Английская Википедия:2015–16 Australian bushfire season

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Use Australian English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox wildfire

The most destructive bushfire season in terms of property loss since the 2008–09 Australian bushfire season, occurred in the summer of 2015–16, with the loss of 408 houses and at least 500 non-residential buildings as a result of wild fires between 1 June 2015 and 31 May 2016. The season also suffered the most human fatalities since the 2008–09 Australian bushfire season; 6 died in Western Australia, 2 in South Australia and 1 in New South Wales. 8 deaths were as a direct result of fire, and a volunteer firefighter died due to unrelated health complications while on duty.

The season witnessed four notable fires; the Cascades fire in Western Australia, the Pinery fire in South Australia, the Great Ocean Road fire in Victoria, and the Harvey-Waroona fire in Western Australia.[1]

Climate summary and predictions

A longer, more severe season was predicted, with an above normal potential for bushfires—particularly along the west and east coasts—as the result of the strengthening El Niño over the Pacific Ocean and warmer sea temperatures in the Indian Ocean.[2][3][4]

In Victoria, large areas of the Wimmera and the Western District had their lowest recorded rainfall in the three years to 31 July 2015, and significant areas of the Goldfields, North Central, Otways and Yarra Valley recorded "very much below average" rainfall over the same period.[5] In Western Australia, the Goldfields-Esperance, Peel and South West regions were expected to experience "above normal fire potential" due to a lack of rainfall, soil dryness and high fuel loads; the Peel and South West regions were at specific risk, having experienced their 8th driest year on record in 2015.[6][7] The Great Southern, Peel, Perth and South West regions suffered record rainfall deficiencies for the 16-year period to 31 March 2016.[8]

The areas that suffered the greatest rainfall deficiencies during the season typically receive the majority of rainfall from cold fronts and low pressure systems, autumn through spring. However, continental Australia has experienced a decrease in this activity over recent decades, as high pressure systems have become more dominant.[8] These longer-term deficiencies has a great effect on the drying of woodland fuels, particularly in the Jarrah forest of Western Australia's South-West and the forests of Victoria's Otway Ranges, which witnessed significant fires during the 2015/16 season.[8]

Fires of note

State Start date Deaths Injuries Res. houses lost Other structures lost Area (ha) Local govt. Impacted communities Duration Ref.
NSW 1 June 2015 1 1 1 Gosford

Copacabana

1 day [9][10]
NT 8 September 2015 2 Litchfield

Howard Springs

2 days [11][12][13]
QLD 10 September 2015 8 1 Townsville

Stuart

[14][15]
QLD 4 October 2015 1 Townsville

Cape Cleveland

[16][17]
VIC 5 October 2015 1 10 Surf Coast

Wensleydale

1 day [18][19][20]
VIC 6 October 2015 6 15 4,000 Macedon Ranges

Benloch, Cobaw & Lancefield

8 days [21][22][23][24]
[25][26][27]
VIC 17 November 2015 1 50 Wellington

Devon North

[28][29]
WA 15 November 2015 4 1 16 128,000 Esperance

Grass Patch, Salmon Gums & Scaddan

9 days [nb 1]
[30][31][32][33]
[34][35][36]
2 several 18,000 Myalup & Stockyard Creek
SA 25 November 2015 2 90 91 388 82,000 Clare and Gilbert Valleys, Light & Wakefield

Alma, Freeling, Hamley Bridge, Mallala, Nain, Pinery, Roseworthy, Stockport, Tarlee, Templers & Wasleys

3 days [nb 2]
[37][38][39][40]
[41][42][43][44]
[45]
NSW 26 November 2015 1 5 Cessnock

Stanford Merthyr

[46][47]
VIC 19 December 2015 14 30 4,600 Ballarat & Moorabool

Clarendon, Durham Lead, Elaine, Garibaldi & Scotsburn

2 days [48][49][50][51]
[52]
VIC 19 December 2015 3 116 2,300 Colac Otway

Separation Creek & Wye River

34 days [nb 3]
[1][53][54][55]
[56][57][58][59]
[60][61]
VIC 20 December 2015 4 several 7,000 Indigo

