Английская Википедия:2020 Italian constitutional referendum

A constitutional referendum about the reduction of the size of the Italian Parliament was held in Italy on 20 and 21 September 2020.^[1] Initially scheduled to be held on 29 March, the referendum was postponed following the spread of the coronavirus pandemic in Italy and subsequent lockdown.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Voters were asked whether they approved a constitutional law that would amend the Italian Constitution in various aspects, most notably by reducing the number of MPs in the Parliament from 630 to 400 in the Chamber of Deputies and from 315 to 200 in the Senate.^[5] The proposed changes were approved, with 69.96% voting in favour. The reduction in the number of MPs happened at the 2022 Italian general election on 25 September 2022.

This was the second time in Italian history a constitutional referendum was successful, with the 2001 referendum being the first.^[6] Two previous constitutional reforms had been rejected by referendums in 2006 and 2016.^[7]

Political background

In 2016, the Democratic-led (PD) coalition government proposed a series of constitutional reforms with the aim of reducing the total number of parliamentarians, simplifying the legislative process, limiting the operating costs of the institutions, the disestablishment of the National Council for Economics and Labour (CNEL), and removing the perfect bicameralism in particular by greatly reducing the size and scope of the Senate.^[8] The proposal was rejected by 59% of voters through a constitutional referendum, prompting the resignation of the Prime Minister, Matteo Renzi.

In 2019, the PD-Five Star Movement (M5S) coalition government proposed new constitutional reforms which simply called for the reduction of the number of parliamentarians by a third; the bill was approved with the support of all the major political parties on 8 October 2019.^[8] The proposal was one of the Five Star Movement's main campaign promises during the 2018 general election, aimed at reducing the costs of politics and slashing privileges for lawmakers. The total reduction in costs was estimated at between 285 and 500 million euros per five-year parliamentary term.^[8] The reform was also part of the coalition deal between the PD and M5S.^[9] However, critics argued that the savings would be far too small to warrant a reduction in the number of lawmakers, which they believed would decrease democratic representation by lowering the number of lawmakers per 100,000 inhabitants to 1.6 from 1. In comparison, Germany had 0.9:1 ratio, France had a 1.4:1 ratio, and the United Kingdom had a 2.1:1 ratio.^[8]

On 10 January 2020, 71 Senators requested a referendum on the reform proposal. Under Article 138 of the Constitution, such request was binding.

Proposed changes

Файл:Italian regions provinces.svg

Provinces of Italy (grey borders), within Regions (solid borders)

Файл:Plico elettorale referendum Italia 2020.jpg

Electoral package sent to an Italian voter in Chile

The proposed constitutional law would amend Article 56 of the Constitution by reducing the number of deputies from 630, twelve of which are elected in the overseas constituencies, to 400, with eight to be elected in the overseas constituencies.^[10] According to Paragraph 3 of the Article, the subdivision of seats among the electoral districts is obtained by dividing the number of inhabitants of the country – given by the latest general census of the population – by a factor of 392 (also changed by the new law from the previous factor of 618) and distributing the seats in proportion to the population in each electoral district, on the basis of whole shares and the highest remainders. The number of seats assigned to the overseas constituencies forms an exception to this rule.^[11]

The new law would also amend Article 57 of the Constitution by reducing the number of senators from 315, six of which are elected in the overseas constituencies, to 200, with four to be elected in the overseas constituencies.^[10] The senators are elected on a regional basis and no region or autonomous province would have fewer than 3 (down from 7) senators, with the exception of Molise and Aosta Valley, which will respectively have two and one senators. Paragraph 4 would also be changed, to state that the subdivision of seats among the regions and autonomous provinces – in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph – is made in proportion to their population given by the latest general census of the population, on the basis of whole shares and the highest remainders.^[10]

Article 59 of the Constitution would be changed by limiting the total number of incumbent life senators who can be appointed by the President of Italy to five. Previously, the provision governing the number of life senators was ambiguous, and had been interpreted as allowing each president to appoint five each, cumulating to a total above five.^[10]

The changes to Articles 56 and 57 were to take effect after either the end of the incumbent legislature, or at the next dissolution of Parliament, and not earlier than 60 days after the promulgation of the constitutional law.^[10]

