Английская Википедия:2018 Brazilian general election

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates

Шаблон:Infobox election

Файл:Logo of Brazilian general election in 2018.jpg
Official 2018 elections logo

General elections were held in Brazil on 7 October 2018 to elect the president, National Congress and state governors. As no candidate in the presidential election received more than 50% of the vote in the first round, a runoff round was held on 28 October.

The election occurred during a tumultuous time in Brazilian politics. Narrowly re-elected in 2014,[1] President Dilma Rousseff of the centre-left Workers’ Party (PT), which had dominated Brazilian politics since 2002, was impeached in 2016.[2] Replacing her was her Vice President, Michel Temer of the centre-right Brazilian Democratic Movement Party.[3] Temer, whose age of 75 at inauguration made him the oldest to ever take office, broke sharply with his predecessor's policies and amended the constitution to freeze public spending.[4] He was extraordinarily unpopular, reaching an approval rating of 7% versus 76% in favor of his resignation.[5] Despite mass demonstrations against his governance, including a 2017 general strike and a 2018 truck drivers’ strike, Temer refused to step down and served the duration of his term in office.[6] Due to being convicted of breaking campaign finance laws, Temer was ineligible to run in 2018.[7]

The candidacy of Jair Bolsonaro, a controversial federal deputy from Rio de Janeiro known for his far-right politics[8][9][10][11] and defense of the former Brazilian military dictatorship,[12][8][13] overshadowed other conservative candidates. Noted for his vehement opposition to abortion[14] and same-sex marriage,[15][16] Bolsonaro joined the small Social Liberal Party (PSL) to mount his bid for the presidency, shifting the party's ideology in favor of social conservatism and nationalism.[17][18] Bolsonaro benefited from opposition to the former PT government and ran in favor of expanding gun ownership in response to high crime,[19] legalizing the death penalty,[20] and the privatization of state-owned companies.[21][22] For the position of Vice President, Bolsonaro chose Hamilton Mourão, a conservative retired general in the Brazilian Army.[23] During the campaign, Bolsonaro was the subject of widespread protests for his homophobic,[24] racist,[25] and misogynistic[26] beliefs. Former Governor of São Paulo Geraldo Alckmin, who ran as a member of the previously dominant centre-right Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), received the worst result for a presidential nominee of his party in Brazilian history.

Former President Lula da Silva, once considered one of the most popular politicians in the world,[27][28][29] intended to run for president as the candidate of the PT with former Mayor of São Paulo Fernando Haddad as his running-mate.[30] Polling taken during the campaign found Lula as the favorite in both the first and second rounds of the election.[31][32] However, Lula's 2017 conviction on corruption charges barred him from running.[33][34] Haddad, who was largely unknown to Brazilian voters at the time,[35][36] was chosen to run in his place, with Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB) deputy Manuela d’Avila of Rio Grande do Sul serving as his running mate.[37] His major opponent on the left was Ciro Gomes, a mainstay of Brazilian politics who ran a centre-left campaign as a member of the Democratic Labour Party (PDT).[38] Following Haddad's advancement to the second round, Ciro did not endorse his campaign, though he did signal opposition to Bolsonaro.[39]

The campaign was marked by political violence, with Bolsonaro being a victim of a stabbing attack at a campaign rally in Minas Gerais[40] and supporters of both Haddad and Bolsonaro falling victim to politically-motivated attacks.[41] Fake news spread on popular messaging app WhatsApp was a focal point of election coverage, with disinformation spread on the app being blamed for influencing voting intentions.[42] In the first round of the election, Bolsonaro received approximately 46% of the vote to Haddad's 29%, with Ciro coming in third place with over 12% of the vote. In the second round, Bolsonaro defeated Haddad by approximately ten percentage points, with the deputy receiving over 55% of the vote to less than 45% for Haddad. Bolsonaro took office on 1 January 2019 as President of Brazil.