Barnawartha & Indigo Valley

5 days [48][62][63][64]
WA 6 January 2016 2 5+ 162 numerous 70,000 Harvey & Waroona

Cookernup, Hamel, Harvey, Lake Clifton, Preston Beach, Waroona, Wagerup & Yarloop

17 days [nb 4]
[65][66][67][68]
[69][70][71][72]
[73][74][75][76]
[77][78][79][80]
[81][82]
VIC 18 January 2016 1 6 90 Mornington Peninsula

Crib Point & Stony Point

1 day [83][84][85][86]
[87][88]
VIC 19 January 2016 1 1 100 Macedon Ranges

Edgecombe & Kyneton

1 day [89][90]
VIC 23 February 2016 2 1 1,300 Ballarat

Addington & Mount Bolton

2 days [91][92][93]
WA 14 March 2016 1 12 Joondalup

Joondalup

1 day [94][95][96]

Fires by state or territory

New South Wales

June

On 1 June, a Шаблон:Convert bushfire completely destroyed one house and damaged a second house at Copacabana in the City of Gosford municipality of the Central Coast region. One civilian was treated for burns received while fighting the fire.[9][10]

July

On 31 July, a fire ignited in the bushland of the Jamison Valley, nearby Wentworth Falls and within the City of Blue Mountains municipality. Over the next 12 days, one house was damaged and Шаблон:Convert of forest were consumed by the fire, which spread rapidly due to strong winds of up to Шаблон:Convert. At least 150 firefighters and several water bombing aircraft were required to bring the fire under control, and it was declared extinguished on 12 August.[97][98]

November

On 26 November, a Rural Fire Service volunteer firefighter collapsed and died while fighting a fire Шаблон:Convert in size near Stanford Merthyr in the City of Cessnock municipality. Paul Sanderson, 48, volunteered with the Kurri Kurri brigade and had been a member for almost 20 years.[46][47]

Northern Territory

September

On 8 September and during the day following, 2 houses and several vehicles and items of industrial equipment were destroyed by a bushfire burning in and around Howard Springs in the Litchfield municipality on the outskirts of Darwin.[11][12][13]

Queensland

September

On 3 September, one house was damaged and one shed was destroyed by a bushfire at Bluewater, a suburb on the "Northern beaches" of the City of Townsville municipality.[99][100]

On 10 September, one house and up to 30 vehicles were destroyed during a bushfire at Stuart, a suburb on the outskirts of the City of Townsville municipality. The fire prompted the evacuation of a correctional facility and also caused a power outage that affected approximately 1,000 houses. Two people were hospitalized, six others were treated for smoke inhalation, and over 50 firefighters were required to bring the blaze under control.[14][15]

October

On 4 October, one house and several vehicles were destroyed by a bushfire in Cape Cleveland, to the southern end of the City of Townsville municipality.[16][17]

South Australia

November

Шаблон:See also

During November, there were a number of significant fires in South Australia, the largest and most significant being the "Pinery" fire that burned Шаблон:Convert in the municipalities of Clare and Gilbert Valleys, Light and Wakefield over eight days. On 25 November, during the major run of the Pinery fire, two fatalities occurred: Janet Hughes, 56, perished while fleeing in a vehicle outside Hamley Bridge; Allan Tiller, 69, died while fighting the fire on a neighbour’s property in Pinery itself. The Pinery fire destroyed or rendered uninhabitable 87–91 houses, and completely destroyed 388 non-residential structures, 93 pieces of farm machinery and 98 other vehicles. It also caused significant damage to rural produce; 53,000 poultry and 17,500 head of livestock perished.[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]

December

On 31 December, a fire destroyed four non-residential buildings, four vehicles and Шаблон:Convert of farmland around the Mosquito Hill area of the Alexandrina municipality. 120 firefighters and 4 aircraft assisted in containing the fire the same day as its ignition and 4 people were injured during the blaze.[101][102]

