Английская Википедия:2020 in climate change

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Шаблон:See also Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Year nav topic5 This article documents events, research findings, scientific and technological advances, and human actions to measure, predict, mitigate, and adapt to the effects of global warming and climate change—during the year 2020.

Summaries

  • The December 2020 Lancet Countdown review concluded that trends in 2020 showed "a concerning paucity of progress" in numerous sectors, including "a continued failure to reduce the carbon intensity of the global energy system, an increase in the use of coal-fired power, and a rise in agricultural emissions and premature deaths from excess red meat consumption. These issues (were) in part counteracted by the growth of renewable energy and improvements in low-carbon transport."Шаблон:Sfn Despite increasing climate suitability for infectious disease transmission and falling crop yield potential, "the global response has remained muted"Шаблон:Sfn but "2020 will probably be an inflection point for several of the indicators (to be) presented during the coming decade".Шаблон:Sfn The survey further noted that "the nature and extent of the economic impact and response to the COVID-19 pandemic will have a defining role in determining whether the world meets the commitments of the Paris Agreement".Шаблон:Sfn

Measurements and statistics

Файл:20201231 Vital signs of the planet - NASA - climate change.png
"Vital Signs of the Planet" as presented by NASA on 31 December 2020[1]
  • NASA GISS reported 2020's globally averaged temperature was 1.84 °F (1.02 °C) warmer than the baseline 1951-1980 mean, slightly greater than 2016 but within the margin of error of the analysis, making 2020 effectively tie 2016 as the warmest year on record[2] despite La Niña's cooling effect.[3] Independently, Copernicus (EU) concurred with NASA's conclusion, while NOAA and the U.K. Met Office concluded 2020 was the second warmest.[4]
  • High northern latitudes:
  • Siberia recorded its second warmest January–June temperatures on record—more than 5°C (9°F) above average—including up to 10°C (18°F) above average in June.[5] Verkhoyansk, located north of the arctic circle, recorded a temperature of 38°C (100°F) on 20 June.[5][6] An analysis showed that, without human-induced climate change, these January–June temperatures would happen less than once in every 80,000 years.[5]
  • The fire season in Sakha (Siberia) was unprecedented in the 20-year MODIS record in terms of an earlier start and northern extent, with some fires burning only about 11 km from the Chukchi Sea.Шаблон:Sfn From March through June, the burned area was greater than 2.9 times the 20-year mean.Шаблон:Sfn
  • End-of-winter Arctic sea ice extent was the 11th lowest, and the end-of-summer extent the second-lowest, in the 1979-2020 satellite record.Шаблон:Sfn
  • April 2020 Northern Hemisphere sea ice volume was approximately 1,000 km3 below the 2010-2019 average, and October 2020 sea ice volume showed the lowest value in the preceding 10 years because of a second largest summer loss of 15.215 km3.Шаблон:Sfn
Файл:20201211 Billion dollar events related to climate change - U.S. -en.svg
NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) has reported growing numbers of weather and climate-related events costing at least a billion dollars, exceeding the 1980–2019 inflation-adjusted average of 6.6 such events.[7]
  • 6 February: in a 1 July 2021 press release, the World Meteorological Organization officially recognized a new record high temperature for the Antarctic continent of 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) reached on 6 February 2020, exceeding the previous high of 17.5 °C (24 March 2015) for the Antarctic region.[8]
  • First half of 2020: Ember reported that wind and solar's share of global electricity rose to 9.8%, up from 4.6% at the 2015 signing of the Paris Climate Agreement; also in 2020: Germany (42%), UK (33%), EU (21%), Turkey (13%), US (12%), China, India, Japan, Brazil (each 10%), and Russia (0.2%).[9]
  • The September 2020 monthly average Шаблон:CO2 concentration at Mauna Loa station was 411.29 ppm (up from 408.54 ppm in September 2019), and at Cape Grim in Tasmania, 410.8 ppm (up from 408.58 ppm in 2019).[10]
  • Antarctic ice in 2020 was close to or slightly above the 42-year mean.[3]
  • On 16 August, Death Valley reached 54.4 °C (129.9 °F), the highest known temperature in the world in at least the last 80 years.[3]
  • On 4 January, Penrith, New South Wales reached 48.9 °C (120 °F), the highest observed temperature in an Australian metropolitan area.[3]
  • In the Middle East, temperature records were set in Jerusalem (42.7 °C, 108.8 °F), Eilat (48.9 °C, 120 °F), Kuwait Airport (52.1 °C, 125.8 °F) and Baghdad (51.8 °C, 125.2 °F).[3]
  • Ocean heat content (OHC) in the upper 2000 m (6600 ft) reached a record high in 2020 (data collected since 1958), the average annual linear rate increase since 1986 being almost eight times larger than the linear rate from 1958 to 1985.[11]
  • NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) reported (see chart) that in 2020, the U.S. experienced 22 weather and climate-related events costing at least a billion dollars, exceeding the 1980–2019 inflation-adjusted average of 6.6 such events.[7]
  • The U.N.'s 2020 Emissions Gap Report stated that the highest-earning 1% of the global population account for more than twice the combined greenhouse gas emissions of the lowest-earning 50%.Шаблон:Sfn To meet the 1.5 °C goal of the Paris Agreement, the 1 percent would need to reduce their current emissions by at least a factor of 30, while the per capita emissions of the poorest 50 per cent could increase by around three times their current levels.Шаблон:Sfn
  • In April 2021, the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction estimated that in 2020, climate-related disasters were largely responsible for 389 recorded events resulting in 15,080 deaths, 98.4 million people affected, and economic losses of at least US$171.3 billion.[12]
  • Reported September 2021: a record 227 environmental activists were killed throughout the world in 2020, with especially high numbers throughout Latin America and the Amazon, most of those killed being small-scale farmers or indigenous people, most defending forests from extractive industries including logging, agribusiness and mining.[13]
  • 12 April 2022: a study of 2020 storms of at least tropical storm-strength published in Nature Communications concluded that human-induced climate change increased extreme 3-hourly storm rainfall rates by 10%, and extreme 3-day accumulated rainfall amounts by 5%.[14] For hurricane-strength storms, the figures increased to 11% and 8%.[14]