Background

The 2014 elections saw Workers' Party candidate Dilma Rousseff reelected as President in the second round with 51.6% of the vote, defeating Aécio Neves of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party who received 48.4% of the vote.[1] Rousseff had first been elected in the 2010 elections, succeeding her political mentor, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, who was in office from 2003 until 2011.[43]

However, on 3 December 2015, impeachment proceedings against Rousseff were officially accepted by the Chamber of Deputies.[44] On 12 May 2016, the Federal Senate temporarily suspended Rousseff's powers and duties for up to six months or until the Senate reached a verdict: to remove her from office if found guilty or to acquit her from the crimes charged.[45] Vice President Michel Temer, of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party, assumed her powers and duties as Acting President of Brazil during the suspension.[46][47] On 31 August 2016, the Senate voted 61–20 in favor of impeachment, finding Rousseff guilty of breaking budgetary laws and removing her from office.[48][49] Critics of the impeachment saw it as a legislative coup d'état.[50] Vice President Temer succeeded Rousseff as the 37th President of Brazil. His government implemented policies that contradicted the platform on which Rousseff's Workers Party had been elected, in one of the most controversial and heated political periods of modern Brazilian history.[51]

Temer was barred from running for a full term in 2018. He had been convicted of campaign law violations in 2016, and was banned from holding any political office for eight years.[52] He was likely ineligible for a full term in any case due to the manner in which constitutional provisions on term limits are worded. The constitution stipulates that if the Vice President becomes Acting President for any reason, it counts toward the limit of two consecutive terms. This applies even when the Vice President becomes Acting President whenever the President is abroad.

Electoral system

Файл:Line for election (first round) at Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (20181007-190650).jpg
Voters lined up waiting for their turn to vote in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul

Voting in Brazil is allowed for citizens over 16 years of age and mandatory for those between 18 and 70 years of age.[53] Those who do not vote in an election and do not later present an acceptable justification (such as being away from their voting location at the time) must pay a fine of 3.51 BRL (equivalent to 0.90 USD in October 2018).[54][55] Brazilian citizens residing abroad only vote for president.[56]

Presidential elections

The President and the Vice President of Brazil are elected using the two-round system. Citizens may field their candidacies for the presidency, and participate in the general elections, which are held on the first Sunday in October (in this instance, 7 October 2018).[57] Candidates receiving more than 50% of the overall vote are declared elected. If the 50% threshold is not met by any candidate, a second round of voting is held on the last Sunday in October (in this instance, 28 October 2018). In the second round, only the two most-voted candidates from the first round may participate. The winner of the second round is elected President of Brazil. Candidates for President run for office jointly with a candidate for Vice-President, and the Vice-President is elected as a consequence of the election of the President.[58]

Gubernatorial elections

Шаблон:Main The Governors and Vice Governors of all states and of the Federal District are elected in the same way as the president, using two rounds of voting if necessary.[59]

Congressional elections

Federal Senate elections

In 2018, two-thirds of the 81 members of the Federal Senate were elected for a term of 8 years in office, the other third having been elected in 2014. Two candidates will be elected from each of the states and Federal District using majority block voting, with voters able to cast two votes each.[60]

Chamber of Deputies elections

All 513 members of the Chamber of Deputies (federal deputies) are elected, with candidates elected from 27 multi-member constituencies corresponding to the states and Federal District, varying in size from eight to 70 seats. The Chamber elections are held using open list proportional representation, with seats allocated using the simple quotient.[61]

Legislative Assemblies elections

All members of the State Legislative Assemblies (state deputies) and of the Federal District Legislative Chamber (district deputies), varying in size from 24 to 94 seats, will be elected. These elections are also held using open list proportional representation, with seats allocated using the simple quotient.[62]

Presidential candidates

Candidates in runoff

Party Candidate Most relevant political office or occupation Party Running mate Coalition Electoral number Refs.
style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Workers' Party

Workers' Party (PT)

Fernando Haddad
Fernando Haddad 		Mayor of São Paulo
(2013–2017) 		style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Communist Party of Brazil

Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB)

Manuela d'Ávila
Manuela d'Ávila 		The People Happy Again 13 [63][64][65]
style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Social Liberal Party

Social Liberal Party (PSL)

Jair Bolsonaro
Jair Bolsonaro 		Member of the Chamber of Deputies for Rio de Janeiro
(1991–2019) 		style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Brazilian Labour Renewal Party (PRTB) Hamilton Mourão
Hamilton Mourão 		Brazil Above Everything, God Above Everyone 17 [66]

