Английская Википедия:2019 El Paso shooting

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Use American English Шаблон:Infobox civilian attack Шаблон:Neo-fascism

On August 3, 2019, a terrorist mass shooting occurred at a Walmart store in El Paso, Texas, United States. The gunman, 21-year-old Patrick Wood Crusius, killed 23 peopleШаблон:Refn and injured 22 others.[1][2] The Federal Bureau of Investigation investigated the shooting as an act of domestic terrorism and a hate crime.[3][4] The shooting has been described as the deadliest attack on Latinos in modern American history.Шаблон:R

Crusius was arrested and charged with capital murder in connection with the shooting. He posted a manifesto with white nationalist and anti-immigrant themes on the imageboard 8chan shortly before the attack.[5] The manifesto cites the Christchurch mosque shootings earlier that year, and the far-right conspiracy theory known as the Great Replacement, as inspiration for the attack. On February 8, 2023, following an announcement that the Department of Justice would not seek the death penalty, Crusius pleaded guilty to 90 federal murder and hate crime charges.[6][7] On July 7, 2023, Crusius was sentenced to 90 consecutive life sentences, but he is currently pending trial for state charges that would still potentially result in the death penalty under Texas state jurisdiction if found guilty.[8][9]

Shooting

The shooting occurred at a Walmart near the Cielo Vista Mall on the east side of El Paso. Crusius walked into the store carrying what is believed to be a WASR-10 rifle,[10] a semi-automatic civilian version of the AKM, and opened fire at 10:39 a.m.[11]

The store manager witnessed Crusius firing in the parking lot prior to entering the crowded store. He issued a "Code Brown", designating an active shooter, to his employees, who began helping customers evacuate or hide.[12][13] Many customers and employees fled to other stores in the adjacent mall or hid under tables[14] or in shipping containers located behind the building.[15]

First responders began to arrive within six minutes of the initial 9-1-1 call.[16] The El Paso Police Department, Texas Rangers, and paramedics responded to the scene along with the FBI and the ATF.Шаблон:R[17]

After the shooting, Crusius drove to the intersection of Sunmount and Viscount. Arriving there, he stopped at the left turn lane, came out of the car with his hands up and identified himself as the shooter to Texas Rangers[18] and an El Paso motorcycle officer.[19] He was then arrested and transported to police headquarters.

Victims

Шаблон:Quote box The shooting has been described as the deadliest anti-Latino attack in recent U.S. history,[20][21][22][23] resulting in 23 deaths and 22 injuries. Twenty of the victims were pronounced dead at the scene, one victim died the day after the event, another victim died two days after,[24] and a third died eight months later on April 26, 2020.[25] Among the dead were thirteen Americans, eight Mexicans and one German.[26] The names, ages, and citizenships of 22 of the dead were released by the El Paso Police Department on August 5. Seventeen were 56 or older, two were in their 40s, two in their 20s, one was 36, and one was 15.[27]

Thirteen victims were taken to the University Medical Center of El Paso,[4] and another eleven to the Del Sol Medical Center.[28] Two children, ages 2 and 9, were transferred to El Paso Children's Hospital after their conditions were stabilized.[29] The Del Sol Medical Center patients were between 35 and 82 years old.[4]

Perpetrator

Patrick Wood Crusius (born July 27, 1998) was arrested shortly after the shooting and charged with capital murder.[29][30][31] A 21-year-old white male,Шаблон:R[32] he was last known to have lived in his family's home in Allen, Texas, in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex,[4][28][33] approximately Шаблон:Convert from El Paso.[34] He graduated in 2017 from Plano Senior High School, and was enrolled at Collin College from 2017 until spring 2019.[34]

Crusius legally purchased a GP WASR-10 semiautomatic rifle and 1,000 rounds of hollow-point ammunition online in June 2019.[35][36] During his first interrogation, he told detectives he had targeted Mexicans, according to an arrest warrant affidavit.Шаблон:R[37][38][39] Crusius was also diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder.[40]

Crusius registered to vote in 2016 as a Republican and had a Twitter account from 2017 that showed a photo of Trump in the Oval Office. He also had a pro-Trump poll that included responses such as "#BuildTheWall, #NoSanctuaryCities, #KeepGitmoOpen and #BanSyrianRefugees".Шаблон:R

