Английская Википедия:2020 California wildfires

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use American English Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox wildfire Шаблон:2020 Western United States wildfire season

Файл:Cal Fire largest wildfires 2020.jpg
Five of the twenty largest wildfires in California history were part of the 2020 wildfire season.
Файл:California on fire ESA22177856.jpeg
An August 19, 2020 satellite image of the wildfires burning in Northern California, covering a significant portion of California and nearby states.

The 2020 California wildfire season, part of the 2020 Western United States wildfire season, was a record-setting year of wildfires in California. By the end of the year, 9,917 fires[1] had burned Шаблон:Convert,[2][3][3] more than 4% of the state's roughly 100 million acres of land, making 2020 the largest wildfire season recorded in California's modern history (according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection),[4][5] though roughly equivalent to the pre-1800 levels which averaged around 4.4 million acres yearly and up to 12 million in peak years.[6] California's August Complex fire has been described as the first "gigafire", burning over 1 million acres across seven counties, an area larger than the state of Rhode Island. The fires destroyed over 10,000 structures[1] and cost over $12.079 billion (2020 USD) in damages, including over $10 billion in property damage and $2.079 billion in fire suppression costs.[7][2] The intensity of the fire season has been attributed to a combination of more than a century of poor forest management[8][9] and higher temperatures resulting from climate change.[10][11]

On August 18, Governor Gavin Newsom declared a state of emergency,[12] and on August 19, 2020, reported that the state was battling 367 known fires, many sparked by intense thunderstorms on August 16–17 caused by moisture from the remnants of Tropical Storm Fausto. Response and evacuations were complicated by a historic heatwave and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. On August 22, President Donald Trump issued a major disaster declaration (DR-4558), which provides Individual Assistance and/or Public Assistance.

In early September 2020, a combination of a record-breaking heat wave and strong katabatic winds, (including the Jarbo, Diablo, and Santa Ana) caused explosive fire growth. The August Complex became California's largest recorded wildfire.[13] The Creek Fire expanded in the Big Creek drainage area, temporarily trapping hundreds of campers near the Mammoth Pool Reservoir. The North Complex explosively grew in size as the winds fanned it westward, threatening the city of Oroville, triggering mass evacuations, and causing 16 fatalities.[14]

Governor Newsom's request for a federal disaster declaration for six major wildfires was approved on October 17 after having been rejected the previous day.[15][16]

On November 10, 2020, the National Interagency Coordination Center (NICC) reported that there were around 3,400 firefighters plus personnel fighting the wildfires in the United States.

Early outlook

Early in the year, there was a concern for the 2020 fire season to potentially be prolonged and especially grave, due to the unusually dry months of January and February, one of the driest such periods of any calendar year on record.[17] On March 22, a state of emergency was declared by California Governor Gavin Newsom due to a mass die-off of trees throughout the state, potentially increasing the risk of wildfires.[18] However, throughout March and April, rain began to consistently fall in the state, which alleviated the drought conditions. Despite this, Northern California was still expected to have severe wildfire conditions due to the moderate or severe drought conditions in the area, whereas Central and Southern California were expected to have serious fire conditions later in the year due to the late wet season and precipitation.[19]

On June 18, climate scientist Daniel Swain predicted the 2020 Arizona wildfire season was a sign of what was to come in California, due to similar drought and weather conditions between Arizona and Northern California.[20]

Seasonal fire risk

Шаблон:External media

The year 2020 was the largest wildfire year recorded in California history, according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.[2][4] From a historical perspective, the average annual acres burned prior to 1850 were probably significantly larger than years since reliable fire records began. Scott Stephens, a professor of fire science at UC Berkeley, estimated that prior to 1850, about Шаблон:Convert burned yearly, in fires that lasted for months. Activity peaked roughly every 30 years, with up to Шаблон:Convert burning during peak years.[8][9][21] The indigenous peoples of California historically set controlled burns and allowed natural fires to run their course.[8][6]

The peak of the wildfire season usually occurs between July and November when hot, dry winds are most frequent. The wildfire season typically does not end until the first significant rainstorm of autumn arrives, which is usually around October in Northern California, and early November in Southern California.Шаблон:Citation needed

As wildfire becomes more frequent, the wildland–urban interface has increasingly become more dangerous when it comes to property damage and risk to life.[22]

Causes

Land development and forest management

Scientists believe that, prior to development, California fires regularly burned significantly more acreage than has been seen in recent history.[23] Wildfires have been aggressively suppressed in recent years, resulting in a buildup of fuel, increasing the risk of large uncontrollable fires. There is broad scientific consensus that there should be more controlled burning of forests in California in order to reduce fire risk.Шаблон:R A 2020 ProPublica investigation blames a combination of climate change and a history of insufficient controlled burning for the increase in "megafires."[9] A sharp increase in the population and development of fire-prone areas has also contributed to the increase in flammable tinder.[24]

Climate change

Файл:Newspaper headline California climate apocalypse.png
The Los Angeles Times on 13 September described the fire as a climate apocalypse.