Campaign positions

Шаблон:Main

The proposed changes to the constitution would reduce the number of seats per electoral district for both chambers of Parliament and thus increase the number of votes required to win a seat. Consequently, they were opposed by most minor parties, with the exception of those who could count on a small but solid electoral base, such as the regional South Tyrolean People's Party, which would see their influence in Parliament increase.^[11]^[10]^[12]

Committees

Choice	Campaign	Slogan	Spokesperson	Website
Шаблон:Tick Yes	YES of the Liberties!	Il sì delle Libertà	Silvia Ferrara and Pietro Paganini	www.ilsidelleliberta.it Шаблон:Webarchive
Шаблон:Cross No	NOstra!	NOstra!	Jacopo Ricci	www.comitatonostra.it
	We NO!	Noi NO	Andrea Pruiti Ciarello	noino.eu
	Democrats for the No	Democratici per il No	Giovanni Lattanzi	democraticiperilno.it Шаблон:Webarchive
	Solidary Network in defense of the Constitution	Rete Solidale in difesa della Costituzione	Marina Calamo Specchia	Шаблон:N/A
	Popular Committee for the No to the parliamentarians cut	Comitato popolare per il No al taglio dei parlamentari	Piero Pirovano	iovotono.eu Шаблон:Webarchive
	3 Reasons for the No	3 motivi per il No	Stefano D'Andrea	3-motivi-per-il-no0.webnode.it
	Committee for the NO on changes to the Constitution to reduce the number of parliamentarians	Comitato per il NO sulle modifiche alla Costituzione per la riduzione del numero dei Parlamentari	Massimo Villone	coordinamentodemocraziacostituzionale.it noaltagliodelparlamento.it
	Committee for the NO to the Counter-reform	Comitato per il No alla Controriforma	Massimiliano Iervolino	radicali.it/campagne/no-alla-controriforma/ Шаблон:Webarchive
	LET'S START WITH NO — Committee for the NO to the referendum on the cut of parliamentarians	COMINCIAMO DAL NO — Comitato per il NO al referendum sul taglio dei parlamentari	Simona Viola	piueuropa.eu/2020/02/22/comitatodelno/

Political parties

Choice	Parties		Political orientation	Leader	Ref
Шаблон:Tick Yes	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" \|	League (Lega)	Right-wing populism	Matteo Salvini	^[13]
	style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"\|	Five Star Movement (M5S)	Populism	Luigi Di Maio	^[14]
	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" \|	Democratic Party (PD)	Social democracy	Nicola Zingaretti	^[15]
	style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"\|	Brothers of Italy (FdI)	National conservatism	Giorgia Meloni	^[16]
	Style="background:Шаблон:Party color"\|	Article One (Art. 1)	Social democracy	Roberto Speranza	^[17]
	style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"\|	South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)	Regionalism	Arno Kompatscher	^[18]
	Style="background:Шаблон:Party color"\|	Cambiamo! (C!)	Liberal conservatism	Giovanni Toti	^[19]
		Die Freiheitlichen	Tyrolean Separatism	Otto Mahlknecht	^[20]
		Fatherland and Constitution (PeC)	Left-wing nationalism	Stefano Fassina	^[21]
		Party of Venetians (PdV)	Venetian nationalism	Alessio Morosin	^[22]
	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"\|	Valdostan Union (UV)	Autonomism Regionalism	Érik Lavévaz	^[23]
No official party position	style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"\|	Italia Viva (IV)	Liberalism	Matteo Renzi	^[24]
No official party position	style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color" \|	Forza Italia (FI)	Liberal conservatism	Silvio Berlusconi	^[25]
Шаблон:Cross No	style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"\|	Action (Azione)	Social liberalism	Carlo Calenda	^[26]
	style="background:Шаблон:Party color"\|	Italian Left (SI)	Democratic socialism	Nicola Fratoianni	^[27]
	style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"\|	More Europe (+Eu)	Liberalism	Benedetto Della Vedova	^[28]
	style="background:Шаблон:Party color"\|	Federation of the Greens (FdV)	Green politics	collective leadership	^[29]
	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" \|	Italia in Comune (IiC)	Progressivism	Federico Pizzarotti	^[30]
	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color" \|	Power to the People (PaP)	Socialism	Viola Carofalo	^[31]
	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" \|	Italian Socialist Party (PSI)	Social democracy	Enzo Maraio	^[32]
	style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color"\|	Energies for Italy (EpI)	Liberalism	Stefano Parisi	^[33]
	style="background:Шаблон:Party color" \|	Volt Italia	European federalism	Federica Vinci	^[34]
	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" \|	Associative Movement Italians Abroad (MAIE)	Interests of Italians abroad	Ricardo Antonio Merlo	^[35]
	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" \|	South American Union Italian Emigrants (USEI)	Interests of Italians abroad	Eugenio Sangregorio	^[36]
	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" \|	Communist Party (PC)	Communism	Marco Rizzo	^[37]
	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" \|	Democratic Centre (CD)	Christian left	Bruno Tabacci	^[38]
	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" \|	Communist Refoundation Party (PRC)	Communism	Maurizio Acerbo	^[39]
		Christian Democracy (DC)	Christian democracy	Renato Grassi	^[40]
	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" \|	Italian Communist Party (PCI)	Communism	Mauro Alboresi	^[41]
		Pact for Autonomy (PpA)	Autonomism	Massimo Moretuzzo	^[42]
		Italian Marxist–Leninist Party (PMLI)	Maoism	Giovanni Scuderi	^[43]
		Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party (PATT)	Autonomism Regionalism	Simone Marchiori	^[44]
		Venetian Left (Sanca)	Autonomism Venetian nationalism	Andrea Mion	^[45]
	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"\|	Union for Trentino (UpT)	Autonomism Christian Democracy	Annalisa Caumo	^[46]