Natural events and phenomena

  • As a direct consequence of the pandemic, an 8% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions was projected for 2020, which would be the largest 1-year decline on record.Шаблон:Sfn However, this reduction was a result of reduced economic activity, not the decarbonization of the economy required to respond to climate change.Шаблон:Sfn
  • The Global Carbon Project estimated that global daily Шаблон:CO2 emissions may have been reduced by 17% during the most intense periods of COVID-19 shutdowns, but the WMO's Greenhouse Gas Bulletin indicated that this short-term impact cannot cause 2020's annual figure to exceed the 1 ppm natural inter-annual variability.[10]
  • By March 2020, "Black Summer" fires burnt almost 19 million hectares (46.95 million acres), destroyed over 3,000 houses, and killed 33 people and more than a billion animals, and is estimated to have had a A$20 billion impact, exceeding the record A$4.4 billion of 2009's Black Saturday fires.[15]
  • A model-based analysis of heat and drought conditions underlying these Australian bushfires found that anthropogenic climate change had caused the probability of extreme heat to increase by at least a factor of two, and the risk of a Fire Weather Index being "severe" or worse to increase by at least 30%.[16]
  • Smoke in the stratosphere from the Australian bushfires induced planetary-scale blocking of solar radiation larger than any previously documented wildfires, with the same order of radiative forcing as produced by moderate volcanic eruptions.[17]

Actions and goal statements

Science and technology

  • In October, MOSAiC, the largest-ever ($177 million) Arctic science expedition, completed a nearly 13-month mission, the research vessel Polarstern having been purposely locked in an Arctic ice floe and collecting more than 150 terabytes of data and 1,000 ice samples.[24]
  • The Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) superconducting fusion device maintained a core condition in eventually generating fusion power, maintaining plasma at an ion temperature exceeding 100 million °C. (180 million °F) for a record 20 seconds.[25]