Climate change increases the temperature of wildfires in California, the risk for drought, and potentially also the frequency of such events.[25][10] David Romps, director of the Berkeley Atmospheric Sciences Center summarizes the situation as follows: "To cut to the chase: Were the heat wave and the lightning strikes and the dryness of the vegetation affected by global warming? Absolutely yes. Were they made significantly hotter, more numerous, and drier because of global warming? Yes, likely yes, and yes."[11]

Similarly, Friederike Otto, acting director of the University of Oxford Environmental Change Institute states, "There is absolutely no doubt that the extremely high temperatures are higher than they would have been without human-induced climate change. A huge body of attribution literature demonstrates now that climate change is an absolute game-changer when it comes to heat waves, and California won't be the exception."[26] Susan Clark, director of the Sustainability Initiative at the University at Buffalo argues, "This is climate change. This increased intensity and frequency of temperatures and heat waves are part of the projections for the future. [...] There is going to be more morbidity and mortality [from heat.] There are going to be more extremes."[26]

The National Interagency Fire Center's (NFIC) National Interagency Coordination (NICC) reported that monthly outlooks for the entire country will still drive wildfires across the country but especially California. The main drivers through fall and winter seasons will be La Nina, and drought conditions are going to continue through California, causing the wildfires to continue. The shift will start from Northern California to Southern California as precipitation will lessen the impact of wildfires across northern California.Шаблон:Citation neededШаблон:Update inline

Arson

In August 2020, a suspect was charged by the Monterey County Sheriff with arson relating to the Dolan Fire; however, this has not been officially determined as the cause of the fire.[27][28] In April 2021, another suspect, already arrested and charged for the murder of a woman, was charged with arson relating to the Markley Fire, one of the wildfires involving in the LNU Lightning Complex fires; according to authorities, the fire was set to cover up the aforementioned murder.[29] Arson has also been suspected as the cause of the Ranch 2 Fire in Los Angeles County.Шаблон:Citation needed

Effects

Шаблон:Empty section A 2023 study found that these wildfires are affecting the California ecosystem and disrupting the habitats.[30][31] It found that in the 2020 and 2021 fire seasons 58% of the area affected by wildfires occurred in those two seasons since 2012.[30][32] These two fires destroyed 30% of the habitat of 50 species as well as 100 species that had 10% of their habitats burn. 5-14% of the species' habitats burned at a "high severity."[30][33]

List of wildfires

Файл:COVID-19 and wildfire evacuations in California - 2020.ogg
The Government of California's video about COVID-19 protocols in place at wildfire evacuation centers.
Файл:Slater fire.jpg
Smoke from the Slater fire on September 8

The following is a list of fires that burned more than Шаблон:Convert, or produced significant structural damage or casualties.

