Английская Википедия:2020s controversies around critical race theory

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Anti-critical race theory education across the U.S. as of 2022
State laws restricting race education in the United States as of July 2022Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend

Since 2020, efforts have been made by conservatives and others to challenge critical race theory (CRT) being taught in schools in the United States.

Following the 2020 protests of the murders of Ahmaud Arbery and George Floyd as well as the killing of Breonna Taylor, school districts began to introduce additional curricula and create diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI)-positions to address "disparities stemming from race, economics, disabilities and other factors."Шаблон:Sfnp These measures were met with criticism from conservatives, particularly those in the Republican Party. Critics have described these criticisms to be part of a cycle of backlash against what they view as progress toward racial equality and equity.Шаблон:Sfnp

Outspoken critics of critical race theory include former U.S. president Donald Trump, conservative activist Christopher Rufo, various Republican officials, and conservative commentators on Fox News and right-wing talk radio shows.[1] Movements have arisen from the controversy; in particular, the No Left Turn in Education movement, which has been described as one of the largest groups targeting school boards regarding critical race theory. In response to the unfounded assertion that CRT was being taught in public schools, dozens of states have introduced bills that limit what schools can teach regarding race, American history, politics, and gender.Шаблон:Sfnp

Background

Critical race theory (CRT) is a cross-disciplinary intellectual and social movement of civil-rights scholars and activists who seek to examine the intersection of race, society, and law in the United States and to challenge mainstream American liberal approaches to racial justice.Шаблон:Efn Conservative activism and efforts to censor curricula has resulted in the introduction of legislation banning the teaching of critical race theory in schools in many states across the United States.[2]

United States

In the run-up to and aftermath of the 2020 U.S. presidential election, opposition to CRT was adopted as a campaign theme by president Donald Trump and various conservative commentators on Fox News and right-wing talk radio shows.[3] In an interview on Fox in September 2020, Conservative activist Christopher Rufo strongly denounced critical race theory.[4] After appearing on Fox,Шаблон:Sfnp Rufo was invited to a series of meetings with Trump. Trump then publicly denounced critical race theory in a speech on September 17, 2020, and announced the formation of the 1776 Commission to promote "patriotic education".[5] Trump also issued an executive order directing agencies of the U.S. federal government to cancel funding for programs that mention "white privilege" or "critical race theory", on the basis that it constituted "divisive, un-American propaganda" and that it was "racist".[6][7]Шаблон:EfnШаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn The most outspoken critics of CRT include Trump, Rufo, and Republican Party officials.[8]Шаблон:Who According to The Washington Post, CRT became a "flash point" in the culture wars in the United States, and is used as "a catchall phrase for nearly any examination of systemic racism" by conservative lawmakers and activists.Шаблон:Sfnp

Elected officials

Trump's messaging during the 2020 U.S. presidential election campaign and its aftermath included strong messaging against critical race theory. In December 2020, Trump appointed former Mississippi Governor Phil Bryant as a member of the 1776 Commission, which would to produce a report in response to The New York TimesШаблон:' 1619 Project.Шаблон:Efn On January 18, 2021, The 1776 Report was submitted in the form of a 41-page "national plan" for a "patriotic education" as a rebuttal to the 1619 Project.[9] The commission also criticized what they alleged as being CRT's theoretical underpinningsШаблон:EmdashItalian Marxist Antonio Gramsci, Herbert Marcuse, and the Frankfurt School, identity politics, and Howard Zinn. In contrast, the Trump White House described The 1776 Report as the "definitive chronicle of the American founding, a powerful description of the effect the principles of the Declaration of Independence have had on this Nation's history, and a dispositive rebuttal of reckless "re-education" attempts that seek to reframe American history around the idea that the United States is not an exceptional country but an evil one."[10] The commission was dissolved on January 21 in an executive order signed by President Joe Biden in his first day in office.Шаблон:Sfnp

Republican senator Tom Cotton introduced an amendment to the 2021 budget reconciliation package that would prohibit the use of federal funds in CRT promotion in Pre-K programs and K-12 schools in August 2021, which passed 50 to 49.Шаблон:Sfnp Cotton's Stop CRT Act was introduced in July 2021. Rufo praised Cotton's actions, saying that the "fight against CRT has gone national" and Cotton was "leading the way."Шаблон:Sfnp Jim Pillen won the Republican primary race for governor in the 2022 Nebraska gubernatorial election with an election campaign based on his opposition to critical race theory as well as his stance against abortion rights.Шаблон:Sfnp Republican candidates Glenn Youngkin and Jason Miyares have also campaigned against CRT.Шаблон:Sfnp On his first day as governor of Virginia, Youngkin signed executive orders barring the teaching of critical race theory in public schools.[11][12]