Political, economic, cultural actions

Файл:2011- Renewable energy capacity - International Energy Agency.svg
Renewable energy capacity additions in 2020 expanded by more than 45% from 2019, including a 90% rise in global wind capacity (green) and a 23% expansion of new solar photovoltaic installations (yellow).[26][27]
  • In February, 17-year-old Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize for a second time, having also received a nomination the preceding year.[28]
  • By April, the COVID-19 pandemic had forced the postponement of the COP26 climate change conference from November 2020 to the following year.[29]
  • In April, Austria and Sweden closed their last coal-fired power plants.Шаблон:Sfn
  • In May, the Energy Information Administration announced that U.S. annual energy consumption from renewable sources exceeded coal consumption for the first time since before 1885.[30]
  • In the first half of 2020, the EU generated 40% of its electricity from renewables, and 34% from fossil fuels.[31]
  • On 14 October, a strategic alliance in Peru announced a climate commitment to make Machu Picchu the first of the New Seven Wonders of the World and the first international tourism destination to obtain carbon neutral certification.[32]
  • After October's Hurricane Delta struck Puerto Morelos, Mexico, an insurance company issued a payout (17 million pesos, or US$850,000) on a policy covering a coral reef.[33] The policy was taken out to cover damages from hurricanes whose severity was expected to increase due to climate change.[33]
  • 4 November 2020 marked the completion of the process by which U.S. President Trump withdrew the country from the Paris climate agreement, the U.S. becoming the only country in the world to do so.[34] President-elect Joe Biden vowed to recommit to the Paris accord on the first day of his presidency.[34]
  • On 27 November, Tasmanian minister for energy Guy Barnett announced that the Australian island state had achieved 100% self-sufficiency in renewable energy.[35]
Файл:20210125 Europe Power Sector - Renewables vs Fossil Fuels - Climate change.svg
In 2020, renewables overtook fossil fuels as the European Union's main source of electricity for the first time.[36]
  • On 3 December, the Danish government voted to immediately end new oil and gas exploration in the Danish North Sea as part of a plan to phase out fossil fuel extraction by 2050, guaranteeing an end to Denmark's fossil fuel production.[37] Denmark's vote followed similar actions by France (2017) and New Zealand (2018).[37]
  • 12 December 2020 was the fifth anniversary of the 2015 Paris Agreement; countries review and update their national commitments every 5 years.Шаблон:Sfn
  • In December, the Net Zero Asset Managers initiative—involving 30 fund management companies managing $9 trillion—pledged investment portfolios to be carbon-neutral by 2050.[38]
  • 2020 was the first year in which renewables overtook fossil fuels as the European Union's main source of electricity.[36]
  • Corporate declarations to partially or totally divest from fossil fuel companies were made by New York state pension fund ($226 billion), Sweden's pension fund AP2 ($43 billion), all six major U.S. banks (re Arctic drilling), Cambridge University's endowment ($4.5 billion), twelve large cities (totaling $295 billion), the U.K. National Employment Savings Trust (pension fund), Minnesota's pension fund ($4 billion), University of California ($126 billion), Cornell University endowment ($9.6 billion), Oxford University endowment ($3.7 billion), Denmark's ATP pension fund ($133 billion), and BlackRock.[39]

Mitigation goal statements

Шаблон:See also

  • In January, the U.K.'s National Health Service announced its commitment to become the world's first net zero health system.Шаблон:Sfn
  • In September, the government of China said it would achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2060.[40]
  • On 28 October, South Korea president Moon Jae-in declared that the country—with only 6% of its electricity generated by renewables-would go carbon neutral by 2050, following similar declarations in Japan (earlier in the week) and the European Union (2019).[41]
  • Before the November 2020 U.S. presidential election, Joe Biden called climate change an existential threat to health, the economy and national security, proposing to make the U.S. carbon neutral by 2050; incumbent Donald Trump continued to question climate science, actually promoting fossil fuels.[42]
  • A 2 December United Nations report stated that at least 113 nations had pledged carbon neutrality by 2050, and that by early 2021, countries representing more than 65% of global Шаблон:CO2 emissions and more than 70% of the world economy, will have made ambitious commitments to carbon neutrality; and that 186 parties to the Paris Agreement had already developed NDCs.[43]
  • On 4 December, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced a target to reduce the UK's greenhouse gas emissions by 68% (previously 53%) by 2030 compared to 1990 levels, the government announcement saying the target "commits the UK to cutting emissions at the fastest rate of any major economy so far".[44]
  • On 11 December, EU leaders agreed to reduce greenhouse gases by 55% by 2030 (measured against 1990 Шаблон:CO2 emission levels); the European Parliament had called for a 60% cut, and Greenpeace and Global 2000, 65%.[31]
  • On 12 December, UN secretary general António Guterres told world leaders at the Climate Ambition Summit that they should all declare a state of climate emergency until the world reaches net-zero Шаблон:CO2 emissions (only about 38 had already made such declarations).[45] Guterres noted that G20 countries were spending 50% more in their COVID-19 stimulus packages on fossil fuels and Шаблон:CO2-intensive sectors than they were on low-Шаблон:CO2 energy.[45]
  • At the 12 December Climate Ambition Summit, China's leader Xi Jinping said that by 2030, China would reduce its carbon intensity by over 65 percent.[40]

Adaptation goal statements

  • At least 51 countries had developed plans for national health system adaptation planning.Шаблон:Sfn However, only 9% of countries reported having the funds to fully implement their plans.Шаблон:Sfn
  • May 2021: A Carbon Disclosure Project survey found that in 2020, about 43% of 800 surveyed cities (combined population: 400 million) did not have a climate adaptation plan.[46]

