Английская Википедия:2016 in spaceflight

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox Year in spaceflight Шаблон:TLS-L

Several new rockets and spaceports began operations in 2016. Шаблон:Toclimit

Overview

Russia inaugurated the far-Eastern Vostochny Cosmodrome on 28 April 2016 with a traditional Soyuz-2.1a flight,[1] before expanding it for the Angara rocket family in the following years. The Chinese Long March 7 flew its maiden flight from the new Wenchang Satellite Launch Center on Hainan Island on 25 June, and the maiden flight of the Long March 5 took place on 3 November. Two years after its 2014 accident, the Antares rocket returned to flight on 17 October with its upgraded 230 version featuring the Russian RD-181 engine.

After many failed attempts, SpaceX began landing its Falcon 9 first stages on autonomous spaceport drone ships, edging closer to their long-stated goal of developing reusable launch vehicles. The company indicated that the recovered engines and structures did not suffer significant damage.[2] One of the landed boosters, B1021, launched in April 2016, was flown again in March 2017;[3] two others were converted to side boosters for the maiden flight of Falcon Heavy.[4]

The ExoMars mission, a collaboration between the European and Russian space agencies, was launched on 14 March and reached Mars on 19 October.[5] Dedicated to astrobiology investigations, this flight carried the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, which reached Mars orbit, and the Schiaparelli EDM lander, which crashed upon landing. A subsequent flight scheduled for 2020 will carry the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover along with four static surface instruments.[6] Meanwhile, the Japanese space probe Akatsuki started its observations of Venus in May[7] after spending five months gradually adjusting its orbit. Planetary exploration activities took center stage with the orbit insertion of NASA's Juno probe at Jupiter on 4 July, followed by the launch of NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission to asteroid 101955 Bennu on 8 September. Finally, on 30 September, the Rosetta probe executed a slow crash-landing on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.[8][9]

Human spaceflights included the return of Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko in March after a yearlong mission on the ISS, the longest-ever continuous stay by astronauts at the station. Kelly also set the record for the longest-duration stay of an American in orbit. Four ISS Expeditions numbered 47 to 50 were launched in 2016, the first one using the last Soyuz TMA-M spacecraft and the next three inaugurating the modernized Soyuz MS. Expedition 50 will continue into 2017. Several EVAs were performed to maintain the exterior of the ISS. The experimental BEAM inflatable habitat was attached to the ISS on 16 April and expanded on 28 May to begin two years of on-orbit tests. Meanwhile, China launched its new Tiangong-2 space laboratory in September, which was first visited by two astronauts for a month between 19 October and 17 November.

Orbital launches

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January

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February

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March

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April

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May

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June

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July

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August

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September

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October

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November

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December

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Suborbital flights

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Deep space rendezvous

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Date (UTC) Spacecraft Event Remarks
14 January Mars Express Flyby of Phobos Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert.[10]
15 January[11] Cassini 116th flyby of Titan Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert.
31 January Cassini 117th flyby of Titan Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert.
16 February Cassini 118th flyby of Titan Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert.
4 April Cassini 119th flyby of Titan Closest approach: 990 kilometres (615 mi).
6 May Cassini 120th flyby of Titan Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert.
7 June Cassini 121st flyby of Titan Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert.
4 July[12] Juno Orbit injection around Jupiter (jovicentric) First solar-powered Jovian probe, second orbiter.
4 July Mars Express Flyby of Phobos Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert.
25 July Cassini 122nd flyby of Titan Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert.
10 August Cassini 123rd flyby of Titan Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert.
27 August Juno Шаблон:Nowrap Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert.[13]
26 September Cassini 124th flyby of Titan Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert.
30 September Rosetta Landing on 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko Probe was programmed to deactivate its thrusters and radio transmissions after landing.
19 October Шаблон:Nowrap (ExoMars 2016) Orbit injection around Mars (areocentric)
19 October Schiaparelli (ExoMars 2016) Landing on Mars, Meridiani Planum Probe entered Martian atmosphere intact, but contact was lost 50 seconds before expected landing.[14] NASA's MRO later identified the Schiaparelli crash site at coordinates Шаблон:Coord, confirming the loss of the lander.[15]
19 October Juno 2nd perijove Period Reduction Maneuver[16] originally planned, but delayed due to valve issues.[17] The maneuver was later cancelled entirely in favor of remaining in a 53-day orbit.[18]
13 November Cassini 125th flyby of Titan Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert.
16 November Mars Express Flyby of Phobos Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert.
29 November Cassini 126th flyby of Titan Closest approach: Шаблон:Convert.
11 December Juno 3rd perijove

Extra-vehicular activities (EVAs)