Manifesto

Файл:2019 El Paso shooting Walmart.jpg
The Walmart where the shooting took place

Crusius has admitted to posting a manifesto, titled The Inconvenient Truth, on the online message board 8chan shortly before the shooting.[5]Шаблон:R[41] The post includes the suspect's name, and the manifesto identifies the type of weapon used in the attack.[42] Site moderators quickly removed the original post, though users continued to share copies.[42] Claiming to have been inspired by the Christchurch mosque shootings in New Zealand that killed 51 people earlier the same year,Шаблон:R the author expresses support for the perpetrator of the Christchurch shootingsШаблон:R[43][44] and bemoans grievancesШаблон:R[45] such as environmental degradation,Шаблон:R "cultural and ethnic replacement",Шаблон:R and a "Hispanic invasion".Шаблон:R

The anti-Hispanic, anti-immigrant manifesto promotes the white nationalist and far-right conspiracy theory called the Great Replacement,Шаблон:R[46] often attributed to the French writer Renaud Camus.[47] While the document uses language about immigrants similar to that used by U.S. president Donald Trump,Шаблон:Refn such as referring to a migrant "invasion",Шаблон:R it states that the author's beliefs predate Trump's presidency, and that Trump should not be blamed for the attack.Шаблон:R The author's "racially extremist views", according to The New York Times, could be used to prosecute the shooting as a hate crime or domestic terrorism.Шаблон:R

The manifesto states that Democrats would soon control the United States partly due to an increasing Hispanic population,Шаблон:R an idea that had gained acceptance for years on right-wing radio shows.[46] Criticizing both the Democratic Party and Republican PartyШаблон:R for allowing corporations to "import foreign workers",Шаблон:R the author describes the shooting as an "incentive" for Hispanics to leave the country, which would "remove the threat" of a Hispanic voting bloc.[48] While primarily focused on ethnic and racial grievances,Шаблон:R the document also expresses fears of automation's effects on employment and blames corporations for overusing natural resources.Шаблон:R

Legal proceedings

The arrest warrant affidavit says Crusius waived his Miranda rights, confessed to detectives that he was the shooter, and admitted that he targeted "Mexicans" during the attack.[49][50][18]

There are multiple investigations and jurisdictions involved with the case. FBI officials in El Paso served multiple warrants in the Dallas area and interviewed acquaintances of Crusius in Dallas and San Antonio.[51]

Federal charges

On February 6, 2020, Crusius was charged with 90 federal charges: 22 counts of committing a hate crime resulting in death, 22 counts of use of a firearm to commit murder, 23 counts of a hate crime involving an attempt to kill, and 23 counts of use of a firearm during a crime.Шаблон:R[52]

Crusius waived his federal bond hearing on February 12, 2020, during his first federal court appearance.[53] A trial in federal court is expected before the trial in state court.[54] On July 23, 2020, Crusius entered a plea of not-guilty to federal charges.[55] He also waived his arraignment on those charges.[56]

In July 2020, the federal court granted a defense motion for more time to investigate "a number of 'red-flag' mitigation themes" as federal prosecutors decided whether to seek a death sentence. In the motion, the defense said that Crusius had "severe" lifelong neurological and mental disabilities; that he was treated with anti-psychotic medication after his arrest; and that he was in a "psychotic state" when arrested.[57]

The trial was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the large volume of evidence.[58] At a February 2022 hearing, the defense team requested a trial start date of March 2025 or later, while federal prosecutors asked for a June 2023 trial date. Defense attorneys said they needed more time to comb through 1.76 million files and 763 gigabytes of video obtained through the discovery process, and told U.S. District Judge David C. Guaderrama that the defense might raise an insanity defense.[59] In January 2023, federal prosecutors declined to seek the death penalty for Crusius.[6] On February 8, 2023, Crusius pleaded guilty to 90 federal murder and hate crime charges.[7] On July 7, 2023, Crusius was sentenced to 90 consecutive life sentences.[9][60]

State charges

Crusius was indicted on capital murder charges by a Texas grand jury on September 12, 2019. He pleaded not guilty to capital murder charges at his arraignment on October 10, 2019, at the El Paso County Courthouse.Шаблон:R Mark Stevens, a San Antonio criminal defense attorney, was appointed by the state court to represent Crusius, along with defense attorney Joe Spencer.[61][62] On April 28, 2020, prosecutors announced they would be seeking a new capital murder charge following the recent death of a twenty-third victim after he spent nine months in the hospital.[63]

Proceedings in the state trial were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the massive amount of evidence in the case.[58]

El Paso district attorney Bill Hicks has stated that his office intends to pursue the death penalty in the case.[64][65]

Aftermath

Файл:El Paso shooting memorial.jpeg
Memorial for the shooting victims

Funerals and vigils

Several funeral homes in El Paso and Ciudad Juárez announced they would provide funeral services for free to the families of the victims as a sign of solidarity for their community.[66] Ciudad Juárez's Rotary International chapter organized a vigil in Ciudad Juárez. They gathered at a park and lit candles and shone cellphone lights in El Paso's direction as a sign of solidarity.[67]