Candidates failing to make runoff

Party Candidate Most relevant political office or occupation Party Running mate Coalition Electoral number Refs.
style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Democratic Labour Party

Democratic Labour Party (PDT)

Ciro Gomes
Ciro Gomes 		Governor of Ceará
(1991–1994) 		style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Democratic Labour Party

Democratic Labour Party (PDT)

Kátia Abreu
Kátia Abreu 		Sovereign Brazil 12 [67][68]
style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Brazilian Democratic Movement

Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB)

Henrique Meirelles
Henrique Meirelles 		Minister of Finance
(2016–2018) 		style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Brazilian Democratic Movement

Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB)

Germano Rigotto
Germano Rigotto 		This is the Solution 15 [69]
style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | United Socialist Workers' Party

United Socialist Workers' Party (PSTU)

Vera Lúcia Salgado
Vera Lúcia Salgado 		Labour organizer style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | United Socialist Workers' Party

United Socialist Workers' Party (PSTU)

Hertz Dias
Hertz Dias 		Шаблон:N/a 16
style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Sustainability Network

Sustainability Network (REDE)

Marina Silva
Marina Silva 		Minister of Environment
(2003–2008) 		style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Green Party

Green Party (PV)

Eduardo Jorge
Eduardo Jorge 		United to Transform Brazil 18 [70]
style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Podemos

Podemos (PODE)

Álvaro Dias
Álvaro Dias 		Senator for Paraná
(1999–2019) 		style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Social Christian Party

Social Christian Party (PSC)

Paulo Rabello de Castro
Paulo Rabello de Castro 		Real Change 19 [71][72]
style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Christian Democracy

Christian Democracy (DC)

José Maria Eymael
José Maria Eymael 		Member of the Chamber of Deputies for São Paulo
(1986–1995) 		style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Christian Democracy

Christian Democracy (DC)

Hélvio Costa
Hélvio Costa 		Шаблон:N/a 27 [73]
style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | New Party

New Party (NOVO)

João Amoêdo
João Amoêdo 		NOVO National President
(2011–2017) 		style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | New Party

New Party (NOVO)

Christian Lohbauer
Christian Lohbauer 		Шаблон:N/a 30 [74]
style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Brazilian Social Democracy Party

Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB)

Geraldo Alckmin
Geraldo Alckmin 		Governor of São Paulo
(2011–2018) 		style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Progressistas

Progressistas (PP)

Ana Amélia Lemos
Ana Amélia Lemos 		To Unite Brazil 45 [75][76]
style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Socialism and Liberty Party

Socialism and Liberty Party (PSOL)

Guilherme Boulos
Guilherme Boulos 		University professor, activist and writer style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Socialism and Liberty Party

Socialism and Liberty Party (PSOL)

Sônia Guajajara
Sônia Guajajara 		Let's Go Without Fear of Changing Brazil 50 [77]
style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Patriota

Patriota

Файл:Deputados cabo Daciolo (PSOL-RJ) e Marcos Reategui (PSC-AP) participam do programa Brasil em Debate (cropped).jpg
Cabo Daciolo 		Member of the Chamber of Deputies for Rio de Janeiro
(2015–2019) 		style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Patriota

Patriota

Suelene Balduino
Suelene Balduino 		Шаблон:N/a 51 [78]
style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Free Fatherland Party

Free Fatherland Party (PPL)

João Goulart Filho
João Goulart Filho 		Member of the Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Sul
(1983–1987) 		style="background:Шаблон:Party color" | Free Fatherland Party

Free Fatherland Party (PPL)

Léo Alves
Léo Alves 		Шаблон:N/a 54

Lost in primaries or conventions

Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB)

Democrats (DEM)

Party of National Mobilization (PMN)

Social Democratic Party (PSD)

Socialism and Liberty Party (PSOL)

Шаблон:Hidden begin

Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB)
Brazilian Labour Renewal Party (PRTB)
Brazilian Republican Party (PRB)
Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB)
Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB)
Christian Labour Party (PTC)
Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB)
Democrats (DEM)
Green Party (PV)
Party of the Republic (PR)
Patriota (PATRI)
Popular Socialist Party (PPS)
Progressive Party (PP)
Social Christian Party (PSC)
Socialism and Liberty Party (PSOL)
Solidarity (SD)
Workers' Party (PT)
Other

