3.00 to R$3.20, coming into effect on June 1.[52]
The first large protest was held on June 6 on Paulista Avenue.[53] In ensuing protests, news reports changed the discourse, mentioning that police had "lost control" on June 13, because they began using rubber bullets not only against protesters but also journalists that were covering the events. Numerous civil rights groups have criticized the harsh police response, including Amnesty International[6] and the Associação Nacional de Jornais.[7]
June 17 to 18
An estimated 250,000 protesters took to the streets of various cities on June 17. The largest protests were organized in Rio de Janeiro, where 100,000 attended from mid-afternoon of June 17 to late dawn of June 18.[8][21]
Although mostly peaceful, the protests escalated with the invasion of the Rio de Janeiro State's Legislative Chamber, causing riot police to be called in. Three protesters were injured by gunfire, reportedly by police forces, while ten others were hospitalized.[54]
State government authorities did not intervene, saying this was an issue for the Military Police.[55] Other protests erupted in support of those being detained by police. Demonstrations were held in a number of cities.[8] The ones held in Curitiba were reported attended by over 10,000 people.[56]
Minor protests staged by Brazilians living abroad were held in several countries including Argentina, Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States.[57]
June 19
Protests continued on a smaller scale. Mayors of several Brazilian cities announced reduction of bus fares or cancellation of previously announced increases, including Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, where the largest protests had occurred.[21][58]
June 20
Protests in over 100 cities around the country rallied over 2 million people.[59] Special measures were taken to protect main government buildings on major cities like the federal capital Brasília, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Manaus, Belém, Recife, Florianópolis, Belo Horizonte, Goiânia, Curitiba and Porto Alegre, among others.[21][60] Rafael Braga was arrested, who later received the only conviction of charges related to the 2013 protests in Brazil.[61][62][63][64]
June 21 to 23
Protests across Brazil have drawn millions to the streets in a wave of rolling fury that became the biggest demonstrations in decades. A young man was killed in Ribeirão Preto during the protest when a driver ploughed through a peaceful demonstration, also injuring 11 other people.[65] President Dilma Rousseff addressed the nation, recognizing the demands of the protesters and calling a meeting of state governors and mayors of key cities to discuss the requests of the population and propose solutions to solve the issues.
June 24
As protests continue on a smaller scale, President Dilma Rousseff along the 27 state governors and the mayors of the 26 state capitals, among other authorities, agree to take measures related to improve funds management, public transport, health care and education. Also announced is a proposal for congress to approve a referendum on widespread political reform.
June 25
Almost all members of National Chamber reject controversial law limiting the powers of the Public Ministry to investigate criminal activities in the government, thus accomplishing one of the demands of the protests.[66] President Dilma Rousseff announces that plans for a special constituent assembly on political reform were abandoned, but there are still plans to submit the constitutional amendments in discussion to popular vote.
June 26
Almost all members of National Chamber approved the destination of petroleum royalties to education (75%) and health (25%).[67] The congress also approved the end of secret vote for forfeiture of office and the recognition of all forms of corruption and embezzlement as heinous crimes;[68] and the end of all Taxes regarding Public transport, including metro, train, bus and ship.[69] A large protest of 120.000 people is held in Belo Horizonte where the 2013 Confederations Cup semifinal match between Brazil and Uruguay was occurring, and ran with no incidents until small riots began. A young man died after falling from a viaduct.
June 30
Protesters in Brazil clashed with police during the Confederations Cup final match between the host nation and Spain in Rio de Janeiro. Earlier that day, a group of demonstrators tried to storm a Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) building in Rio. Police kept them back and the group settled outside the building. In a separate protest, several thousand people marched on the Maracanã stadium banging drums.
The protesters demanded free public transport, carrying placards reading "FIFA - you pay the bill". The demonstrators also called for an end to corruption and the resignation of the Rio State governor.[70]
July 2
The "Gay cure" Bill, PDL 234, which would have authorized psychologists to treat LGBT people was voted down by the National Congress.[71] In 1830, eight years after the end of Portuguese colonial rule, sodomy laws were eliminated from the new Penal Code of Brazil.[72] Since 1985 the Federal Council of Medicine of Brazil has not considered homosexuality as deviant.[73] In 1999, the Federal Council of Psychology published a resolution that has standardized the conduct of psychologists to face this norm: "...[regulated] psychologists should not collaborate with events or services proposing treatment and cure of homosexuality." In 1990, five years after Brazil removed homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses, the General Assembly of the World Health Organization (WHO), with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, removed homosexuality from the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).[74]
PDL 234 dealt only with lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons, as Brazil still pathologizes transgender people. Doctors do not allow hormone therapy for transgender people before age 16, allow gender reassignment surgery for those who have "normal or healthy" genital conditions other than third party-confirmed trans people above the age of 18, and does not ban sexual assignment surgery for intersex newborns and young children. Doctors with parental consent may alter a child's ambiguous genitals without his/her consent and much before gender behavioral characteristics and/or identification would naturally appear.[75]
July 5
In Seattle Justin Jasper, an armed local was arrested[76] for planning action in support of Brazil protesters.[77][78][79]
Later demonstrations
Although smaller than the June demonstrations, another wave of protests occurred in many cities around Brazil on September 7. Protesters organized to challenge military parades that were celebrating Brazil's 1822 independence from Portugal. There were also demonstrations to question government spending on World Cup stadiums and government corruption.[80][81]
Responses
Following a pledge by President Dilma Rousseff to spend 50 billion Brazilian reais on improving urban public transportation after a meeting with protest leaders June 24, the Brazilian real fell on concern of a widening deficit. This followed a nearly 10 percent fall in the currency in the second quarter of 2013, the worst amongst 16 major currencies.[82]
| Demands and result (National Congress and Governments actions) | |
|---|---|
| Demand | Result |
| Reduction in the prices of public transport (Metro, Train and Bus) (Governments approved) | Yes (June 2013) |