Advocacy groups

Opposition to what was purported to be critical race theory has been adopted as a major theme by several conservative think tanks and pressure groups, including The Heritage Foundation, the Idaho Freedom Foundation, the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), and organizations funded by the Koch brothers.[13] Rufo, a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute,Шаблон:Sfnp has been one of the most active critics of CRT,Шаблон:Sfnp saying that it is anti-American, poses a "an existential threat to the United States", and had "pervaded every aspect of the federal government".Шаблон:Sfnp In 2021 he wrote on Twitter, "The goal is to have the public read something crazy in the newspaper and immediately think 'critical race theoryШаблон:' "[14] and "We have decodified the term and will recodify it to annex the entire range of cultural constructions that are unpopular with Americans."[15]

The advocacy group No Left Turn in Education has been described by NBC News as "one of the largest groups targeting school boards" regarding critical race theory.Шаблон:Sfnp Media Matters for America has described No Left Turn in Education as one of the "leading groups fearmongering about the teaching of critical race theory in schools". The article said that the group and Elana Yaron Fishbein its founder, frequently "used toxic and bigoted rhetoric on social media and in right-wing media to downplay CRT".Шаблон:Sfnp In his 2022 book, How to Raise an Antiracist, American radical activist Ibram X. Kendi, author of How to Be an Antiracist described how Fishbein created No Left Turn in Education in the summer of 2020. Fishbein had pulled her children out of Gladwyne Elementary School and sent the superintendent of Lower Merion School District (LMSD) an email on June 18, 2020, challenging the LMSD's decision to introduce additional lessons in "cultural proficiency" in the wake of the murder of George Floyd, and that as an unspecified number of non-white students were launching a campaign calling for "antiracist education", Fishbein "rejected the premise of antiracism, CRT, comprehensive sex education (CSE), and climate change".[16] Her movement was relatively small initially, but was really launched when she began to be invited as a guest on the prime time Tucker Carlson show in September 2020.Шаблон:Sfnp Fishbein describes the movement as a grassroots parental organization that uses veteran GOP activists' playbook to enact change on school boards.

Mass media

Conservative commentators on Fox News and right-wing talk radio shows have been strongly critical of CRT.[17] Right-wing media outlets weaponized CRTШаблон:How in advance of the 2021 off-year and 2022 midterm elections.Шаблон:Sfnp Media Matters for America reported that in June 2021, Fox News network mentioned "critical race theory" a record high of 901 times.Шаблон:Sfnp Fox News also promoted No Left Turn in Education.Шаблон:Sfnp

American cultural critic James A. Lindsay, known mainly for his role in the grievance studies affair,Шаблон:Sfnp published Race Marxism: The Truth About Critical Race Theory and Practice in February 2022 in which he criticized critical race theory.Шаблон:Sfnp In his book, he cited numerous extracts from texts on critical race theory as proof of CRT's flaws.Шаблон:Sfnp In February 2021, William A. Jacobson, a conservative blogger and law professor at Cornell University, launched an online database of colleges across the United States teaching what he calls "critical race training", in order to enable parents to avoid those schools.[18]

Public attitudes

The Economist and Reuters have conducted polls on how much the general public understands CRT, a "once-obscure academic concept", and they found that most people are unfamiliar with CRT and misunderstand it.[19] Those who support CRT promote the idea that it is an "intellectual tool set developed by legal scholars for examining systemic racism". CRT originated in legal studies and was intended for legal scholars and academics.Шаблон:Sfnp The Economist, based on YouGov data from 2021, said that 50% of Americans thought they had a "good idea of what critical race theory was and most people thought it was bad for America.Шаблон:Sfnp However, The Economist asserted that "the attitudes and beliefs of 70% of Americans actually "chime" with CRTШаблон:Emdashthat racism is a significant social problem in the United States". The claim that CRT makes is that racism is "woven into the U.S. legal system and ingrained in its primary institutions", according to Reuters.Шаблон:Sfnp Further, according to a survey conducted by The Economist, "a majority" of adult Americans believes that racism exists in the US Congress, in American legal structures, financial institutions, and in organizations and agencies, including the police force.Шаблон:Sfnp