Name County Acres Start date Containment date Notes Ref
Interstate 5 Kings 2,060 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts [34]
Range San Luis Obispo 5,000 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts [35]
Scorpion Santa Barbara 1,395 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts [36]
Quail Solano 1,837 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts 3 structures destroyed [37][38]
Wood San Diego 11,000 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Burned on Camp Pendleton [39]
India San Diego 1,100 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Burned on Camp Pendleton [40]
Soda San Luis Obispo 1,672 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts 2 structures destroyed [41][42]
Grant Sacramento 5,042 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts 1 structure damaged [43]
Walker Calaveras 1,455 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts 2 structures destroyed [44]
Grade Tulare 1,050 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts [45]
Pass Merced 2,192 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts [46]
Bena Kern 2,900 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts [47]
Crews Santa Clara 5,513 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts 1 structure destroyed; 1 damaged; 1 injury. Resulted in evacuations of rural Gilroy. [48]
Soledad Los Angeles 1,525 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts 1 injury, caused by fireworks [49]
Mineral Fresno 29,667 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts 7 structures destroyed [50][51]
Coyote San Benito 1,508 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts [52]
Hog Lassen 9,564 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts 2 structures destroyed [53]
Gold Lassen 22,634 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts 13 structures destroyed; 5 structures damaged; 2 firefighters injured in burnover [54]
July Complex 2020 Modoc, Siskiyou 83,261 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts 1 structure destroyed; 3 outbuildings destroyed [55]
Blue Jay Mariposa, Tuolumne 6,922 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Lightning-sparked, 1 structure destroyed. [56]
Red Salmon Complex Humboldt, Siskiyou, Trinity 144,698 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Originally started as both the Red and Salmon fire (both started by lightning strikes), but have since merged into one fire [57][58]
Branch San Luis Obispo 3,022 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Started near CA 58 [59]
Apple Riverside 33,424 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts 4 structures destroyed; 8 outbuildings destroyed; 4 injuries [60][61]
Pond San Luis Obispo 1,962 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts 1 structure destroyed; 1 damaged; 13 outbuildings destroyed[62] [63]
North Lassen 6,882 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts 6,882 acres in total, of which approximately 4,105 acres burned in Washoe County, Nevada [64]
Stagecoach Kern 7,760 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts 23 structures destroyed; 4 damaged; 25 outbuildings destroyed; 2 damaged;[65] 1 firefighter fatality[66] [67]
Wolf Tuolumne 2,057 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Lightning-sparked [68]
Lake Los Angeles 31,089 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Lightning-sparked, 33 structures destroyed; 6 damaged; 21 outbuildings destroyed; 2 injuries [69][70][71]
Ranch 2 Los Angeles 4,237 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Human-caused, suspected arson [72]
Hills Fresno 2,121 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Lightning-sparked; 1 fatality [73]
Loyalton Lassen, Plumas, Sierra 47,029 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Lightning-sparked, caused National Weather Service to issue first ever Fire Tornado Warning; 5 homes, 6 outbuildings destroyed [74][75]
Beach Mono 3,780 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Lightning-sparked [76]
River Monterey 48,088 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Lightning-sparked; 30 structures destroyed; 13 structures damaged; 4 injuries [77]
Dome San Bernardino 43,273 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Lightning-sparked, burned in the Mojave National Preserve; 6 structures destroyed and 1.3+ million Joshua trees killed [78]
CZU Lightning Complex San Mateo, Santa Cruz 86,509 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Several lightning-sparked fires burning close together across San Mateo and Santa Cruz Counties; 1,490 structures destroyed; 140 structures damaged; 1 injury; 1 fatality. [79]
SCU Lightning Complex Santa Clara, Alameda, Contra Costa, San Joaquin, Merced, Stanislaus 396,624 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Deer Zone, Marsh, Canyon Zone and other surrounding fires combined into one multi-fire incident by CalFire; all believed to have been sparked by an intense and widespread lightning storm; 222 structures destroyed; 26 structures damaged; 6 injuries. It is the third-largest fire complex in California history. [80][81]
August Complex Glenn, Mendocino, Lake, Tehama, Trinity, Shasta 1,032,648 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Information for the August Complex as a whole. Originally 38 separate fires, which later merged to become California's largest recorded wildfire. Main fires were the Doe and Elkhorn Fires, which merged on September 11. One firefighter fatality; 2 injuries; 935 structures destroyed; 5 structures damaged. [82][83][84][13]
Rattlesnake Tulare 8,419 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Lightning sparked a slow-growing fire in inaccessible terrain. [85]
LNU Lightning Complex Colusa, Lake, Napa, Sonoma, Solano, Yolo 363,220 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Multi-fire incident that includes the Hennessey Fire (305,651 acres), the Walbridge Fire (55,209 acres), and the Meyers Fire (2,360 acres) sparked by lightning; 1,491 structures destroyed; 232 structures damaged; 5 injuries; 6 fatalities.[86] It is the fifth-largest fire complex in California history. [87][88]
Holser Ventura 3,000 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Unknown cause [89]
Butte/Tehama/Glenn Lightning Complex (Butte Zone) Butte 19,609 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Lightning sparked 34 fires throughout Butte County; 14 structures destroyed; 1 structure damaged; 1 injury [90][91]
North Complex Plumas, Butte 318,935 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Lightning sparked, includes the Claremont Fire and the Bear Fire; 2,342 structures destroyed; 113 structures damaged; 16 fatalities;[92] 13 injuries; It is the sixth-largest fire in California history and scorched more than 300,000 acres of land. [93][94]
Jones Nevada 705 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Lightning sparked, 21 structures destroyed, 3 structures damaged, 7 injuries [95]
Sheep Plumas, Lassen 29,570 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Lightning-sparked, 26 structures destroyed, 1 injury [96][97]
Salt Calaveras 1,789 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Lightning-sparked [98]
W-5 Cold Springs Lassen, Modoc 84,817 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Lightning-sparked. Fire spread eastward into Washoe County, Nevada. [99]
Carmel Monterey 6,905 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Lightning-sparked, 73 structures destroyed; 7 structures damaged [100]
Dolan Monterey 124,924 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Cause not officially determined; however, a suspect was charged with arson in connection to the fire; 19 structures destroyed. [101][102][103]
Woodward Marin 4,929 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Lightning-sparked [104]
SQF Complex Tulare 174,178 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Lightning-sparked, contains the Castle Fire and the Shotgun Fire; 228 structures destroyed; 12 structures damaged; 15 injuries [105]
Moc Tuolumne 2,857 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Cause: Equipment [106]
Moraine Fresno, Tulare 1,316 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Lightning-sparked [107]
Slink Alpine, Mono 26,759 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Lightning-sparked [108]
Creek Fresno, Madera 379,895 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts 856 structures destroyed, 71 structures damaged; 15 injuries; At the time, it was the fourth-largest fire and the largest single (non-complex) fire in California history (surpassed by the Dixie Fire in 2021). [109][110][111]
El Dorado San Bernardino, Riverside 22,744 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Sparked by a pyrotechnic device at a gender reveal party. 10 structures destroyed, 5 structures damaged; 1 firefighter fatality; 13 injuries.[112] Burned into the western perimeter of the Apple Fire on September 7. [113][114][115]
Valley San Diego 16,390 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts 61 structures destroyed, 11 structures damaged, 3 injuries [116][117]
Bobcat Los Angeles 115,997 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Unknown cause, 171 structures destroyed. One of the largest fires in Los Angeles County's history [118][119][120]
Oak Mendocino 1,100 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Unknown cause, 25 structures destroyed, 20 structures damaged [121]
Slater / Devil Siskiyou, Del Norte 166,127 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Includes the Slater Fire (157,270 acres, 100% contained on November 12) and the Devil Fire (8,857 acres, 100% contained on November 16). 2 fatalities; 440 structures destroyed. Spread northward into Josephine County, Oregon. [122][123]
Fork El Dorado 1,673 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Unknown cause [124]
Bullfrog Fresno 1,185 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Cause under investigation [125][126]
Willow Yuba 1,311 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts 41 structures destroyed, 10 structures damaged [127]
Fox Siskiyou 2,188 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Human-caused [128][129]
Snow Riverside 6,254 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Unknown cause [130][131][132]
Glass Napa, Sonoma 67,484 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Unknown cause; 1,555 structures destroyed; 280 structures damaged [133]
Zogg Shasta 56,338 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts 204 structures destroyed; 27 structures damaged; 4 fatalities, 1 injury; historic town of Ono destroyed [134][135]
Silverado Orange 12,466 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Downed SCE power line; 2 hand crew firefighters critically injured; over 90,000 people evacuated; 5 structures destroyed, 9 structures damaged [136][137]
Blue Ridge Orange, San Bernardino, Riverside 13,694 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Downed SCE power line; 1 structure destroyed, 10 structures damaged; at least 30,000 people evacuated [138][139][140]
Laura 2 Lassen 2,800 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Unknown cause; 48 structures destroyed; 4 structures damaged [141][142]
Mountain View Mono, Alpine 20,385 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Unknown cause; 81 structures destroyed; 1 fatality [143][144][142]
Airport Riverside 1,087 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Unknown cause [145]
Bond Orange 6,686 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Started by a house fire; 31 structures destroyed; 21 structures damaged; 2 firefighter injuries [146][147][148][149][150]
Sanderson Riverside 1,933 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Unknown cause [151]
Creek 5 San Diego 4,276 Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Unknown cause; over 7,000 people evacuated from housing areas on Camp Pendleton [152][153][3]Шаблон:Anchor