March

On 2 March, a grass fire destroyed 23 b-double semi-trailers as it burned Шаблон:Convert of land at Burton, in the north of Adelaide. 140 firefighters in 25 appliances attended the fire, supported by 2 firefighting aircraft, and 2 people suffered injuries in the fire.[103][104]

Tasmania

Шаблон:Further

Victoria

October

On 5 October, one house and Шаблон:Convert of scrubland were destroyed by a bushfire at Wensleydale in the Surf Coast Shire, south-west of Geelong. The fire was contained the same day by Country Fire Authority firefighters.[18][19][20]

On 6 October and during the week following, 6 houses, 15 non-residential structures, 5 vehicles and Шаблон:Convert of forest and paddock were destroyed by a significant bushfire in the Lancefield area of the Shire of Macedon Ranges, Шаблон:Convert north of Melbourne. Communities affected by the fire included Baynton, Benloch, Nulla Vale, Lancefield, Pastoria and Sidonia. At least 22 aircraft were utilized by the Country Fire Authority to fight the fire before it was contained on 12 October.[21][22][23][24][25] The fire had been lit a week earlier as part of a controlled burn in Cobaw State Forest overseen by the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, however the authorities had lost control of the blaze in strong winds and hot conditions. An independent report into the blaze, released in November 2015, criticized the initial controlled burn as inadequately planned and inadequately staffed. The then Victorian Environment minister Lisa Neville admitted failures in the risk assessment taken prior to the approval of the controlled burn, and the following quote of hers was reported by The Age on 19 November 2015.[26][27]

Шаблон:Quote

November

On 17 November, one "weekender" holiday house and Шаблон:Convert of forest were destroyed by a bushfire at Devon North in the Shire of Wellington, Шаблон:Convert north-west of Yarram. The blaze originated from a controlled burn to reduce the fuel load on private land.[28][29]

December

Over 19–20 December, temperatures reached up to Шаблон:Convert across Victoria—including Шаблон:Convert in Melbourne, Victoria—and extreme fire conditions were felt across the entirety of the state. During the following week, Victoria suffered three significant fires; Шаблон:Convert of forest and farm land were burnt by the Scotsburn fire, Шаблон:Convert were burnt by the Barnawartha fire, and fire started by lightning in the Otway National Park near Lorne would continue to burn past Christmas and be dubbed the "Lorne-Jamieson Track" fire.[48]

On 19 December, 14 houses and at least 30 non-residential structures were destroyed by the Scotsburn fire, which also ravaged significant areas of rural property in the City of Ballarat and Shire of Moorabool municipalities. Suburbs and towns affected included Clarendon, Durham Lead, Elaine, Garibaldi and Scotsburn. The fire had been ignited on the same day by a landowner using a slashing machine; 500 firefighting personnel and 8 aircraft attended the fire, and it was contained by 20 December.[48][49][50][51][52]

On 20 December, the Barnawartha fire destroyed 4 houses and several non-residential structures in the Shire of Indigo, as well as causing the deaths of 1,200 head of livestock. Near Wodonga, several dozen families were evacuated when the uncontrolled grass fire advanced rapidly on the town, however damage to the town itself was minimal. There were also fears that the fire may advance on Yackandandah, however rainfall of up to Шаблон:Convert on the night of 20 December slowed the spread of the fire and limited damage to Barnawartha and Indigo Valley.[48][62][63][64]

On 25 December (Christmas Day) severe fire conditions, including a strong northerly wind, led to the Lorne-Jamieson Track fire in the Otway National Park jumping containment lines and impacting numerous communities situated along the Great Ocean Road in the Shire of Colac Otway. A total of 116 houses were destroyed—98 in Wye River and 18 in Separation Creek—on 25 December, and over Шаблон:Convert of dense forest were burnt by the time the fire was contained on 21 January 2016. Although structural damage was limited to the two communities of Wye River and Separation Creek, the township of Lorne was advised by the Country Fire Authority to evacuate from mid afternoon on 25 December, the communities of Kennett River, Grey River and Wongarra were evacuated several times, and the Great Ocean Road was closed for several days after the 25 December run damaged parts of the road infrastructure.[1][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]