Шаблон:Hidden end

Campaign

Rejection of Lula's candidacy for re-re-election

On 1 September, the Superior Electoral Court voted 6–1 to reject Lula's candidacy for what would be his third term based on the Lei da Ficha Limpa and his conviction on corruption charges, but approved the PT-PCdoB-PROS coalition "The People Happy Again" and the candidacy of Fernando Haddad.[133] The Workers' Party replaced Lula with Haddad and announced former presidential candidate Manuela d'Ávila as his running mate.[134]

Stabbing of Jair Bolsonaro

Файл:Bolsonaro é esfaqueado (2).jpg
Bolsonaro being stabbed at a Juiz de Fora rally

Jair Bolsonaro was stabbed on 6 September 2018 while campaigning in the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais and interacting with supporters.[135] Bolsonaro's son, Flávio, stated that his father's wounds were only superficial and he was recovering in hospital.[136] Police arrested and identified the attacker as Adelio Bispo de Oliveira, who claimed that he was "ordered by God to carry out the attack".[137] Flávio Bolsonaro later stated that the wounds inflicted seemed worse than initially thought. He tweeted about his father's condition, explaining that the perforation reached part of the liver, the lung and part of the intestine. He also stated that Bolsonaro had lost a large amount of blood, arriving at the hospital with a pressure of 10/3, but had since stabilized.[135][138][139] Most of the other candidates in the presidential race as well as and the then-Brazilian president, Michel Temer, condemned the attack.[140] After being stabbed, Bolsonaro did not attend any further debates.[141]

Debates

Two debates were held on 9 and 17 August, featuring eight presidential candidates: Bolsonaro, Alckmin, Silva, Gomes, Dias, Meirelles, Boulos, and Daciolo. Lula was unable to participate in the debates.[142] The 9 August debate was moderated by Ricardo Boechat,[143] and the 17 August debate was moderated by Amanda Klein, Boris Casoy and Mariana Godoy.[144]

A debate scheduled for 27 August[145] was canceled after Jair Bolsonaro expressed his uncertainty about participating in the debates and the Workers' Party insisted on the participation of Lula, prohibited by the Electoral Justice.[146] Bolsonaro did not participate in further debates after he was attacked on 6 September.[147]

After a debate on 9 September moderated by Maria Lydia Flândoli,[148] Fernando Haddad participated in all remaining debates. These occurred on 20 September (moderated by Joyce Ribeiro),[149] 26 September (moderated by Carlos Nascimento),[150] 30 September (moderated by Adriana Araújo and Celso Freitas),[151] and 4 October (moderated by William Bonner).[152]

A vice presidential debate was held on 5 September featuring four candidates; Fernando Haddad did not attend.[153]

While several debates were scheduled for the second round, none were held. Debates planned for 12 October,[154] 14 October,[155] and 15 October[156] were cancelled due to Bolsonaro's health issues. A debate scheduled for 21 October[157] was cancelled after the campaigns were unable to agree to terms.

Opinion polls

Шаблон:Main

Results

President

Файл:Brazil rd1 2018 municipality.svg
First Round results
Файл:Brazil 2018 municipality map.svg
Second Round results
Файл:Segundo Turno de 2018 por Municípios.svg
Second round results (shaded)