Opinion polls

Date	Polling Firm	Sample size	Total				Considering only Yes/No vote
			Шаблон:TickYes	Шаблон:CrossNo	None / Don't know	Lead	Шаблон:TickYes	Шаблон:CrossNo	Lead
						Lead			Lead
2–4 Sep 2020	SWG	1,000	70.0	30.0	Шаблон:N/A	40.0	70.0	30.0	40.0
1–3 Sep 2020	Ixè	1,000	51.3	17.9	30.8	33.4	74.1	25.9	48.2
1–3 Sep 2020	Ipsos	1,000	58.9	24.1	17.0	34.8	71.0	29.0	42.0
31 Aug 2020	Euromedia	Шаблон:N/A	42.0	15.8	42.2	24.2	72.7	27.3	45.4
23–27 Aug 2020	BiDiMedia	1,661	71.0	29.0	Шаблон:N/A	42.0	71.0	29.0	42.0
24–26 Aug 2020	Demos & Pi	1,014	82.0	18.0	Шаблон:N/A	64.0	82.0	18.0	64.0
14–17 Aug 2020	Lab2101	1,000	72.4	27.6	Шаблон:N/A	44.8	72.4	27.6	44.8
22–23 Jul 2020	Ipsos	1,000	49.0	8.0	43.0	41.0	86.0	14.0	72.0
23–25 Jun 2020	Ipsos	1,000	46.0	10.0	44.0	36.0	82.0	18.0	64.0
20–22 Feb 2020	Piepoli	503	81.0	9.0	10.0	72.0	90.0	10.0	80.0
13 Jan 2020	Euromedia	800	75.1	10.7	14.2	64.4	87.5	12.5	75.0
9–14 Dec 2019	Demos&Pi	1,212	86.0	12.0	2.0	74.0	86.0	14.0	72.0
8 Oct 2019	Шаблон:Center
7–8 Oct 2019	Demopolis	1,500	80.0	12.0	8.0	68.0	87.0	13.0	74.0

Results

Файл:Italian ballot paper for 2020 constitutional referendum (front).svg

A facsimile of the electoral ballot

The referendum resulted in a victory of the "Yes" with a majority of 70.0% of the vote. The voter turnout was 51.12%. The "Yes" was the winning choice by a large margin in all Italian regions.^[47]

Luigi Di Maio, foreign minister and former leader of the M5S, defined the results "a historical result". The secretary of the PD, Nicola Zingaretti, said that "the victory of the 'Yes' opens up a season of reforms". Riccardo Molinari, party leader of the League in the Chamber of Deputies, asked for parliament to be dissolved and new elections to be held, in order to fulfill the objective of the constitutional law.^[48]

Шаблон:Referendum

Шаблон:Bar box

Results by region

The "Yes" side was in the majority in every region and in all four overseas constituencies. Support was lowest in Friuli Venezia Giulia, with 59.57% in favor. Molise was the region with the highest support, at 79.89%, though two of the overseas constituencies had higher support.