Antonio Basco declared his wife's funeral on August 16 to be open to anyone who wished to attend.[68] Hundreds of people from El Paso and other parts of the country attended, and flowers were sent from around the world.[68][69]

El Paso musician Khalid held a benefit concert for his home city on September 1, featuring several high-profile artists and introduced by fellow El Paso native and former US Representative Beto O'Rourke.[70]

A memorial wall made to commence the victims of the Walmart shooting
The memorial wall to remember the Walmart victims

Tributes

One week after the shooting, a citizen from Ciudad Juárez, Jorge Luis Martínez Chávez, ran a total of 22 miles, a mile for each of the people killed in the Walmart shooting (one additional victim died months later), starting at the Zaragoza bridge in Juárez, Mexico, and finishing at the Walmart memorial in El Paso where the attack was perpetrated.[71]

Файл:NcoLeadershipCoeCommemoratesWalmart2019Victims.jpg
On August 3, 2019, 23 citizens of 3 countries —The United States of America, Mexico, and Germany— were gunned down in a mass shooting at a Walmart in El Paso, Texas. In solidarity with El Paso, the NCO Leadership Center of Excellence, Fort Bliss, presented a memorial memento to Walmart consisting of 23 chips each inscribed with the three national flags, as well as the flag which was flying over the NCO Leadership Center of Excellence at the moment of the mass shooting.

The El Paso Healing Garden at Ascarate Park in Mission Valley was dedicated in August 2021.[72] It was designated a national memorial in December 2022.[73]

Reactions

Terrorism experts, including Peter R. Neumann, cited the Great Replacement conspiracy theory as a common factor among several similar attacks.[74] The Southern Poverty Law Center's Hatewatch blog linked the shooting with the earlier Christchurch mosque shootings and the Poway synagogue shooting, citing the similar white nationalist contents of the respective attackers' manifestos.[75] Jonathan Greenblatt, chief executive of the Anti-Defamation League, said that the shooting, as part of a series of similar attacks, indicated a "global threat" of white supremacy.Шаблон:R NATO secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg urged countries to work together to prevent "lone wolf" attackers who find inspiration in one another's actions.[76][77] Others, including the writer Daniel Okrent, disputed the "lone wolf" idea, pointing to the ways in which technology allows those with similar violent ideologies to congregate online.Шаблон:R

Several commentators attributed both the El Paso and Christchurch shootings to an ideology of eco-fascism.[78][79][80] The Washington Post described the El Paso and Christchurch shootings as examples of an eco-fascist trend among white supremacists.Шаблон:R Writing in GQ, Luke Darby referred to the "distinctly environmental theme" of Crusius's alleged manifesto.[81] Jeet Heer in The Nation described the manifesto as being based in "Malthusian fascism", a worldview in which different races vie against one another in the face of environmental crises such as global warming.[82] Mainstream environmentalists, including the executive director of the Sierra Club, denounced the attacker's alleged white-supremacist motivations.[83]

United States

Файл:President Trump and the First Lady in El Paso, Texas (48490970081).jpg
President Trump and the First Lady with the family and baby son of El Paso shooting victims Jordan and Andre Anchondo[84][85][86]

President Donald Trump condemned the shooting as "hateful" and an "act of cowardice" later that day.[87] He promised that his administration would provide "total support".[88][89] In a later statement, Trump announced after the shootings in El Paso and in Dayton, Ohio, that all US flags, both domestic and abroad, would be flown at half-staff until sunset on August 8.[90] In a speech from the White House on August 5, Trump said: "In one voice, our nation must condemn racism, bigotry and white supremacy. These sinister ideologies must be defeated. Hate has no place in America."[91] On August 7, Trump said he was "concerned about the rise of any group of hate", whether it was "white supremacy, whether it's any other kind of supremacy, whether it's antifa".[92]

Within two days of the shooting, #WhiteSupremacistInChief reached the number one trend on Twitter[93] as critics pointed out that statements in the suspect's alleged manifesto mirrored comments Trump had made in the past, including references to illegal immigration as an "invasion" and telling an unspecified group of "'Progressive' Democrat Congresswomen, who originally came from countries whose governments are a complete and total catastrophe" to "go back and help fix the totally broken and crime infested places from which they came".Шаблон:R Media outlets also highlighted an incident in May 2019 where an audience member at a campaign rally suggested shooting illegal migrants crossing the border, to which Trump responded with a joke,Шаблон:R saying, "only in the Panhandle you can get away with that".Шаблон:R[94][95]