Шаблон:Election results

By state

First round

Department Bolsonaro Haddad Gomes Alckmin Others
colspan="2" style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" | colspan="2" style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" | colspan="2" style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" | colspan="2" style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes %
Acre 262,508 62.24% 78,170 18.53% 21,809 5.17% 33,115 7.85% 26,176 6.21%
Alagoas 528,355 34.40% 687,247 44.75% 155,457 10.12% 58,580 3.81% 106,107 6.92%
Amapá 166,935 40.74% 134,287 32.77% 50,553 12.34% 19,241 4.70% 38,741 9.45%
Amazonas 805,902 43.48% 746,998 40.30% 138,997 7.50% 29,190 1.57% 132,504 7.15%
Bahia 1,725,140 23.41% 4,441,955 60.28% 693,273 9.41% 172,900 2.35% 335,277 4.55%
Ceará 1,061,075 21.74% 1,616,492 33.12% style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |1,998,597 style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |40.95% 53,157 1.09% 150,834 3.10%
Federal District 936,494 58.37% 90,508 11.87% 266,272 16.60% 53,640 3.34% 157,603 9.82%
Espírito Santo 1,122,131 54.76% 495,868 24.20% 195,553 9.54% 79,049 3.86% 156,547 7.64%
Goiás 1,868,686 57.24% 713,535 21.86% 280,864 8.60% 146,440 4.49% 255,264 7.81%
Maranhão 817,511 24.28% 2,062,592 61.26% 282,467 8.39% 50,653 1.50% 153,648 4.57%
Mato Grosso 981,119 60.04% 404,604 24.76% 91,344 5.59% 67,498 4.13% 89,571 5.48%
Mato Grosso do Sul 769,116 55.06% 333,407 23.87% 112,296 8.04% 90,897 6.51% 91,229 6.52%
Minas Gerais 5,308,047 48.31% 3,037,957 27.65% 1,278,819 11.64% 506,490 4.61% 856,301 7.79%
Pará 1,499,294 36.19% 1,714,822 41.39% 415,593 10.03% 229,122 5.53% 283,904 6.86%
Paraíba 677,718 31.30% 984,398 45.46% 362,775 16.75% 51,334 2.37% 89,319 4.12%
Paraná 3,496,448 56.89% 1,210,974 19.70% 510,541 8.31% 220,744 3.59% 706,982 11.51%
Pernambuco 1,444,685 30.57% 2,309,104 48.87% 640,860 13.56% 77,987 1.65% 252,580 5.35%
Piauí 346,944 18.76% 1,172,147 63.40% 211,240 11.42% 47,974 2.59% 70,638 3.83%
Rio de Janeiro 5,107,735 59.79% 1,255,425 14.69% 1,300,292 15.22% 208,325 2.44% 671,616 7.86%
Rio Grande do Norte 541,448 30.21% 738,165 41.19% 399,766 22.31% 40,405 2.25% 72,469 4.04%
Rio Grande do Sul 3,353,623 52.63% 1,453,291 22.81% 724,429 11.37% 350,800 5.50% 490,293 7.69%
Rondônia 538,311 62.24% 176,107 20.36% 52,118 6.03% 37,048 4.28% 61,317 7.09%
Roraima 174,306 62.97% 49,406 17.85% 14,838 5.36% 19,231 6.95% 19,007 6.87%
Santa Catarina 2,603,665 65.82% 598,578 15.13% 264,312 6.68% 154,068 3.89% 335,160 8.48%
São Paulo (state) 12,378,012 53.00% 3,833,982 16.42% 2,650,440 11.35% 2,224,049 9.52% 2,266,296 9.71%
Sergipe 310,310 27.21% 571,234 50.09% 148,526 13.02% 45,978 4.03% 64,332 5.65%
Tocantins 337,782 44.64% 311,212 41.12% 54,262 7.17% 21,666 2.86% 31,838 4.21%
Diaspora 113,690 58.79% 19,540 10.10% 28,073 14.52% 6,668 3.45% 25,410 13.14%
Source: G1