Region	Votes		%
Region	Yes	No	Yes	No
Aosta Valley	48,165	22,708	67.96	32.04
Piedmont	1,172,338	541,183	68.42	31.58
Liguria	430,354	255,804	63.78	36.22
Lombardy	2,609,444	1,221,310	68.12	31.88
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol	390,490	160,389	70.88	29.12
Veneto	1,553,218	934,313	62.44	37.56
Friuli Venezia Giulia	281,042	190,743	59.57	40.43
Emilia-Romagna	1,273,585	557,716	69.55	30.45
Tuscany	1,216,952	627,949	65.96	34.04
Marche	533,479	237,569	69.19	30.81
Umbria	221,989	101,062	68.72	31.28
Lazio	1,307,304	677,693	65.86	34.14
Abruzzo	384,500	136,885	73.75	26.25
Molise	93,178	23,456	79.89	20.11
Campania	2,087,311	609,290	77.41	22.59
Apulia	1,477,164	486,614	75.22	24.78
Basilicata	169,024	53,856	75.84	24.16
Calabria	521,444	151,138	77.53	22.47
Sicily	1,055,351	335,397	75.88	24.12
Sardinia	322,200	159,843	66.84	33.16
Total	17,168,532	7,484,918	69.64	30.36

Abroad constituency	Votes		%
Abroad constituency	Yes	No	Yes	No
North and Central Americas	62,644	14,632	81.07	18.93
South America	226,522	78,819	74.19	25.81
Europe	422,616	105,168	80.07	19.93
Africa, Asia, Oceania, Antarctica	32,775	8,470	79.46	20.54
Total	744,557	207,089	78.24	21.76

Turnout

Area	Time
	20 Sep			21 Sep
	12:00	19:00	23:00	15:00
Nationwide
Italy	12.25%	29.70%	39.38%	53.84%

Abruzzo	10.61%	27.31%	36.47%	50.79%
Basilicata	9.40%	24.36%	36.96%	50.14%
Calabria	8.62%	22.44%	32.42%	45.18%
Campania	12.46%	29.36%	42.78%	61.04%
Emilia-Romagna	14.16%	32.99%	41.59%	55.37%
Friuli Venezia Giulia	12.40%	28.31%	36.34%	50.22%
Lazio	10.87%	25.25%	33.06%	45.65%
Liguria	15.43%	35.47%	44.04%	59.15%
Lombardy	12.43%	30.91%	39.01%	51.36%
Marche	14.90%	36.65%	47.56%	66.38%
Molise	9.76%	24.18%	33.33%	47.48%
Piedmont	12.02%	30.69%	38.81%	51.56%
Apulia	13.22%	30.28%	43.74%	61.91%
Sardinia	7.76%	17.02%	23.41%	35.70%
Sicily	6.41%	16.96%	24.78%	35.38%
Tuscany	15.44%	38.17%	48.29%	65.88%
Trentino-Alto Adige	16.04%	40.50%	54.42%	70.94%
Umbria	9.56%	25.16%	33.09%	48.75%
Aosta Valley	18.24%	44.35%	56.37%	72.44%
Veneto	16.31%	39.27%	51.04%	67.54%
Abroad
Abroad	Шаблон:N/A	Шаблон:N/A	Шаблон:N/A	23.30%

Africa, Asia, Oceania, Antarctica	Шаблон:N/A	Шаблон:N/A	Шаблон:N/A	19.75%
South America	Шаблон:N/A	Шаблон:N/A	Шаблон:N/A	23.95%
North and Central Americas	Шаблон:N/A	Шаблон:N/A	Шаблон:N/A	22.49%
Europe	Шаблон:N/A	Шаблон:N/A	Шаблон:N/A	23.39%

Source: Ministry of the Interior – Turnout Шаблон:Webarchive

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Italian elections

[1] Шаблон:Cite news

[2] Шаблон:Cite web

[3] Шаблон:Cite web

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[5] Шаблон:Cite news

[6] Referendum, vince il "sì". Riforma approvata al 64,2%, la Repubblica

[7] Referendum costituzionale, i precedenti, Agenzia ANSA

[Pol-8] 8,0 ^8,1 ^8,2 ^8,3 Шаблон:Cite web

[9] Шаблон:Cite web

[GazUff-10] 10,0 ^10,1 ^10,2 ^10,3 ^10,4 ^10,5 Шаблон:Cite web

[ItaConst-11] 11,0 ^11,1 Шаблон:Cite web

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Английская Википедия:2020 Italian constitutional referendum

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