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Commons

Шаблон:2020 wildfires Шаблон:California wildfires Шаблон:California wildfires by size Шаблон:California wildfires by deaths

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок CalFire Stats не указан текст
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Large Incident Report не указан текст
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  7. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок damage не указан текст
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite tweet
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  54. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  55. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  56. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  57. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  58. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  59. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  60. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  61. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  62. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  63. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  64. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  65. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  66. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  67. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  68. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  69. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  70. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  71. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  72. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  73. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  74. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  75. ↑ Шаблон:Cite tweet
  76. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  77. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  78. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  79. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  80. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  81. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  82. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  83. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  84. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  85. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  86. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  87. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  88. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  89. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  90. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  91. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  92. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  93. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  94. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  95. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  96. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  97. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  98. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  99. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  100. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  101. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  102. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  103. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  104. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  105. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  106. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  107. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  108. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  109. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  110. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  111. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  112. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  113. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  114. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  115. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  116. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  117. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  118. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  119. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  120. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  121. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  122. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  123. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  124. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  125. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  126. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  127. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  128. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  129. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  130. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  131. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  132. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  133. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  134. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  135. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  136. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  137. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  138. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  139. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  140. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  141. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  142. ↑ 142,0 142,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  143. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  144. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  145. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  146. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  147. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  148. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  149. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  150. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  151. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  152. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  153. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:2020_California_wildfires&oldid=12798078