Английская Википедия:2022 Angolan general election

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox legislative electionШаблон:Politics of Angola

General elections were held in Angola on 24 August 2022 to elect the President and National Assembly.[1] Incumbent president João Lourenço was eligible for one more term.[2] The MPLA was re-elected with a reduced majority, winning 124 seats with 51% of the vote. The main opposition party, UNITA won 90 seats with 44% of the vote. The Social Renewal Party (PRS), the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) and the Humanist Party of Angola (PHA) each won two seats.[3][4] The elections were the closest in Angolan history between the MPLA and UNITA.[5]

Background

The MPLA has been in power since Angola gained independence in 1975. It had fought a civil war with UNITA until 2002.[5]

The previous elections held in 2017 saw the ruling MPLA win a landslide re-election, obtaining 61% of the vote. Although the party lost 25 seats, the MPLA retained its supermajority in the National Assembly, securing 150 seats. The largest opposition party, UNITA, won only 51 seats but did gain 19 with a 26% vote total. CASA—CE won 16 seats, the PRS won two and the FNLA secured one.[6] Following the election, UNITA accused the ruling party of engaging in electoral fraud and filed a lawsuit. However, the constitutional court dismissed UNITA's case at appeal.[7] The long-serving head of state, José Eduardo dos Santos, did not seek re-election to the presidency and was succeeded by defence minister João Lourenço.[8]

The election date was announced on 6 April 2022.[9]

Electoral system

The 220 members of the National Assembly are elected by two methods: 90 are elected in 18 five-seat constituencies, using the d'Hondt method, while the remaining 130 are selected by proportional representation using closed lists, allocated proportionally to the nationwide results.[10][11] Voters must be at least 18 years old and not have an undischarged bankruptcy, criminal conviction, dual citizenship or have been declared insane. Candidates must be at least 35 years old.[10]

Each party nominates a candidate for President of Angola, who is both head of state and head of government, as the first entry on their list. The president is elected by double simultaneous vote – each vote for a party is automatically a vote for their nominee as president, who must be clearly stated on the ballot paper. The presidential candidate of the party receiving the most votes (first-past-the-post) is elected president, for the same term as the assembly. The president may serve a maximum of two terms in accordance with the 2010 constitution.[12][13]

Conduct

Polling stations opened at 7 am and closed at 5 pm local time.[14][15] Local observers have said the election was free. Observers from the Southern African Development Community (SADC) said that the vote was peaceful, but noted a lack of local observers. The observer mission of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries did not initially assess the vote as fair and free, as they claim some candidates were given more air times, party delegates did not have access to the roll at polling stations and around 2.7 million deceased were included in the roll. A European Union spokesperson stated the election was conducted peacefully, but they were aware of complaints on some shortcomings.[16] Regional and international election monitors that were led by the African Union have declared the election process was done in an adequate manner.[17]

Parties

Eight parties were on the ballot in the elections:[18][19][20][21]

Party/Coalition Candidate 2017 result
Votes (%) Seats
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| MPLA People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola
Шаблон:Small 		João Lourenço 61.1% Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| UNITA National Union for the Total Independence of Angola
Шаблон:Small 		Adalberto Costa Júnior 26.7% Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| CASA–CE Broad Convergence for the Salvation of Angola – Electoral Coalition
Шаблон:Small 		Manuel Fernandes 9.5% Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| PRS Social Renewal Party
Шаблон:Small 		Benedito Daniel 1.4% Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| FNLA National Liberation Front of Angola
Шаблон:Small 		Ngola Kabangu 0.9% Шаблон:Composition bar
APN National Patriotic Alliance
Шаблон:Small 		Quintino Moreira 0.5% Шаблон:Composition bar
style="background:Шаблон:Party colour;"| P-NJANGO Nationalist Party for Justice in Angola
Шаблон:Small 		Eduardo Chingunji Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| PHA Humanist Party of Angola
Шаблон:Small 		Florbela Malaquias Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A

Campaign

On 5 October, the main opposition parties of Angola announced that they were forming a coalition named United Patriotic Front. Adalberto Costa Júnior of UNITA was nominated as FPU's candidate to challenge president João Lourenço in the August 2022 vote, group spokesman Amandio Capoco confirmed in Luanda.[22] Capoco described the alliance as "an alliance of Angolans eager for change".[23] Adalberto Costa Júnior responded by announcing that he is ready to challenge João Lourenço, "our homeland is crying out for change", describing a country "stricken by despair and by impoverishment".[24]

The campaign was also overshadowed by the death of former president José Eduardo dos Santos on 8 July 2022.[25] There was an ongoing feud between the dos Santos family and incumbent president João Lourenço, in which the family accused the president of persecution and demanded a pardon for several of dos Santos children in order for the body of José Eduardo dos Santos to return to Angola for burial.[26] As part of his anti-corruption campaign, some of the ex-presidents' supporters and members of his family have been sent to prison.[5]

