Английская Википедия:2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox eruption An eruption at the Cumbre Vieja volcanic ridge, comprising the southern half of the Spanish island of La Palma in the Canary Islands, took place between 19 September and 13 December 2021.[1] It was the first volcanic eruption on the island since the eruption of Teneguía in 1971.[2] At 85 days, it is the longest known and the most damaging volcanic eruption on La Palma since records began.[3][4][5] The total damage caused by the volcano amounts up to 843 million euros.[6]
The lava flow covered over 1000 hectares, prompting the evacuation of around 7,000 people. The lava flow was about Шаблон:Convert wide at its widest point, about Шаблон:Convert long and reached the sea, destroying more than 3,000 buildings, cutting the coastal highway and forming a new peninsula.[7][8] The town of Todoque, including its easternmost neighbourhood Los Campitos, was completely destroyed by lava, which also reached La Laguna (a town within the municipality of Los Llanos de Aridane).[9][10] One death has been linked to the volcano but the cause has yet to be determined.[11]
Previous eruptions
The Cabeza de Vaca area is northwest of the two 1949 eruptive centers, San Juan and Duraznero. During the 1949 eruption, fault displacements also had westward components with movement down the volcano's flanks.[12]
The last subaerial eruption in Spain, also on La Palma, was the 1971 Teneguía eruption, which asphyxiated a nearby photographer with its fumes.[13] The eruption also caused some property damage to roads, crops, and homes.[14] The last eruption of any kind in the Canaries was the 2011–2012 eruption of El Hierro,[15] a submarine volcano.[16]
Earthquake swarm before eruption
An earthquake swarm started under Cumbre Vieja on 11 September 2021. It slowly migrated to the surface, with earthquakes of up to around mbLg magnitude 3.5,[17][18] and more than 22,000 earthquakes were recorded in the space of a week.[19] A yellow warning of potential volcanic activity was issued on 13 September, covering 35,000 people in the municipalities of Los Llanos de Aridane, Fuencaliente, El Paso and Villa de Mazo.[20] At least 40 individuals and some livestock on La Palma were evacuated by authorities due to this warning,[21] although no complete evacuation of the vicinity around the volcano had been declared.[21]
Eruption
The eruption began at 14:13 local time (14:13 UTC) on 19 September 2021 in a forested area[16][22] called "Cabeza de Vaca",[19] of Montaña Rajada, in the Las Manchas section of the municipality of El Paso.[20][23]
Around 300 people from the local area were evacuated shortly after the eruption,[24] and then a further 700 people (including 500 tourists) were evacuated from the Los Llanos de Aridane coastal region in case the lava flowed to the sea and cut off the main access roads.[25] The total number of evacuees is now estimated to be 5,000 [26] to 10,000.[16][27] The alert level was raised to its highest level—red—due to the eruption.[26]
The eruption took place from at least five main vents.[28]
On the fourth day, according to the Volcanological Institute of the Canary Islands, the volcano entered a more explosive phase, expelling less volcanic gas.[29]
For its first two months, the eruption was assigned a rating on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of VEI 2 (on a scale of 8). On 20 November 2021, the scientific committee of the Canary Islands Volcanic Emergency Plan (Pevolca) raised the rating from VEI 2 to VEI 3. Though in modern eruptions where it can be measured, eruption column height is often seen as a more accurate measure, in this case the change was based on the 10 million cubic metres of ejected material measure alone. The VEI rating was increased despite no change in the eruptive mechanism or explosiveness.[30]
Lava flows and earthquakes
September
On the afternoon of 19 September, the Emergency Committee of the General Hospital of La Palma suspended all non-urgent surgeries, outpatient consultations and patient visits, with exceptions in the latter case, as a preventive measure to guarantee the hospital's capacity to attend in the event that it was required due to the eruption.[31] The hospital resumed normal operations the following day.[32]
On the morning of 20 September, the Canarian Ministry of Education ordered the suspension of all classes in the schools of the nearby municipalities of El Paso, Los Llanos de Aridane and Tazacorte.[33] That same morning, direct flights to the island of La Gomera were suspended, but were restored a few hours later. The day before, the public company in charge of civil air navigation and civil airports in Spain, ENAIRE, together with Eurocontrol, activated the action procedure for volcanic ash, but assured the public that air traffic over the Canary Islands was not affected.[34]
On 20 September, around two hundred houses have been destroyed by the flow, according to local authorities. No casualties were reported and flights continued into the islands.[16][35][36]