Start date/time Duration End time Spacecraft Crew Remarks
15 January
13:48
4 hours Шаблон:Nowrap 18:31 Шаблон:Nowrap
ISS Quest
Шаблон:Plainlist Replaced a failed voltage regulator responsible for shutting down one of the station's eight power channels in November 2015, and routed cables in support of the installation of the International Docking Adaptor. EVA terminated two hours early due to water leakage in Kopra's helmet, but the primary task was accomplished.[19]
3 February
12:55
4 hours Шаблон:Nowrap 17:40 Шаблон:Nowrap
ISS Pirs
Шаблон:Plainlist Deployed a commemorative flash drive, took samples of module exteriors, installed handrails for use in future EVAs, retrieved an astrobiology experiment, deployed a materials science experiment, and tested a tool for applying coatings to module exteriors.[20]
19 August
12:04
5 hours Шаблон:Nowrap 18:02 Шаблон:Nowrap
ISS Quest
Шаблон:Plainlist The astronauts installed the International Docking Adapter (IDA) which was delivered by Dragon CRS-9, allowing future commercial crew spacecraft to dock with the station. This first IDA was attached to Harmony's forward port, over the existing Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA).[21][22] The EVA terminated after completing the primary objective, without completing the secondary objectives, due to a malfunction of the right earphone of Jeff Williams.
1 September
11:53
6 hours Шаблон:Nowrap 18:41 Шаблон:Nowrap
ISS Quest
Шаблон:Plainlist The crew retracted a thermal radiator which is a backup, and then installed the first pair of several high-definition cameras to monitor the traffic around the station. Then they have performed some maintenance operations.[23]

Space debris events

Date/Time (UTC) Source object Event type Pieces tracked Remarks
26 March 01:42[24] Hitomi Satellite breakup 10[25] JAXA lost communications with the freshly launched telescope during its early commissioning phase. Meanwhile, JspOC observed 5 then 10 pieces of debris diverging from the satellite, one of them comparably sized to the main spacecraft by radar signature.[26]

Hitomi itself went into a tumble and sent short intermittent communications. The tumble was caused by a failure of the inertial reference unit mistakenly reporting the spacecraft to be spinning. As the attitude control system attempted to correct the non-existent spin, the unnecessary correction itself is believed to have caused the subsuqent failures, ultimately leading to the loss of the spacecraft, 28 April. [27][28][29]

In a twist of fate, one of the secondary payloads traveling with Hitomi was ChubuSat-3, a microsatellite dedicated to monitoring global warming effects and space debris.[30]

1 June 09:20 [31] SL-12 R/B (#33473) Booster breakup 20+ [31] An ullage motor, part of a Russian Proton-M rocket that was launched in December 2008, exploded for unknown reasons.[32]

Orbital launch statistics

By country

For the purposes of this section, the yearly tally of orbital launches by country assigns each flight to the country of origin of the rocket, not to the launch services provider or the spaceport. For example, Soyuz launches by Arianespace in Kourou are counted under Russia because Soyuz-2 is a Russian rocket.

{{#invoke:Chart|pie chart
 | radius = 120
 | slices = 
   ( 22 : China : red )
   (  9 : Europe : navy )
   (  7 : India : darkorange )
   (  1 : Israel : teal )
   (  4 : Japan : white )
   (  1 : North Korea : crimson )
   ( 19 : Russia : brown )
   ( 22 : USA  : blue )
 | units suffix = 
 | hide group legends = true

}}

Country Launches Successes Failures Partial
failures
Remarks
Шаблон:CHN 22 20 1 1
Шаблон:EUR 9 9 0 0
Шаблон:IND 7 7 0 0
Шаблон:ISR 1 1 0 0
Шаблон:JPN 4 4 0 0
Шаблон:PRK 1 1 0 0
Шаблон:RUS 19 18 1 0 Includes two European Soyuz launches from Kourou, French Guiana by Arianespace
Шаблон:USA 22 22 0 0 +1 pre-launch failure (AMOS 6 / Falcon 9)
World 85 82 2 1

By rocket

{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart | float = center | width = 850 | height = 440 | stack = 1 | group 1 = 7:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 2 = 0: 8:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 3 = 0:0: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 4 = 0:0: 3:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 5 = 0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 6 = 0:0:0: 8:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 7 = 0:0:0:0: 2:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 8 = 0:0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 9 = 0:0:0:0:0: 8:0:0:0:0:0 | group 10 = 0:0:0:0:0: 7:0:0:0:0:0 | group 11 = 0:0:0:0:0: 4:0:0:0:0:0 | group 12 = 0:0:0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0 | group 13 = 0:0:0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0 | group 14 = 0:0:0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0 | group 15 = 0:0:0:0:0:0: 2:0:0:0:0 | group 16 = 0:0:0:0:0:0: 4:0:0:0:0 | group 17 = 0:0:0:0:0:0: 6:0:0:0:0 | group 18 = 0:0:0:0:0:0: 2:0:0:0:0 | group 19 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 6:0:0:0 | group 20 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 1:0:0:0 | group 21 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 3:0:0 | group 22 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 2:0:0 | group 23 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 2:0 | group 24 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 5 | colors = MediumBlue : Goldenrod : SteelBlue : LightSteelBlue : DarkBlue : Teal : Olive : DarkKhaki : FireBrick : IndianRed : Salmon : Sienna : PaleVioletRed : Crimson : Grey : DarkGrey : Chocolate : CornflowerBlue : Gold : SandyBrown : Tan : Wheat : SkyBlue : LightGrey | group names = Ariane 5 : Atlas V : Delta II : Delta IV : Delta IV Heavy : Falcon 9 : H-IIA : H-IIB : Long March 2 : Long March 3 : Long March 4 : Long March 5 : Long March 7 : Long March 11 : Soyuz-U : Soyuz-FG : Soyuz-2 (Russia) : Soyuz-ST (Europe) : PSLV : GLSV : Proton-M : Rokot : Vega : Others | x legends = Ariane : Atlas : Delta : Falcon : H-II : Long March : R-7 : ILV : UR : Vega : Others | units suffix = _launches }}