| Revocation of (Bill - PEC 37) that hindered the Public Ministry to investigate (Congress approved) | Yes (June 2013) |
| Destination of petroleum royalties to education (75%) and Health (25%) (Congress approved) | Yes (June 2013) |
| Criminalization of all forms of corruption and embezzlement as heinous crimes (Congress approved) | PendingШаблон:Citation needed |
| The end of Secret vote in Congress for forfeiture of office (Congress approved) | PendingШаблон:Citation needed |
| The end of all taxes on public transport (metro, train, bus and ship) (Congress approved) | Yes (June 2013) |
| National Pact to improve education, health, public transport (Government established) | Yes (June 2013) |
| National Pact for fiscal responsibility and control of inflation (Government established) | Yes (June 2013) |
| Implementation of federal plebiscite to politic reform in the country (Government established) | PendingШаблон:Citation needed |
| Revocation of (Bill - PDL 234) "Gay cure" authorizing sexual orientation conversion therapy by psychologists (Congress approved) | Yes (July 2013) |
| Destination of 10% of the Brazilian GDP to education (Congress announced) | Pending |
| Implementation of Free pass to the students enrolled regularly (Congress announced) | Pending |
| Revocation of (Bill - PEC 33) undergoing decisions of Supreme Court to Congress (No discussion) | Pending |
| The end of privileged forum (No discussion) | Pending |
| *Note: Yes is the victory of the protesters. | |
International reactions
State
- Шаблон:Flagicon Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan linked the protests with similar protests in Turkey, claiming that they were part of a conspiracy by unspecified foreign forces, bankers, and international and local media outlets. He said that "the same game is now being played over Brazil. The symbols are the same, the posters are the same, Twitter, Facebook are the same, the international media is the same. They are being led from the same center. They are doing their best to achieve in Brazil what they could not achieve in Turkey." He further stated that the two protests were "the same game, the same trap, the same aim."[83]
See also
- List of protests in the 21st century
- 2000 Costa Rican Revolution
- 2021 Brazilian protests
- List of scandals in Brazil
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
- A 360° Virtual Tour during protests at Sao Jose do Rio Preto StreetsШаблон:Dead link
- Brazil Protests - A rough guide Blog
- Public Demand - Brazilian protests and music Podcast
- The Brazilian Protests of June 2013: an economist's view (Slideshare Presentation)
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Шаблон:In lang."Nuestros 20 céntimos son el parque de Estambul El País
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Journalist arrested for carrying vinegar in demonstration against fare hiking is liberated
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Youth rebellion in Brazil's autumn
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Brazilian Autumn Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang the Brazilian Spring
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 20,3 20,4 Diário da Manhã: Passagem de ônibus voltou a custar R$ 2,70
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 Шаблон:In lang."Rio de janeiro, métropole inagalitaire Map - Realized by Aurélien Reys and Hervé Théry, Le Monde
- ↑ 22,0 22,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Acordem: R$ 0,20 são apenas um detalhe, Gilberto Dimenstein at Folha de S.Paulo
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Tag Delta – Reinaldo Azevedo's blog at Veja Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang [1]
- ↑ 36,0 36,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Tomato price reduces in retail but grows more than 300% in wholesale Revista Veja, April 2013.
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Tomato is not 'the villain': understand the price fluctuation
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang DEM party bets on inflation and the price of tomatoes to attack Dilma Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Tomato prices became a joke in social networks: understand it
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Taxes are 27% of the price of basic food items, says research
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Brazilians work five months a year just for paying their taxes, says research
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang ENEM: 98 among the 100 worst schools of Rio de Janeiro are funded and administered by the State government Jornal do Brasil
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang At high school quality, Rio de Janeiro only outperforms Piauí
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Dissertation proposals and tips – ENEM 2011 – Subemployment
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang LGBT community unites itself from the Metrópole boite to participate in the protests Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang An analysis over the texts of the PECs 33 and 37 Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Brasília protest will collect petitions in favor of gay marriage EXAME magazine, June 18, 2013
- ↑ Workers' unions should adhere to protests against fake hikes in São Paulo Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang People of São Paulo protest against Statute of the Unborn Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Women protest at Sé against welfare stipend for rape victims
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang In Rio 3 were shot amidst protests, 10 still hospitalized
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Cabral and Beltrame did not comment protests and say this is a Military Police issue
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Curitiba will have new protest against fare hike this Monday
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Brazilians stage protests in other countries Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Brazilian cities announce bus fare reductions
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Cities are being prepared for over 100 protests on thursday
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Câmara derruba PEC que tentava limitar o poder de investigação do MP Шаблон:In lang
- ↑ Câmara destina 75% dos royalties para educação e 25% para saúde Шаблон:In lang
- ↑ National Congress - 26 June 2013 Шаблон:In lang
- ↑ Câmara aprova proposta que ajuda a reduzir tarifa do transporte coletivo Шаблон:In lang
- ↑ Police clashes at start of Brazil Confederations Cup final, BBC News, July 1, 2013
- ↑ The end of the Bill - Gay Cure Шаблон:In lang
- ↑ The Penal Code and the Homosexuality Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang
- ↑ Homosexuality is not a deviant - Federal Council of Medicine of Brazil Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang
- ↑ Homosexuality is not deviant - Federal Council of Psychologists of Brazil Шаблон:In lang
- ↑ The sex of the angels: Representations and practices around the sociomedical and everyday management of intersexuality Шаблон:In lang
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Schmidt, Blake. (2013-06-28) Brazil Real Drops on Concern Rousseff Pledges Will Widen Deficit. Businessweek. Retrieved on 2013-08-12.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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