A Reuters 2021 national opinion survey found that 57% of American adults said that they were not familiar with CRT. Of those who did claim they were familiar with CRT claims, Reuters found that follow-up responses to specific questions about CRT tenets, were informed by "misconceptions about critical race theory that have been largely circulating among conservative media outlets".Шаблон:Sfnp When asked true-false questions about CRT history and teachings, only 5% of those who said they were familiar with CRT, could provide the correct answers.Шаблон:Sfnp

Public school boards

Файл:ABSS Board Meeting (2021 Aug 23) - Anti critical race theory protester.jpg
A protester speaks against critical race theory at an Alamance-Burlington School System board meeting in 2021

Republicans focused on banning CRT from being used in public schools across the United States.Шаблон:Sfnp By mid-summer 2021 conservative groups were bringing the battle over CRT to school boards.Шаблон:Sfnp In Texas, Southlake, Tarrant County Carroll High School a group of POC students vied to address alleged racism after reported incidents dating back to at least 2018, and helped form the Southlake Anti-Racism Coalition (SARC). Dissenting parents formed the Southlake Families PAC and fought against them, endorsing a mayoral candidate and candidates for the school board and the city council. The PAC endorsed candidates won with about 70% of the vote.Шаблон:Sfnp When they voted down the "call for cultural awareness into the curriculum", the PAC wrote on Twitter, "Critical Race Theory ain't coming here. This is what happens when good people stand up and say, not in my town, not on my watch." On their website, the PAC wrote: "CRT is a theoretical framework which views society as dominated by white supremacy and categorizes people as 'privileged' or 'oppressed' based on their skin color....It also teaches kids to hate America. Ask yourself who in their right mind would want this taught in public schools?"Шаблон:Sfnp

One of the first suspensions related to critical race theory took place on September 1, 2021, in Colleyville in Tarrant County.Шаблон:Sfnp James Whitfield, who was the high school's first Black principal at Colleyville Heritage High School, was suspended for allegedly promoting CRTШаблон:EmdashWhitfield repeatedly denied the allegation.[20] Parents and dozens of teachers pleaded with the school district's board of trustees to reinstate Whitfield, a popular principal.Шаблон:Sfnp Students held walkouts to support the principal.[21] In the summer of 2020, Whitfield wrote an open letter sharing his concerns over the murders of Ahmaud Arbery and George Floyd, and the killing of Breonna Taylor.Шаблон:Sfnp In response, a former school board candidate, Stetson Clark, spoke up at a July school board meeting and accused Whitfield of promoting CRT. A few people attending the meeting called out, "Fire him."[22]

According to Dallas-based television station WFAA, by February 2022, some Christian pastors were fighting back against what they call the "far-right playbook to take down Texas public schools" saying it is "sheer destructive chaos" that has resulted in an "obscure term called Critical Race Theory...consum[ing] parents who believe it is being taught in Texas classrooms."Шаблон:Sfnp It has also resulted in the resignations of several school district superintendents, including in the Independent school district (ISD)s of Dallas and Fort Worth.Шаблон:Sfnp

On June 16, 2022, ProPublica and Frontline published an article on how a group of vocal and organized anti-CRT white parents in the Cherokee County School District (CCSD) in Georgia had targeted Cecelia Lewis, a Black educator, who had been offered a job in early 2021 as CCSD's first diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI)–focused administrative position. Some of the parents researched and targeted the educator and were successful in making her next job impossible, which led to her resignation.Шаблон:Sfnp

State-level legislation

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In December 2020, the conservative nonprofit organization American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), which works with state legislators to draft and share model acts, facilitated a workshop entitled "Against Critical Theory's Onslaught Reclaiming Education and the American Dream" with Rufo as a featured guest and 31 state legislators in attendance.[23]Шаблон:Efn ALEC provides a forum for collaboration on model bills—helping state legislators draft legislation that other states can also modify and introduce as bills.Шаблон:Sfnp In early 2021, Republican-backed bills were introduced to restrict teaching about race, ethnicity, or slavery in public schools in several states,Шаблон:Sfnp including Idaho, Iowa, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas.Шаблон:Sfnp Several of these bills specifically mention "critical race theory" or single out the 1619 Project. CRT is taught at the university level, and public school teachers do not generally use the phrase "Critical Race Theory" or its legal frameworks.Шаблон:Sfnp[24]