Projections

  • 15 January publication: The World Economic Forum listed top 10 risks over the next 10 years by likelihood (extreme weather as #1, climate action failure as #2, human-made environmental disasters as #5) and by impact (climate action failure as #1, extreme weather as #4, human-made environmental disasters as #9).Шаблон:Sfn
  • 26 May publication: A study published in the PNAS projected that in a business-as-usual scenario, the geographical position of humans' temperature niche will shift more over the next 50 years than it has in the past 6000 years, and that one third of the global population will experience a mean annual temperature currently found in only 0.8% of the Earth's land surface.[47]
  • 22 July publication: A review conducted under the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) projected climate sensitivity—the range of global warming to be expected from a doubling of Шаблон:CO2 concentration—to be 2.6—3.9 °C (4.7—7.0 °F), narrower than longstanding (1979+) estimates of about 1.5—4.5 °C (2.7—8.1 °F).[48]
  • 2 December publication: It was projected that to reach the Paris Climate Accord's 1.5 °C target, the 56 gigatonnes of Шаблон:CO2 equivalent (GtCO2e) emitted in 2020 would need to drop to 25 GtCO2e by 2030, requiring a 7.6% reduction every year—an increase in national government ambition of a factor of five.Шаблон:Sfn
  • 9 December publication: The U.N.'s Emissions Gap[Note 2] Report 2020 stated that, by 2030, annual emissions would need to be 15(range: 12–19) GtCO2e lower than current unconditional NDCs imply for a 2 °C goal, and 32(range: 29–36) GtCO2e lower for the 1.5 °C goal.Шаблон:Sfn Current NDCs were said to "remain seriously inadequate to achieve the climate goals of the Paris Agreement and would lead to a temperature increase of at least 3°C by the end of the century".Шаблон:Sfn

Significant publications

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Organizations

Surveys, summaries, and report lists

Шаблон:Subject bar Шаблон:Climate change Шаблон:Human impact on the environment

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  1. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок NASAvitals_20201231 не указан текст
  2. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок NASAGISS_20210114 не указан текст
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок WMO_20201202 не указан текст
  4. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок NOAA_20210114 не указан текст
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок WMO_20200716 не указан текст
  6. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок WMO_20211214 не указан текст
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок NCEI_thru202009 не указан текст
  8. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок WMO_20210701 не указан текст
  9. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Ember_20200813 не указан текст
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок WMO_20201123 не указан текст
  11. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Cheng_2021 не указан текст
  12. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок UNODRR_20210400 не указан текст
  13. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок InsideClimateNews_20210914 не указан текст
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок NatureComms_20220412 не указан текст
  15. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Filkov_202009 не указан текст
  16. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок vanOldenborgh_20200311 не указан текст
  17. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Khaykin_20200921 не указан текст
  18. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок NEJMwildfires_20201126 не указан текст
  19. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок NOAAhurricane_20201124 не указан текст
  20. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок NatGeo_20201110 не указан текст
  21. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок AmGeophysUnion_20201211 не указан текст
  22. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Reuters_20201218 не указан текст
  23. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Guardian_20210131 не указан текст
  24. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Smithsonian_20201015 не указан текст
  25. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок PhysOrg_20201224 не указан текст
  26. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок IEA_20210511 не указан текст
  27. ↑ Source for data beginning in 2017: Шаблон:Cite web ● Source for data through 2016: Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Reuters_20200226 не указан текст
  29. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок WashPost_20200401 не указан текст
  30. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок EIA_RenewableVsCoal_20200528 не указан текст
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок BBC_20201211 не указан текст
  32. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок UNWTO_2020 не указан текст
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок NYTimes_InsuredReef_20201205 не указан текст
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Vox_20201106 не указан текст
  35. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Barnett_20201127 не указан текст
  36. ↑ 36,0 36,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок EmberEUpower_20210125 не указан текст
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Guardian_20201204 не указан текст
  38. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Bloomberg_20201216 не указан текст
  39. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок MSNBC_20210111 не указан текст
  40. ↑ 40,0 40,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок NYTimes_20201212 не указан текст
  41. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Guardian_20201028 не указан текст
  42. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок NPR_Biden_Trump_20201022 не указан текст
  43. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок UN_20201202 не указан текст
  44. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок UKgovt_20201203 не указан текст
  45. ↑ 45,0 45,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Guardian_20201212 не указан текст
  46. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Guardian_20210512 не указан текст
  47. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок PNAS_20200526 не указан текст
  48. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Sherwood_Sensitivity_2020 не указан текст


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