In the early afternoon of 21 September, the lava reached the neighborhood of Todoque, in the municipality of Los Llanos de Aridane, with 1,200 inhabitants. At the end of that day, 185 buildings were destroyed, 400 hectares of arable land were burnt and 5,500 people were evacuated.[37] Los Campitos public school in Los Llanos de Aridane is among those affected, which was destroyed on Monday 20 September.[38]
On 24 September, the eruptive activity intensified, with further ash and volcanic material falling greater distances, forcing firefighters to withdraw from the neighbourhood of Todoque. Two new vents had opened in the side of the main cone, outpouring lava. Authorities extended the exclusion zone and ordered the evacuation of the neighbourhoods of Tajuya, Tacande de Abajo and Tacande de Arriba in the afternoon. Several civilian airlines suspended flights to the island due to the ash cloud.[39][40]
On 25 September, Aena, the operator of the La Palma Airport, suspended all flights due to ash accumulation with cleaning tasks underway. On the same day, a part of the volcano's principal cone collapsed and a new emissive vent opened to the west of the principal cone (or possibly a previous one that had reopened). The new lava flow followed the previous path, although slightly widening in area.[41][42]
On 26 September, the previously stalled lava flows started again to advance towards the coast, destroying the Todoque neighbourhood church of Saint Pius X and advancing to the sea at a speed of 100 to 200 metres (330 to 660 feet) per hour, mostly on top of the older flow. Meanwhile, the volcano seemed to have entered a more stabilised period after the previous days of more explosive eruptions with a slight fall in seismic activity that took place at deeper depths than before, according to IGN.[43][44]
On 28 September, at around 23:02 local time (22:02 UTC), the lava flow reached the sea at the Beach of Los Guirres, also called New Beach, of the municipality of Tazacorte. The heating of the seawater to a high temperature might produce laze containing emissions of sulfuric, hydrochloric, and hydrofluoric acid into the air.[45] Traces of sulphur dioxide emissions from the volcano had been detected in the upper stratosphere as far north as Scandinavia, but the actual impacts of the SO2 emissions on the weather and air quality were said to be globally negligible so far, mostly due to the emitted amounts and their altitude.[46] Earlier on that day, Spain's government classified the island of La Palma as a disaster zone, due to the steadily increasing property and economic damage caused by the eruption, a move that will trigger emergency subsidies and other support measures.[7]
The lava flow into the sea created a new lava delta,[47] or fajana.[48] Шаблон:As of, this was Шаблон:Convert in size and continuing to grow.[47] It was Шаблон:Convert by 2 October. The new land is claimed by the Spanish Government.[48]
October
On 1 October, a new vent opened, the third in addition to the main crater. This emitted two streams of lava that cut the important LP2 highway and threatened more of the populated area of Los Llanos de Aridane.[49] The total amount of lava emitted since the eruption began was by now estimated to be at least 80 million cubic metres.[49]
On 4 October, the main cone of the volcano collapsed, increasing the lava flow.[50]
On 7 October, at 12:17 local time, an earthquake of magnitude 4.3 mbLg was detected on the island at a depth of 35 km. This was the strongest earthquake since the start of the eruption. By the end of the day, the lava had covered 422 hectares of land and the lava delta had grown to cover an area of 38 hectares.[51]
By 8 October, according to the Copernicus Emergency Management Service, the lava flow had affected 497 hectares of land and more than 1100 buildings had been destroyed.[52][53][54]
On 9 October, part of the north face of the volcano collapsed, causing the lava within the crater to spill out. Three new lava streams were formed.[55]
On 10 October, large chunks of red-hot lava the size of three-storey buildings rolled down and one of the new lava streams reached Callejón de la Gata, an industrial area of Los Llanos de Aridane, and destroyed what was left of the town of Todoque.[56][57]
On 11 October, the northern side of the volcanic crater collapsed creating a new lava flow which threatened another urban district known as La Laguna.[58]Шаблон:Full citation needed
By 12 October, the lava flow had covered over 595 hectares. A fire at a cement factory and the risk of lava affecting more factories and warehouses in an industrial area led to the confinement of 3,500 people in El Paso and Los Llanos de Aridane, with the northern lava flow around 300 metres from the sea. A magnitude 4.1 earthquake also occurred at a depth of 11 kilometers.[59]
On 13 October, the strongest earthquake since the start of the earthquake storm was felt across the island, with magnitude 4.4 at a depth of 36 km.[60]
The northern lava flow entered La Laguna on 14 October, destroying a football pitch and a supermarket, as well as other buildings.[61] By 15 October, further evacuations of regions that might be affected by the lava flow meant that nearly 7,000 people had been displaced, and the lava flow covered over 670 hectares.[62]