A statement released by former president Barack Obama stated, "We should soundly reject language coming out of the mouths of any of our leaders that feeds a climate of fear and hatred or normalizes racist sentiments," which has widely been interpreted as a criticism of Trump's specific rhetoric.[96] Trump's remark that violent video games contributed to such mass shootings, a view echoed by other politicians such as House Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives Kevin McCarthy and Texas Lt. Governor Dan Patrick, drew criticism from the video game industry, as past studies have found that no link exists between shootings and video games, and accused the government of using the medium as a scapegoat.[97][98][99][100]

Файл:President Trump and the First Lady in El Paso, Texas (48485174852).jpg
Texas Senator John Cornyn and Trump meet with survivors

U.S. Representative Veronica Escobar, who represents El Paso in Congress, brought a town hall meeting in the city to an early close following the shooting.[101][102] Escobar later said there was also a hate epidemic, with domestic terrorism resulting from the dehumanization of others.[103] Texas Senator Ted Cruz issued a written statement deploring "this unspeakable evil."[104] Beto O'Rourke, a native of El Paso who represented the city in Congress from 2013 to 2019, said he was "incredibly saddened" but that "The [El Paso] community is going to stay together. Everyone's resolved to make sure this doesn't continue to happen in this country."[105] Texas Governor Greg Abbott called the shooting "a heinous and senseless act of violence".[88] Texas Senator John Cornyn said that gun violence would not be solved by focusing on law-abiding citizens.[106] Texas Lt. Governor Dan Patrick said violent video games were partly to blame.[97]

Members of the Democratic PartyШаблон:R criticized Trump's anti-immigrant rhetoric in the wake of the shooting, including congresswoman EscobarШаблон:R and 2020 presidential candidatesШаблон:R O'Rourke,Шаблон:R Cory Booker,Шаблон:R and Joe Biden.Шаблон:R Other 2020 candidates called for political action to eliminate gun violence, including Booker,[102] Pete Buttigieg,[107] Bernie Sanders,[108] Elizabeth Warren,[108] and Andrew Yang.[109] The incident also caused many celebrities and media figures to debate gun rights within the United States, with some condemning the perceived inaction of many political figures in stopping the large number of mass shootings in the country.[110] That same evening, Moms Demand Action, which had a convention that weekend in Washington, DC, led a march and vigil outside the White House in support of gun control in the United States and the ban of assault weapons.[111]

The day after the shooting, some prominent Republicans, including Texas Land Commissioner George P. Bush, also spoke of the need to combat white-supremacist terrorism.Шаблон:R[112][113] Texas senator Ted Cruz decried the shooting as a "heinous act of terrorism and white supremacy".Шаблон:R[114][115] On Twitter, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein classified the attack as "white terrorism".Шаблон:R[116] Many Latinos interviewed by The New York Times said they felt disturbed at becoming targets of white-nationalist violence.[117]

Dan Stein, the president of the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR), issued a statement on Twitter denouncing the shooting, with no mention of Crusius' alleged manifesto. The group regularly makes similar anti-immigration arguments to those contained in the document, prompting worries of political fallout from the shooting among FAIR and similar groups, according to David Nakamura in The Washington Post.Шаблон:R Both Stein and Mark Krikorian of the Center for Immigration Studies, which also advocates restrictions on immigration, dismissed any connections between Crusius' ideology and their own.[118]

In response to the shooting, some 8chan users claimed that the shooter was "our guy". The purported manifesto of the shooter, after being deleted, was re-uploaded by some users, while others commented that it showed "zero effort", or claimed that it was fake.[42] Following the attack, Cloudflare terminated its website security service for 8chan, commenting that "8chan has repeatedly proven itself to be a cesspool of hate".[119][120] The site later went dark after its server rental provider Voxility discontinued its service.[121] Journalist Robert Evans has cited the shooting and the preceding Christchurch and Poway shootings as being part of a series of mass shootings driven by the "high score" culture that began with the Columbine High School massacre.[42]

Trump visited El Paso and Dayton on August 7. The president and first lady also met with the mayors of El Paso[122] and Dayton.[123] In El Paso, protesters showed up at the site of the shooting, some claiming that Trump's attitude and statements had led to the shooting;[124][125] Two days before the visit, congresswoman Escobar said that Trump was "not welcome" in the city and declined an invitation to meet with him.[126][127][128] The White House published photos and a video of Trump's trip; in some photos, Trump was pictured smiling and giving thumbs up gestures, while the video was focused on Trump shaking hands and posing for photos.[129][130] Trump said that he had an "amazing day" of visits, praising the "love, the respect for" him as president.[131]