Lightning ignited the Lorne-Jamieson Track fire in inaccessible country on 19 December, and during the week prior to the 25 December run the fire had burned to a distance of approximately Шаблон:Convert north-west of Separation Creek. On the day of the run, a Keetch–Byram Drought Index of 80 was recorded at Aireys Inlet and 83 at Cape Otway; these are considered ‘serious’ with respect to fuel ignition potential. In Wye River, a north/north-westerly wind with gusts of up to Шаблон:Convert and humidity hit a low of 17% at 16:30 AEDT (UTC+11) were observed. At 11:30 AEDT (UTC+11) the emergency siren was sounded in Separation Creek and approximately three hours later the fire front impacted the communities.[61]

January

On 18 January, one house, 6 non-residential buildings and Шаблон:Convert of scrub and forest were destroyed, and another house damaged, by a bushfire that burned through the Crib Point and Stony Point communities in the Shire of Mornington Peninsula. The fire moved rapidly through the scrubland around the abandoned Westernport Refinery and was battled by 27 firefighting appliances and 3 aircraft. The cause of the fire is suspected to have been arson.[83][84][85][86][87][88]

On 19 January, one house and Шаблон:Convert of paddocks and grassland were destroyed by a bushfire that burned near Edgecombe and Kyneton in the Shire of Macedon Ranges. The fire is also suspected of having been deliberately-lit.[89][90]

February

On 23 February, 2 houses, up to 6 non-residential buildings and Шаблон:Convert of forest and paddocks were destroyed, and one house damaged, by a fire that burned through Addington and Mount Bolton in the City of Ballarat municipality. The cause of the fire remains undetermined.[91][92][93]

Western Australia

Файл:Waroona fire 2016 gnangarra 230116-121.JPG
Bushfire damage from the Waroona fire, January 2016
October

On 1 October, a bushfire destroyed 2 sheds and Шаблон:Convert of bushland in the Town of Port Hedland municipality. Residents of Bosna Estate were evacuated before at least 20 firefighting appliances helped contain the blaze. The bushfire was first reported on 29 September.[105]

November

Шаблон:See also

During November, the Shire of Esperance suffered two significant fires and a fire complex; Шаблон:Convert were burnt by the Cascades fire, Шаблон:Convert were burnt by the Merivale fire, and Шаблон:Convert were burnt by the Cape Arid complex of fires.[30] On 17 November, during the major run of the Cascades fire, four civilian fatalities occurred in vehicles traveling on Griggs Road in Scaddan. The Cascades fire destroyed one house, 16 non-residential structures and dozens of vehicles. There was also significant damage to rural produce; approximately 4,500 head of livestock perished and Шаблон:Convert of crop—constituting about 500,000 tonnes of grain—were burnt. In addition, the Merivale fire destroyed two houses in the Stockyard Creek area, and the Cape Arid complex destroyed large areas of Western Ground Parrot habitat.[30][31][32][33][34][35][36]

January

Шаблон:See also

Файл:Australia vir 2016007 lrg.jpg
NASA Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the Suomi NPP satellite acquired this image of the Waroona fire - 7 January

During January, the shires of Harvey & Waroona suffered a number of significant fires; Шаблон:Convert of forest and farmland were burnt by the largest of these fires, which ignited on the night of the 6 January and was dubbed the "Waroona" fire.

On 7 January, two civilians perished when the fire-front of the Waroona fire burned into the center of the Yarloop townsite; Malcolm Taylor, 73, and Les Taylor, 77, both died within their own houses. During the time that the fire-front passed through Yarloop, it destroyed 121 houses, 18 buildings of commercial or community significance—including a fire station, a hospital, a hotel and a hall—and the historic Yarloop Workshops. In the 17 days between ignition and being extinguished, the Waroona fire destroyed at least 162 houses and a significant amount of other property in the communities of Cookernup, Hamel, Harvey, Lake Clifton, Preston Beach, Waroona, Wagerup and Yarloop.[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76] Public road access to Yarloop was not restored until seven months after the fire when roadblocks were finally removed 11 August 2016.[106]