By family

By type

By configuration

By spaceport

{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart | float = center | width = 800 | height = 400 | stack = 1 | group 1 = 9:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 2 = 4:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 3 = 2:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 4 = 7:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 5 = 0:11:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 6 = 0:0: 7:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 7 = 0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0:0 | group 8 = 0:0:0:0: 3:0:0:0:0 | group 9 = 0:0:0:0: 1:0:0:0:0 | group 10 = 0:0:0:0:0:11:0:0:0 | group 11 = 0:0:0:0:0:0: 1:0:0 | group 12 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 5:0 | group 13 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 1:0 | group 14 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:18 | group 15 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 0 | group 16 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 1 | group 17 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0: 3 | colors = FireBrick : Crimson : IndianRed : LightCoral : MediumBlue : Orange : LightBlue : MediumPurple : Plum : LightSeaGreen : Olive : SteelBlue : LightSteelBlue : Blue : DodgerBlue : DeepSkyBlue : SkyBlue | group names = Jiuquan : Taiyuan : Wenchang : Xichang : Kourou : Satish Dhawan : Palmachim : Tanegashima : Uchinoura : Baikonur : Sohae : Plesetsk : Vostochny : Cape Canaveral : Kennedy : MARS : Vandenberg | x legends = China : France : India : Israel : Japan : Kazakhstan : North Korea : Russia : United States | units suffix = _launches }}

Site Country Launches Successes Failures Partial failures Remarks
Baikonur Шаблон:KAZ 11 10 1 0
Cape Canaveral Шаблон:USA 18 18 0 0 1 Pre-launch failure
Jiuquan Шаблон:CHN 9 9 0 0
Kourou Шаблон:FRA 11 11 0 0
MARS Шаблон:USA 1 1 0 0
Palmachim Шаблон:ISR 1 1 0 0
Plesetsk Шаблон:RUS 5 5 0 0
Satish Dhawan Шаблон:IND 7 7 0 0
Sohae Шаблон:PRK 1 1 0 0
Taiyuan Шаблон:CHN 4 2 1 1
Tanegashima Шаблон:JPN 3 3 0 0
Uchinoura Шаблон:JPN 1 1 0 0
Vandenberg Шаблон:USA 3 3 0 0
Vostochny Шаблон:RUS 1 1 0 0 First launch
Wenchang Шаблон:CHN 2 2 0 0 First launch
Xichang Шаблон:CHN 7 7 0 0
Total 85 82 2 1

By orbit

{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart | float = center | width = 800 | height = 400 | stack = 1 | group 1 = 0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 2 = 0:12:0:0:0:0 | group 3 = 0:11:0:0:0:0 | group 4 = 0:18:0:0:0:0 | group 5 = 0: 1:0:0:0:0 | group 6 = 0:0: 8:0:0:0 | group 7 = 0:0:0:31:0:0 | group 8 = 0:0:0: 1:0:0 | group 9 = 0:0:0:0: 0:0 | group 10 = 0:0:0:0:0: 2 | colors = DeepSkyBlue: Navy : MediumBlue : RoyalBlue : DodgerBlue : LightSeaGreen : SaddleBrown : Peru : Black: Gold | group names = Transatmospheric : Low Earth : Low Earth (ISS) : Low Earth (SSO) : Low Earth (retrograde) : Medium Earth : Geosychronous
(transfer) : Inclined GSO : High Earth : Heliocentric | x legends = Transatmospheric : Low Earth : Medium Earth : Geosynchronous / transfer : High Earth : Heliocentric | units suffix = _launches }}

Orbital regime Launches Achieved Not achieved Accidentally
achieved
Remarks
Transatmospheric 0 0 0 0
Low Earth 43 42 2 0 Including 11 to ISS (+1 failed), 1 to Tiangong-2
Geosynchronous / transfer 32 32 0 0
Medium Earth 8 8 0 0
High Earth 0 0 0 0
Heliocentric orbit 2 2 0 0 Including planetary transfer orbits
Total 85 83 2 0

References

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Notes Шаблон:Notelist Citations Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:TLS-L Шаблон:Orbital launches in 2016 Шаблон:2016 in space Шаблон:Portal bar