Campaign issues included high levels of poverty and unemployment.[27] The country's oil wealth remains mostly in the hands of a few MPLA officials.[16] UNITA's candidate Costa Junior was popular among the youth, many of whom are unemployed.[28]

Party slogans

Party or alliance Original slogan English translation Refs
width="1" bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| MPLA « A força do Povo » "The strength of the people" [29]
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| UNITA « A hora é Agora » "The time is now" [30]
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| CASA–CE « Por Angola e pelos Angolanos » "For Angola and the Angolans" [31]
bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"| PRS « Confiante para governar Angola » "Confident to govern Angola" [32]
APN « Quintino de Moreira, o candidato certo » "Quintino de Moreira, the right candidate" [33]
style="background:Шаблон:Party colour;"| P-NJANGO « O garante de uma nação justa » "The guarantor of a just nation" [34]
PHA « Humanizar Angola » "Humanize Angola" [35]

Opinion polls

Graphical summary

Шаблон:Graph:Chart

Polling

Шаблон:Mw-datatable

Polling firm Fieldwork date Sample size MPLA UNITA Шаблон:Nowrap PRS FNLA PRA JÁ BD Шаблон:Abbr Lead
class="sortable" style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| class="sortable" style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| class="sortable" style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| class="sortable" style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| class="sortable" style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"|
2022 general election 24 August 2022 Шаблон:N/A 51.2
Шаблон:Font 		44.0
Шаблон:Font 		0.8
Шаблон:Font 		1.1
Шаблон:Font 		1.1
Шаблон:Font 		Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 1.8
Шаблон:Font 		style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 7.2
Sigma Dos 30 Jul–20 Aug 2022 6,967 53.6
Шаблон:Font 		42.4
Шаблон:Font 		1.7
Шаблон:Font 		0.5
Шаблон:Font 		0.3
Шаблон:Font 		Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 1.5
Шаблон:Font 		style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" |11.2
AngoBarómetro 9–15 Aug 2022 4,198 30.4 56.3 6.0 4.0 1.1 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 2.2 style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" |25.9
MovimentoCívicoMudeiШаблон:Efn 11 August 2022 987 27.9 54.1 7.9 2.9 2.6 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 4.6 style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" |26.2
Angopolls 15–22 Jul 2022 1,085 59.0 33.0 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 8.0 style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" |26.0
POB Brasil 16–21 Jul 2022 1,500 62.0 33.0 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 5.0 style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" |29.0
MovimentoCívicoMudeiШаблон:Efn 5–17 Jul 2022 907 29.8 53.7 7.6 4.1 2.2 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 2.6 style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" |23.9
AngoBarómetro 11–16 Jul 2022 1,460 34.6 53.8 5.2 3.9 1.4 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 1.2 style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" |19.2
AngoBarómetro 15–24 Jun 2022 1,302 31.6 51.2 6.6 5.8 2.1 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 2.7 style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" |19.6
MovimentoCívicoMudei Jun 2022 934 33.2 54.0 5.6 3.8 2.6 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0.8 style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" |20.8
MovimentoCívicoMudei May 2022 884 33.8 53.7 7.4 3.0 1.5 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0.6 style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" |19.9
MovimentoCívicoMudei 9–11 Apr 2022 884 31.5 54.5 6.7 3.7 1.2 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 2.4 style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" |23.0
MovimentoCívicoMudei 11–15 Mar 2022 775 29.6 59.2 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 11.7 style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" |29.6
Afrobarometer 9 Feb–8 Mar 2022 1,200 29 22 1 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 48Шаблон:Efn style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" |7
AngoBarómetro 29 Jan–7 Feb 2022 4,138 28.4 60.0 2.3 4.6 1.2 Шаблон:N/A 3.5 Шаблон:N/A style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" |31.6
AngoBarómetro 20–23 Nov 2021 1,095 30.14 53.42 1.37 4.11 Шаблон:N/A 2.74 8.22 Шаблон:N/A style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" |23.3
AngoBarómetro 1–9 Aug 2021 1,632 35.2 58.2 3.6 3.1 0.0 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" |23.0
AngoBarómetro Feb 2021 1,050 37.7 58.9 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 3.4 style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" |21.2
Afrobarometer 2019 1,200 38 13 2 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 47Шаблон:Efn style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;" |25
2017 general election 23 August 2017 Шаблон:N/A 61.1
Шаблон:Font 		26.7
Шаблон:Font 		9.5
Шаблон:Font 		1.3
Шаблон:Font 		0.9
Шаблон:Font 		Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 0.5
Шаблон:Font 		style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 34.4