In mid-April 2021, a bill was introduced in the Idaho Legislature that would effectively ban any educational entity from teaching or advocating "sectarianism", including critical race theory or other programs involving social justice.Шаблон:Sfnp On May 4, 2021, the bill was signed into law by Governor Brad Little.Шаблон:Sfnp On June 10, 2021, the Florida Board of Education unanimously voted to ban public schools from teaching critical race theory at the urging of governor Ron DeSantis.Шаблон:Sfnp As of July 2021, 10 U.S. states have introduced bills or taken other steps that would restrict teaching critical race theory, and 26 others were in the process of doing so.[25]Шаблон:Sfnp In June 2021, the American Association of University Professors, the American Historical Association, the Association of American Colleges and Universities, and PEN America released a joint statement stating their opposition to such legislation, and by August 2021, 167 professional organizations had signed onto the statement.[26] In August 2021, the Brookings Institution recorded that eight statesШаблон:EmdashIdaho, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Iowa, New Hampshire, Arizona, and South CarolinaШаблон:Emdashhad passed regulation on the issue, though also noted that none of the bills that passed, with the exception of Idaho's, actually contained the words "critical race theory". Brookings also noted that these laws often extend beyond race to discussions of gender.Шаблон:Sfnp

Timothy D. Snyder, historian and professor at Yale University, has called these new state laws memory laws — "government actions designed to guide public interpretation of the past". Early memory laws were intended to protect victim groups, such as from revisionism attempts by holocaust deniers, but most recently have been used by Russia to protect "the feelings of the powerful", then by Donald Trump's 1776 Report in January 2021, followed by Republican-led legislatures submitting these bills. Snyder called the Idaho version "Kafkaesque in its censorship: It affirms freedom of speech and then bans divisive speech."[27]

From January 2021 through February 2022, 35 states had introduced 137 bills that limit what "schools can teach with regard to race, American history, politics, sexual orientation and gender identity".Шаблон:Sfnp PEN America, an American nonprofit association of writers "dedicated to free speech" that is affiliated with the International Freedom of Expression Exchange has been monitoring this legislation.[28] Jeffrey Sachs, who is tracking the legislation, said that the "recent flurry" of bills means that the classroom has become a "minefield" for educators who want to teach "slavery, Jim Crow laws or the Holocaust".Шаблон:Sfnp An April 2022 article in Education Week said that 42 states had either introduced legislation or "taken other steps" to restrict "teaching critical race theory" and, "more broadly, limit how teachers can discuss racism and sexism in class."Шаблон:Sfnp

The first state to ban CRT was Idaho when a bill was introduced in mid-April 2021,Шаблон:Sfnp and signed by Governor Brad Little on May 4.Шаблон:Sfnp By May 2021, multiple state legislatures introduced bills restricting the teaching of critical race theory (CRT) in public schools.Шаблон:Sfnp Bills were passed in 14 states, all of which had both Republican-majority legislatures and Republican governors.[29] Several of these bills specifically mention "critical race theory" or single out the New York TimesШаблон:' 1619 Project.Шаблон:Sfnp

The Texas state legislature, which is predominantly Republican, banned teachers from using the 1619 Project as part of coursework.Шаблон:Sfnp The 1619 Project revisits the role of African Americans in American history by reframing the consequences of slavery in the United States. Texas House Bill 3979 which was authored by Senator Bryan Hughes (R-Mineola) and others, became law in December 2021 limiting the way in which Texas schools can teach about race and racism, as well as other issues.Шаблон:Sfnp Under Bill 3979, this bill declares that teachers should avoid teaching the following concepts "(1) one race or sex is inherently superior to the other; (2) an individual is inherently racist, sexist or oppressive because of their own race or sex; (3) an individual should be treated unfairly because their race or sex; (4) members of certain groups should not disrespect individuals on the basis of race, sex, or religion; (5) an individual's morality is based on their race or sex; (6) an individual bears responsibility for actions committed in the past by people of the same race or sex; (7) an individual should be ashamed or guilty because of their race or sex; (8) meritocracy is racist or sexist."Шаблон:Sfnp As well, teachers no longer have any obligation to undertake any training on how to deal with racism in the classroom.Шаблон:Sfnp The list is based on the "divisive concepts" listed in Trump's September 28, 2020, executive order,Шаблон:Sfnp