Walmart's reaction

Two days after the shooting, a Walmart corporate employee sent a memorandum to Walmart's entire e-commerce division, which includes thousands of employees, urging a "sick-out" strike to force the corporation to stop selling guns.[132] Walmart later sent out a memo instructing workers to remove signs and displays that "contain violent themes or aggressive behavior"[133] and pledged $400,000 for funds that were aimed at helping the victims of the mass shooting.[134] On September 3, the company announced it would stop selling ammunition for handguns and assault riflesШаблон:R in the United States, as well as ask customers not to openly carry firearms into their stores.[135][136]

Mexico

Файл:Ondea la bandera mexicana en el memorial de El Paso.webm
News report from Notimex about the shooting and memorials

Mexican president Andrés Manuel López Obrador extended his condolences to the families of the victims, both Americans and Mexicans.[137] López Obrador also criticized the "indiscriminate use of weapons" in the United States.[138] The Mexican Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (SRE) identified the eight Mexican citizens killed, and the seven Mexican citizens wounded, in the attack.[139][137] The Mexican victims killed in the attack came from Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua City, and Torreón, Coahuila.[140] One of the victims, identified only as "Rosa," who had also offered to testify, was deported on January 30, 2021, because of a minor traffic violation.[141]

Javier Corral Jurado, the governor of the Mexican state of Chihuahua, offered his assistance to Texas governor Greg Abbott and El Paso mayor Dee Margo, and said that Chihuahua authorities were ready to assist in any capacity if needed by the U.S. government.[142] The Chihuahua government also directed Chihuahua residents and Mexican citizens affected by the attack to Mexico's executive committee for Victims (Spanish: Comisión Ejecutiva de Atención a Víctimas), and set up a phone line for Mexican citizens who needed assistance.[143] The Mexican Consulate in El Paso provided consular assistance to Mexican nationals affected by the attack,[144] and sent personnel to visit Mexican victims treated at the hospitals. The SRE confirmed that the consul Mauricio Ibarra Ponce de León would coordinate with El Paso and Ciudad Juárez officials.[145]

On August 4, Mexican Secretary of Foreign Affairs Marcelo Ebrard announced that Mexico would issue a formal charge against the suspect for terrorism against Mexican nationals should Mexico's Attorney General's Office (FGR) support it, and possibly request his extradition from the U.S. to Mexico to face those charges.[138][146] If the suspect is charged with terrorism, it would be the first time in history that Mexico issues a criminal charge of this nature for a crime committed in the U.S. In addition, it would guarantee Mexico access to information about the case.[147][148] Ebrard also stated that the Mexican government would remain in contact with the victims' families throughout the investigation and trial, and that they would press charges against the individual(s) or firm who sold the weapons to the suspect.[149] Former Mexican president Felipe Calderón offered his condolences on Twitter, and also directed a message against Trump. He said that notwithstanding if the attack was confirmed to be a hate crime or not, that Trump should stop his "hate speech" and "stigmatization".[150]

International

UN Secretary-General António Guterres condemned "in the strongest terms the terrorist attack against Latinos on Saturday in the Texas city of El Paso" and called for everyone to work together to combat violence born of hate, racism and xenophobia. Recently the UN launched an action plan to "fight against discourses that incite hatred".[151]

The incident was mentioned by Pope Francis during a speech in St. Peter's Square on August 4, in which he condemned attacks on defenseless people and said he was spiritually close to the victims, the wounded, and the families affected by the attacks that had "bloodied Texas, California, and Ohio". The Gilroy Garlic Festival shooting happened in California around a week before the El Paso shooting, while the 2019 Dayton shooting occurred in Ohio less than 24 hours after.[152]

Uruguay and Venezuela issued travel warnings to avoid certain cities in America, including Baltimore, Detroit, Albuquerque, Cleveland, Memphis, Oakland, and Buffalo and citing "proliferation of acts of violence" and "growing indiscriminate violence, mostly for hate crimes, including racism and discrimination". Both countries warned their citizens to avoid any place with large crowds, including shopping malls, festivals, and "any kind of cultural or sporting events".[153] Japan issued a similar travel warning, advising its citizens to pay attention to the potential for gunfire "everywhere" in the U.S., which they described as a "gun society".[154] President Trump threatened undefined retaliation against countries and organizations that issue travel warnings on the United States because of gun violence.[155]

In culture

The El Paso shooting inspired the extensive book La frontera salvaje. 200 años de fanatismo anglosajón en América latina (2021) by Jorge Majfud.[156][157]

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

External links

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