A magnitude 4.6 earthquake occurred at 4.41am on 16 October, along with a 4.5 earthquake at 6.07am, both at a depth of 37 km below Mazo.[63]
On 17 October, the advance of the lava flows had slowed. There were plans to rescue five dogs who are trapped in a water tank between lava flows, although it was confirmed that one of them had died.[64] The rescue would involve a specialist company, and the use of drones that usually transport cargo to ships in Gibraltar.[65] By the evening, though, the lava flows reactivated, and it was expected that a second one of them will reach the sea shortly. Another earthquake of magnitude 4.6 occurred below Mazo.[66] Meanwhile, 4,500 children went back to school again for the first time in 30 days, despite the volcanic eruption and COVID-19, with students from Los Campitos and Todoque relocated to a building in Los Llanos.[67] The lava flows have also impacted industrial structures such as cement plants, which have also caused gas clouds and explosions, and have affected flights at Tenerife North–Ciudad de La Laguna Airport.[68]
By 19 October, one month after the start of the eruption, the lava had covered Шаблон:Convert of land, almost 30% of which were banana plantations, 1086 land plots, 1692 buildings and Шаблон:Convert of roads.[69]
On 24 October, a magnitude 4.9 earthquake occurred beneath Mazo at 4.34pm.[70] The total extent of the lava flows had by now covered an area of at least seven square kilometres.[58]Шаблон:Full citation needed
On 25 October, the intensity of the earth tremors had increased and the lava flows to date had destroyed over 2,000 buildings.[71]Шаблон:Full citation needed
On 26 October, a magnitude 4.8 earthquake under Mazo was also felt in Tenerife, La Gomera and El Hierro.[72] The upper main part of the volcano also had a partial collapse, with the resulting lava flow following the previous flows into the sea.[73]
Шаблон:As of, the lava that has flowed from the volcano (on 26 October estimated to be 215 million cubic metres) has destroyed or affected over 2,100 buildings, over Шаблон:Convert of roads and covered an area of over Шаблон:Convert, with volcanic ash fall covering over Шаблон:Convert within the limits of the monitored area, according to estimates from visual and radar satellite data by the Copernicus EMS.
On 27 October, the volcano emitted at least 50,000 tons of sulphur dioxide gas.[71]Шаблон:Full citation needed This caused the authorities to advise the public to close the windows of their homes and remain indoors.Шаблон:Citation needed
On 28 October, at least 8 earthquakes over a magnitude 4 were felt in La Palma.[71]Шаблон:Full citation needed
On 29 October, the lava flows had covered a total of around 900 hectares and a total number of 7000 people had been evacuated from the surrounding area.[71]
On 30 October, a magnitude 5 earthquake occurred, again under Mazo.[74] The area covered by lava flows had increased to around 963 hectares.[71]Шаблон:Full citation needed
On 31 October, a second magnitude 5 earthquake occurred and it was reported that more would be expected. The area covered by lava flows had increased to at least 1000 hectares. It was also reported that all hotels, hostels, guest-houses, etc. at La Palma were fully booked on account of the large number of tourists travelling there wanting to see the volcano.[71]Шаблон:Full citation needed
November
On 10 November, a second lava flow reached the sea.[71]Шаблон:Full citation needed[58]Шаблон:Full citation needed
On 14 November, a 72-year-old man died from injuries sustained when the roof of his house collapsed while he was clearing ash off it. His death was the first associated with the eruption.[75]
On 15 November, a third lava flow reached the sea increasing the island area by a further 40 hectares. Volcanic activity had lessened although the local air quality was still serious.[71]Шаблон:Full citation needed
On 20 November, the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) was upgraded from VEI 2 to VEI 3, when the ejected pyroclastic material reached 10 million m³. It was expressly emphasized that the upgrade does not mean an increased risk, since the activity of the volcanic eruption had not increased.[76]
On 25 November, a new fissure opened to the south of the original cone, spewing lava which was less viscous and flowed faster.[77]
On 28 November, at 03:00 local time (02:00 UTC), a new fissure opened at the foot of the northeastern flank of the main cone, spewing lava and pyroclastic ash.[78]
December
On 12 December, the volcanic eruption broke the local record, when it reached 85 days of continuous activity. The eruption is considered to be the longest known eruption of a volcano on La Palma. Previously, the eruption of the Tajuya Volcano in 1585 was the longest at 84 days. No reliable data is available about previous volcanic eruptions.[3][4]
On 13 December, the volcano released large amounts of toxic sulphur dioxide gas. As a result, the authorities ordered 30,000 residents of three municipalities to remain indoors.[79][4] On the same day, the volcanic eruption ceased.[80][81][82][83]