On June 10, 2021, the Florida Board of Education banned CRT out of concerns that the concept of racism embedded in CRT is one that continues to uphold white supremacy in American society and its legal systems.Шаблон:VagueШаблон:Sfnp The board's vote, which was encouraged by governor Ron DeSantis, was unanimous.Шаблон:Sfnp

In April 2022, when Republican Governor Brian Kemp signed bills banning CRT, he said that the state was protecting parents' fundamental rights to direct their children's education by preventing classrooms in Georgia from becoming "pawns to those who indoctrinate our kids with their partisan political agendas."Шаблон:Sfnp

A number of state laws to ban CRT from being taught in state public schools, did not include the words "critical race theory," with the exception of the laws passed in Idaho, according to a July 2, 2021, Brookings Institution article.Шаблон:Sfnp

Religious organizations

Шаблон:Further Discourse around CRT has been divisive for many churches.Шаблон:Which[30][31][32]

The Southern Baptist Convention in a 2019 resolution stated that "[c]ritical race theory and intersectionality [...] can aid in evaluating a variety of human experiences".[33]Шаблон:Sfnp[34] In 2020 six SBC presidents declared critical race theory to be 'incompatible' with SBC's statement of faith.[35][36][37][34][38][32][39] Consequently, several pastors have left the SBC.[40][41][42]

In November 2020, student leaders of Cru, a student Christian organization, wrote a letter to Cru's president[43] associating CRT with "unbiblical ideas that have led us to disunity".[42]

In an American Association of Christian Counselors talk in 2021 entitled "The Five Greatest Global Epidemics", evangelist Josh McDowell cited critical race theory as the first epidemic while stating that he did not "believe Blacks, African Americans, and many other minorities have equal opportunity". He later apologized to minority families for his comments.[43]

Other countries

In countries outside of the United States, the teaching of critical race theory and white privilege has also been controversial.

Australia

In Australia, the conservative Coalition government supported a Senate motion by Pauline Hanson to ban the teaching of critical race theory in the Australian National Curriculum.Шаблон:Sfnp The Senate motion occurred during a review of the Australian National Curriculum. The motion did not recognize that the curriculum document did not have a reference to Critical Race Theory. Such a pre-emptive move has been linked to transnational culture wars between the UK, US and Australia.Шаблон:Sfnp

In June 2021, following media reports that the proposed national curriculum was "preoccupied with the oppression, discrimination and struggles of Indigenous Australians", the Australian Senate approved a motion tabled by right-wing senator Pauline Hanson calling on the federal government to reject CRT, despite it not being included in the curriculum.[44] Despite this, CRT is gaining increasing popularity in Australian academic circles, to investigate Indigenous issues/studies,[45] Islamophobia[46] and Black Africans' experiences.[47]

France

In January 2022, the French minister of education Jean-Michel Blanquer called for "combat against an intellectual frame originating from American universities [...] which seeks to essentialise communities and identities, which is something that goes against to our republican model".[48]

The Netherlands

Шаблон:Primary sources section

In 2021 there were 34 ministers out of the 150 member house of representatives who were in favor of removing critical race theory from the curriculum.[49] Representative Caroline van der Plas said in a debate on 25 January 2023:[50]

Шаблон:Blockquote

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, educators were warned that teachers teaching white privilege would be breaking the law.Шаблон:Sfnp Conservatives within the UK government began to criticize CRT in late 2020.[51] Equalities Minister Kemi Badenoch, who is of Nigerian descent, said during a parliamentary debate to mark Black History Month, "We do not want to see teachers teaching their pupils about white privilege and inherited racial guilt [...] Any school which teaches these elements of critical race theory, or which promotes partisan political views such as defunding the police without offering a balanced treatment of opposing views, is breaking the law."Шаблон:R

In an open letter, 101 writers of the Black Writers' Guild denounced Badenoch for remarks about popular anti-racism books such as White Fragility and Why I'm No Longer Talking to White People About Race, made in an interview in The Spectator, in which she said, "many of these booksШаблон:Emdashand, in fact, some of the authors and proponents of critical race theoryШаблон:Emdashactually want a segregated society".[52]

Anti-CRT group Color Us United promised to "battle" The Salvation Army due to the latter's guidance pamphlet titled "Let's Talk About Racism".[53]Шаблон:Better source needed

In September 2023, an Employment Tribunal ruled that opposition to critical race theory, with support for the attitude of Martin Luther King towards race, was a philosophical belief protected under the Equality Act 2010.[54][55]

See also

Notes

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References

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Works cited

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