Effects of the Waroona fire were widespread in southern Western Australia; falling ash in the Eaton, Australind and outer Bunbury areas caused service stations to stop pumping fuel, and the closure of both the Forrest Highway and South West Highway prompted the cancellation of the 2016 Southbound music festival when it cut off access to Busselton. However, the event was partly revived as a benefit concert to raise funds for fire victims.[77][78][79][80]

The size of the fire allowed the creation of its own weather pattern with rising heat and particulate matter facilitating the development of both pyrocumulus and pyrocumulonimbus clouds. The rare weather event created unpredictable winds with sudden gusts and changes in directions making it even more difficult for firefighters to control the blaze.[81][82]

A 'Special Inquiry Into the January 2016 Waroona Fire' was held by the Western Australian Government, headed by Euan Ferguson. Its 264-page report was released on 29 April 2016.[107]

March

On 14 March, one townhouse and Шаблон:Convert of parkland were destroyed by a fire that prompted evacuations at Edith Cowan University and damaged facilities at university situated in the City of Joondalup. A camper who had been lodging near Grassbird Avenue in Lake Joondalup Nature Reserve was charged for lighting the fire, allegedly to clear scrub near his camp site.[94][95][96]

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Bushfires in Australia Шаблон:2016 wildfires Шаблон:2015 wildfires

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  35. ↑ 35,0 35,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  36. ↑ 36,0 36,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  38. ↑ 38,0 38,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  39. ↑ 39,0 39,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  40. ↑ 40,0 40,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  41. ↑ 41,0 41,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  42. ↑ 42,0 42,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  43. ↑ 43,0 43,1 Шаблон:Cite Hansard
  44. ↑ 44,0 44,1 Шаблон:Cite Hansard
  45. ↑ 45,0 45,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  46. ↑ 46,0 46,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  47. ↑ 47,0 47,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  48. ↑ 48,0 48,1 48,2 48,3 48,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
  49. ↑ 49,0 49,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  50. ↑ 50,0 50,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  51. ↑ 51,0 51,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  52. ↑ 52,0 52,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  53. ↑ 53,0 53,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  54. ↑ 54,0 54,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  55. ↑ 55,0 55,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  56. ↑ 56,0 56,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  57. ↑ 57,0 57,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  58. ↑ 58,0 58,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  59. ↑ 59,0 59,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  60. ↑ 60,0 60,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  61. ↑ 61,0 61,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  62. ↑ 62,0 62,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  63. ↑ 63,0 63,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  64. ↑ 64,0 64,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  65. ↑ 65,0 65,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  66. ↑ 66,0 66,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  67. ↑ 67,0 67,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  68. ↑ 68,0 68,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  69. ↑ 69,0 69,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  70. ↑ 70,0 70,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  71. ↑ 71,0 71,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  72. ↑ 72,0 72,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  73. ↑ 73,0 73,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  74. ↑ 74,0 74,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  75. ↑ 75,0 75,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  76. ↑ 76,0 76,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  77. ↑ 77,0 77,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  78. ↑ 78,0 78,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  79. ↑ 79,0 79,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  80. ↑ 80,0 80,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  81. ↑ 81,0 81,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  82. ↑ 82,0 82,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  83. ↑ 83,0 83,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  84. ↑ 84,0 84,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  85. ↑ 85,0 85,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  86. ↑ 86,0 86,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  87. ↑ 87,0 87,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  88. ↑ 88,0 88,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  89. ↑ 89,0 89,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  90. ↑ 90,0 90,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  91. ↑ 91,0 91,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  92. ↑ 92,0 92,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  93. ↑ 93,0 93,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  94. ↑ 94,0 94,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  95. ↑ 95,0 95,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  96. ↑ 96,0 96,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  97. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  98. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  99. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  100. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  101. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  102. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journalШаблон:Dead link
  103. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  104. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journalШаблон:Dead link
  105. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  106. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  107. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web (PDF version)


Ошибка цитирования Для существующих тегов <ref> группы «nb» не найдено соответствующего тега <references group="nb"/>

Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:2015–16_Australian_bushfire_season&oldid=12754752