Results

The MPLA received 51% of the vote, and UNITA 44%. No other party received more than 1.2%. All 90 constituency seats went to the two largest parties, with the MPLA winning 57, mostly in the central and south regions, while UNITA won 33, being strongest in the north-west. Of the nationwide seats, MPLA won 67 and UNITA 57, while the PRS, FNLA and PHA won two seats each. The vote for CASA-CE collapsed; having received 9% of the vote in the previous elections in 2017, they received just 0.8% and lost all 16 of the seats they previously held.[36]

Шаблон:Election results

By constituency

Constituency % S % S % S % S % S Total
s
MPLA UNITA PRS FNLA PHA
Bengo style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 55.4 3 39.2 2 0.8 - 1.7 - 1.0 - 5
Benguela style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 54.4 3 42.3 2 0.6 - 0.6 - 1.0 - 5
Bié style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 60.5 3 35.3 2 0.9 - 0.8 - 1.2 - 5
Cabinda 26.4 1 style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 68.6 4 1.1 - 1.0 - 0.9 - 5
Cuando Cubango style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 69.1 4 26.7 1 0.9 - 0.7 - 0.9 - 5
Cuanza Norte style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 60.7 3 32.5 2 1.2 - 1.7 - 1.3 - 5
Cuanza Sul style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 68.0 4 27.2 1 0.9 - 1.0 - 1.4 - 5
Cunene style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 82.9 5 14.4 - 0.6 - 0.5 - 0.7 - 5
Huambo style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 56.9 3 39.0 2 0.9 - 0.7 - 0.9 - 5
Huíla style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 69.2 4 27.2 1 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.9 - 5
Luanda 33.3 2 style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 62.6 3 0.5 - 0.9 - 1.0 - 5
Lunda Norte style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 56.3 3 33.6 2 5.5 - 1.3 - 0.9 - 5
Lunda Sul style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 52.5 3 34.4 2 10.6 - 0.6 - 0.6 - 5
Malanje style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 61.2 3 32.9 2 1.4 - 1.0 - 1.3 - 5
Moxico style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 68.0 4 26.6 1 2.0 - 1.0 - 0.8 - 5
Namibe style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 65.6 4 30.7 1 0.7 - 0.6 - 0.7 - 5
Uíge style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 57.6 3 35.3 2 1.4 - 1.9 - 1.3 - 5
Zaire 36.3 2 style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 52.1 3 0.8 - 7.3 - 1.0 - 5
Emigration style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 50.5 - 46.8 - 0.2 - 0.6 - 0.8 - -
Nationwide 67 57 2 2 2 130
Total style="background:Шаблон:Party color; color:white;"| 51.2 124 44.0 90 1.1 2 1.1 2 1.0 2 220
Source: National Electoral Commission[36]

Reactions

The United States urged all parties to express themselves peacefully and resolve grievances in accordance with the law.[16]

The European Union said stakeholders should use legal remedies to address their concerns and called on the authorities to respond to them fairly and transparently.[16]

The Portuguese Communist Party congratulated the MPLA on the victory and stated that they have the minimum support needed to govern. They warned of "interference operations from Portugal".[37]

The Left Bloc in Portugal considered the results to be a serious warning to the MPLA regime, despite obtaining the majority.[37]

Chega considered the elections a wasted opportunity for change and condemned the MPLA-led government for not alleviating poverty, corruption, and for the slow rates of development in Angola. They have also criticised the presence of Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa at ex-president Santos' funeral.[37]

Namibian president and SADC chair Hage Geingob congratulated president Lorenço and the MPLA on their re-election. Geingob praised the electoral process as peaceful and "consistent with the revised SADC principles and guidelines governing democratic elections and the relevant laws of Angola".[38]

Aftermath

UNITA rejected the results and stated it would challenge them. The party complained about a lack of transparency and results not matching their own tallies.[39][16] In Angola, election results can be disputed by lodging a complaint with the National Electoral Commission, and if rejected, they can then be brought to the Constitutional Court which must rule within 72 hours.[16]

Lourenço pledged to continue with reforms, including privatising state assets and stopping corruption after investigating the Dos Santos family.[16] He also promised to diversify the economy, create more jobs, modernize education and expand the healthcare system. He says that MPLA won legitimately and that the election was free, fair and transparent.[40]

Several vehicles were set on fire and ten people injured when MPLA supporters attacked a UNITA office on 3 September 2022.[41]

After the Constitutional Court rejected the appeal of the results, UNITA called for public protests against the MPLA.[42]

Notes

Шаблон:Notes

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Angolan elections

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Electoral system Шаблон:Webarchive IPU
  11. ↑ Lei Orgânica sobre as Eleições Gerais n.º 36/11, de 21 de Dezembro Шаблон:Webarchive CNE
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 16,4 16,5 16,6 Шаблон:Cite news
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  36. ↑ 36,0 36,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок results не указан текст
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 37,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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