Second round

Department Bolsonaro Haddad
colspan="2" style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" | colspan="2" style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |
Votes % Votes %
Acre 294,899 77.22% 86,977 22.78%
Alagoas 610,093 40.08% 912,034 59.92%
Amapá 185,096 50.20% 183,616 49.80%
Amazonas 885,401 50.27% 875,845 49.73%
Bahia 2,060,382 27.31% 5,484,901 72.69%
Ceará 1,384,591 28.89% 3,407,526 71.11%
Federal District 1,080,411 69.99% 463,340 30.01%
Espírito Santo 1,276,611 63.06% 747,768 36.94%
Goiás 2,124,739 65.52% 1,118,060 34.48%
Maranhão 886,565 26.74% 2,428,913 73.26%
Mato Grosso 1,085,824 66.42% 549,001 33.58%
Mato Grosso do Sul 872,049 65.22% 465,025 34.78%
Minas Gerais 6,100,107 58.19% 4,382,952 41.81%
Pará 1,742,188 45.19% 2,112,769 54.81%
Paraíba 782,143 35.02% 1,451,293 64.98%
Paraná 4,224,416 68.43% 1,948,790 31.57%
Pernambuco 1,661,163 33.50% 3,297,944 66.50%
Piauí 422,095 22.95% 1,417,113 77.05%
Rio de Janeiro 5,669,059 67.95% 2,673,386 32.05%
Rio Grande do Norte 652,562 36.59% 1,131,027 63.41%
Rio Grande do Sul 3,893,737 63.24% 2,263,171 36.76%
Rondônia 594,968 72.18% 229,343 27.82%
Roraima 183,268 71.55% 72.872 28.45%
Santa Catarina 2,966,242 75.92% 940,724 24.08%
São Paulo (state) 15,306,023 67.97% 7,212,132 32.03%
Sergipe 364,860 32.46% 759,061 67.54%
Tocantins 356,684 48.98% 371,593 51.02%
Diaspora
Source: G1

Voter demographics

Demographic group Шаблон:Party shading/Green|Bolsonaro Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Haddad % of
total vote
Total vote 55 45 100
Gender
Men 60 40 47
Women 50 50 53
Age
16–24 years old 50 50 15
25–34 years old 56 44 21
35-44 years old 56 44 21
45-59 years old 54 46 24
60 and older 56 44 19
Education
Less than high school 44 56 33
High school diploma 58 42 43
Bachelor's degree or more 61 39 24
Family income
Under 2x min wage 42 58 40
2-5x min wage 61 39 38
5-10x min wage 69 31 12
Over 10x min wage 67 33 10
Region
Southeast 63 37 44
South 65 35 15
Northeast 32 68 27
Central-West 66 34 7
North 55 45 7
Source: Datafolha

Chamber of Deputies

Шаблон:Election results

Senate

Шаблон:Election results

Aftermath and reactions

Шаблон:Main

Americas

Argentina

  • President Mauricio Macri congratulated Bolsonaro on his election victory, stating that, "I hope we will work together soon for the relationship between our countries and the welfare of Argentines and Brazilians."[158]

Bolivia

  • President Evo Morales expressed his congratulations, "we greet the brother people of Brazil for their democratic participation in the second round of presidential elections in which Jair Bolsonaro was elected, to whom we extend our recognition. Bolivia and Brazil are brother peoples with deep integration ties."[159]

Chile

  • President Sebastián Piñera expressed his congratulations on Twitter, "congratulations to the Brazilian people for a clean and democratic election. I congratulate Jair Bolsonaro for your great electoral triumph."[159]

Colombia

  • President Iván Duque praised Bolsonaro on Twitter. "Congratulations to Jair Bolsonaro, the new democratically elected president of Brazil. Our wish for this new stage of the neighboring country to be one of well-being and unity. We look forward to continuing our fellowship relationship to strengthen political, commercial and cultural ties."[160]

Costa Rica

  • President Carlos Alvarado using his official Twitter account expressed: "Costa Rica ratifies its willingness to work with Brazil in favor of inclusion, economic growth and respect for the rights of all people, as well as to achieve the sustainable development of the region."[161]

Ecuador

  • President Lenín Moreno expressed on Twitter, "More congratulations to the Brazilian people for this new democratic feat. Best wishes for new President Jair Bolsonaro."[162]

Mexico

  • President Enrique Peña Nieto praised Bolsonaro on Twitter. "On behalf of the people and the Government of Mexico, I congratulate Jair Bolsonaro for his election as President of the Federative Republic of Brazil, on an exemplary day that reflects the democratic strength of that country."[159]

Paraguay

  • President Mario Abdo Benítez expressed on Twitter, "congratulations to the people of Brazil and their elected president Jair Bolsonaro for this election! We want to work together for stronger democracies in the region, with strengthened institutions and always looking for the prosperity of our peoples!"[159]

Peru

  • President Martín Vizcarra congratulated Bolsonaro on his election, "I congratulate Jair Bolsonaro for his election as president of Brazil and I wish him the greatest success in his administration. I express my willingness to work together to deepen our fraternal bilateral relationship."[159]