On 25 December, the eruption was declared to have ended after three months.[84][85]
Map of the affected areas
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Political reactions
Prime Minister of Spain Pedro Sánchez went to the archipelago shortly after the eruption to see the situation on La Palma first-hand, the coordination of the system and the protocols activated, postponing a trip to New York to attend the Seventy-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly.[86]
King Felipe VI called the President of the Canary Islands, Ángel Víctor Torres, on the afternoon of the eruption to inquire about the situation.[86] The following day during the opening ceremony of the university year in Córdoba, the King sent a message of support to "those who are suffering the evacuation of their homes" and thanked the emergency services for their work.[87] A few days later, he, accompanied by Queen Letizia, travelled to the island.[88][89]
On 19 September, the European Union, on request of Spanish General Directorate for Civil Protection and Emergencies (CENEM), activated the Copernicus Emergency Management Service – Mapping to monitor the eruption[52] and the President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen announced via Twitter that "additional support, if necessary," would be made available to the Spanish government.[90]
On 20 September, the Minister of Industry, Trade and Tourism, Reyes Maroto, declared that the eruption on La Palma could be used as a tourist attraction to lure visitors.[91] Her comments caused widespread criticism, because homes, public buildings and businesses began to be destroyed by the lava flows. Later, due to mounting criticism, including from opposition politicians, Reyes Maroto retracted her words.[91]
The Bishop of Tenerife, Bernardo Álvarez Afonso, offered Mass on 22 September at the Sanctuary of Nuestra Señora de las Nieves in La Palma, together with the priests of the island, to pray for the end of the eruption.[92] At the Angelus on Sunday 26 September, Pope Francis expressed his "closeness and solidarity with those affected by the eruption of the volcano on the island of La Palma, in the Canary Islands".[93] The Todoque Church was subsequently destroyed by the lava flow on 26 September.[94]
On 24 September, Prime Minister, Pedro Sánchez announced that at the next meeting of the council of ministers, on 28 September, the island will be declared a disaster area, that the government is preparing a reconstruction plan and a set of immediate measures to provide housing for those families whose homes have been destroyed.[95]
Name
The eruption source is a new vent of the Cumbre Vieja dorsal. Шаблон:As of, the new vent was still officially unnamed. Volcano vents on La Palma have traditionally been either given Guanche names or, more rarely and not in recent times, named after the Saint on whose feast day the eruption began.[97][83][98] An early proposal for a Guanche name for the new vent was Jedey, after a nearby village, but this was not received favourably.[99][97][83] A newer proposal is Tajogaite,[100] after the Guanche name for Montaña Rajada ("Cracked Mountain"), the area directly downhill from the eruption site.[100][97] This name has since gained wider support.[99][97]
See also
References
External links
Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Portal bar
- Current map showing the advance of lava effusions in La Palma eruption (Cabildo de La Palma)
- Current map of carbon monoxide concentrations near Cumbre Vieja.
- Current map of sulfur dioxide concentrations near Cumbre Vieja.
- EMSR546: Volcano eruption in La Palma, Spain (damage grading maps) – Copernicus Emergency Management Service
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ 83,0 83,1 83,2 Michelangelo Criado: ¿Cabeza de Vaca, Jedey o Cumbre Vieja? Cómo se nombra un nuevo volcán. Шаблон:Webarchive El País, 22 September 2021. Retrieved on 29 September 2021.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ 97,0 97,1 97,2 97,3 “La Palma: Wie soll der “neue” Vulkan denn heissen?” Шаблон:Webarchive teneriffa-services.com, 27 September 2021. Partial automatic English translation to be found at “Tajogaite, a name for the La Palma volcano,” Шаблон:Webarchive Digis Mak. Retrieved on 27 September 2021.
- ↑ “Octava erupción en La Palma. Desde que existen registros históricos.” In: Redacción & Agencias, “Cumbre Vieja: ¿por qué erupciona el volcán? ¿Cuánto durará?” Шаблон:Webarchive La Vanguardia, 19/22 September 2021. Retrieved on 29 September 2021.
- ↑ 99,0 99,1 Redacción NIUS: “Cumbre Vieja, Cabeza de Vaca, Jedey o Tajogaite: el volcán de La Palma aún no tiene nombre.” Шаблон:Webarchive NIUS diario, 27 September 2021. Retrieved on 27 September 2021.
- ↑ 100,0 100,1 Roger Frey: “Vulkaninformation Donnerstag Morgen. 23 September, 2021.” Шаблон:Webarchive Idafe Blog. Nachrichten von der Insel La Palma, 23 September 2021. Retrieved on 27 September 2021.
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