United States

  • President Donald Trump congratulated Bolsonaro on his election victory. Trump and Bolsonaro both agreed to work side-by-side to improve the lives of the people of the United States and Brazil, and as regional leaders, of the Americas.[163]

Asia

China

  • President Xi Jinping congratulated Bolsonaro on his election, and said that his country was willing to "respect the fundamental interests" of both nations. He also congratulated the statements made by Bolsonaro shortly after winning the elections, in which he assured that Brazil will maintain ties with China, its main trading partner, regardless of its ideological differences.[164]

Europe

France

  • President Emmanuel Macron congratulated Bolsonaro on his election victory, added that France would look to continue to cooperate with Brazil on areas including environmental issues. “France and Brazil have a strategic partnership based around common values of respect and the promotion of democratic principles,” added Macron in his statement.[165]
  • President of the National Rally Party Marine Le Pen praised Bolsonaro on his election victory, "Brazilians just punished the widespread corruption and terrifying crime that thrived during far left governments. Good luck to President Bolsonaro who will have to re-establish Brazil's very compromised economic, security and democratic situation."[162]

Germany

  • According to an official publication, the Chancellor Angela Merkel said she "hopes that their cooperation will continue to be based on democratic values and the rule of law. Two countries have long been linked by friendly relations and common interests."[166]

Russia

  • According to an official publication from the Kremlin, President Vladimir Putin: "praised the significant experience of mutually beneficial bilateral cooperation in various spheres that Russia and Brazil have acquired as part of their strategic collaboration" and "expressed confidence in the further promotion of the entire complex of Russian-Brazilian ties as well as constructive cooperation in the framework of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS and other multilateral organisations in the interests of the Russian and Brazilian people."[167]

Italy

  • Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini praised Bolsonaro on Twitter. "In Brazil citizens expelled the left! Good job for President Bolsonaro, the friendship between our peoples and government will be even stronger".[168]

Spain

  • Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez expressed on Twitter, "The Brazilian people have decided their future for years to come. The challenges will be huge. Brazil will always count on Spain to achieve a more egalitarian and fairer Latin America, the hope that will illuminate the decisions of any ruler."[162]

Middle East

Israel

  • Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu congratulated Bolsonaro on his election victory, stating that, "I am confident that your election will bring great friendship between the two peoples and strengthen the ties between Brazil and Israel."[169]

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

  • Amaral, Oswald E. “The Victory of Jair Bolsonaro According to the Brazilian Electoral Study of 2018.” Brazilian Political Science Review (2020). 14 (1): e0004 -1/13 online
  • Bloch, Agata, and Marco Vallada Lemonte. "Introduction to the Meteoric Political Rise of Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro Under a Crisis of the 'Brazilianness'." Ameryka Łacińska. Kwartalnik Analityczno-Informacyjny 4.106 (2020): 1-22. online Шаблон:Webarchive
  • Boito, Armando. "Reform and Political Crisis in Brazil: Class Conflicts in Workers' Party Governments and the Rise of Bolsonaro Neo-fascism." in Reform and Political Crisis in Brazil (Brill, 2021).
  • Chagas-Bastos, Fabrício H. "Political realignment in Brazil: Jair Bolsonaro and the right turn." Revista de Estudios Sociales 69 (2019): 92-100. onlineШаблон:Dead link
  • Da Silva, Antonio José Bacelar, and Erika Robb Larkins. "The Bolsonaro election, antiblackness, and changing race relations in Brazil." Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 24.4 (2019): 893-913. online
  • Duque, Debora, and Amy Erica Smith. "The Establishment Upside Down: A Year of Change in Brazil." Revista de Ciencia Política 39.2 (2019). online
  • Layton, Matthew L., et al. "Demographic polarization and the rise of the far right: Brazil's 2018 presidential election." Research & Politics 8.1 (2021): 2053168021990204. online
  • Santana, Carlos Henrique Vieira, and Marcela Nogueira Ferrario. "Crafting Negative Partisanship in Brazil and the Rise of Bolsonaro in the 2018 Election." (2021) online.

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Official campaign websites

Infographics

Шаблон:Brazilian elections

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

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Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:2018_Brazilian_general_election&oldid=12777416