Английская Википедия:2023 Canadian wildfires
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use Canadian EnglishШаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox wildfire
Beginning in March 2023, and with increased intensity starting in June, Canada has been affected by an ongoing, record-setting series of wildfires. All 13 provinces and territories have been affected, with large fires in Alberta, British Columbia, the Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec. The 2023 wildfire season has seen the most area burned in Canada's recorded history, surpassing the 1989, 1995, and 2014 fire seasons,[1][2] as well as in recorded North American history, surpassing the 2020 Western US wildfire season.[3][4]
As of October 6,Шаблон:Nbsp6,551 fires had burned Шаблон:Convert,[2] about 5% of the entire forest area of Canada,[5] and more than six times the long-term average of 27,300 square kilometres for that time of the year.[6] As of October 6, there were 772 wildfires active, and 346 of those were deemed "out of control".[7] International aid has helped reduce the impact of the fires.[8][9]
Smoke emitted from the wildfires has caused air quality alerts and evacuations in Canada and the United States.[10] In late June, the smoke crossed the Atlantic, reaching Europe.[11][12]
Many of the largest fires were under control by July, including the fires which had funnelled June smoke into the Eastern Seaboard. However, significant fires continued well into the fall season, with several major fires breaking out in September.[13] Moderate to severe drought conditions from British Columbia to northern Ontario also continued into fall.[14] As of mid-October, the total acreage burnt was more than 2.5 times the previous record.[15]
Background
Wildfires are changing in Canada: in general, since the 1970s and 1980s, the total annual number of wildfires has decreased but the area burned in Canada has increased.[16] Since 1959, the number of large fires greater than Шаблон:Convert has increased and the average fire season has become longer by about two weeks.[17] In Canada, wildfire season usually starts in May.[18] The 2023 fires have been compared to the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfire[19][20] and the 2021 Lytton wildfire.[21]
Due to climate change, weather has been warmer and drier, raising wildfire risk as vegetation is more flammable under these conditions.[16][22][23][21] Wind from a passing cold front during the week of May 18 exacerbated the fire risk.[21] Canadian Minister of Public Safety Bill Blair said: "These conditions, this early in the season, are unprecedented. Due to climate change, similar extreme weather events may continue to increase in both frequency and severity across our country."[24] Following the Quebec wildfires, an analysis by World Weather Attribution showed that in Quebec, because of climate change, fire weather is twice as likely to occur and 20% more intense.[25] The 2023 Western North America heat wave exacerbated the wildfires in Alberta.[26][27]
Forest management is also a factor in the wildfires. Because Canada's forest management has focused on fire suppression, dry vegetation has accumulated on the forest floor.[28] Canada has generally stopped performing controlled burns, which help reduce the risk of larger and more dangerous fires.[29][30] It is difficult to get permission for controlled burns, especially for Indigenous groups who have historically performed them and are disproportionately affected by wildfires.[31][32] Canada lacks a national firefighting service, and local resources are stretched thin due to budget cuts.[32]
Roughly half of all wildfires in Canada are caused by lightning; due to climate change, lightning-caused fires are happening more frequently, and lightning strikes are expected to double by the end of the century.[16][33][34] In terms of wildfire acreage, lightning-caused fires account for about 85% of land burned.[35][36] Lightning-caused fires often happen in clusters in remote locations.[37] The other half of wildfires in Canada are human-caused, often unintentionally sparked[38][39] by things such as discarded cigarette butts,[35] abandoned smouldering campfires,[40] sparks from braking trains, off road vehicles, and land clearing activities.[39] While false claims of arson have gained traction on social media, arson is generally a minor cause of wildfires in Canada.[41][42]
Pollution due to a global increase in wildfires has created widespread, long-term impacts on human health.[43] Due to wildfire emissions, Canada broke its record for annual carbon emissions in late June.[44] As of late August, the wildfires had released 327–355 megatonnes of carbon into the atmosphere.[45][46] According to Merritt Turetsky, a carbon cycle scientist, this is a "vicious cycle" as warming is associated with drier vegetation, drier vegetation ignites more rapidly, greenhouse gases are released, and greenhouse gases "wind up in the atmosphere, [causing] more warming".[46]
Wildfires
Alberta
In May, Alberta was the province most impacted by wildfires.[18][48] The causes of fires are generally unknown.[35] On May 6, the province of Alberta declared a provincial state of emergency.[49][50] By May 7, 108 active fires were burning in the province.[51] The provincial state of emergency ended on June 3.[52] As of June 7, the province said there had been 591 reported wildfires in the province since March.[53]
High Level Forest Area
Two fires that were out of control in the High Level Forest Area were active on 15 May.[54]
HWF-036, named the Long Lake Fire, is a rapidly growing fire classified as out of control. It is the largest fire in the province during the 2023 wildfire season, currently having an active burning area of Шаблон:Convert.[54] It was started just south of the Rainbow Lake Airport and initially grew to the northwest. However, due to multiple wind shifts over the following week, the fire began to spread in an eastward direction. On May 13, the fire made a 25-kilometer run towards the community of Chateh. This also resulted in Rainbow Lake being surrounded in all directions by the wildfire, as well as power and cell service being cut off. Alberta Wildfire, the Rainbow Lake Fire Department and other fire crews from Alaska and Ontario are working together to prevent the growth of the fire.[55] They deployed 83 firefighters, four helicopters and other heavy equipment by May 15.[56]
HWF-030, named the Paskwa Fire, is another out of control fire spreading eastward due to extreme conditions. It is currently at an active burning area of Шаблон:Convert. It is located within the community of Fox Lake, and is located 13 kilometres from the community of Garden River. The fire remains south of the Peace River. The extreme weather conditions are making it hard for firefighters and aircraft to assist the fire. 76 firefighters and 13 helicopters have been deployed as well as heavy equipment. A state of local emergency was declared for Fox Lake, followed by an evacuation order on May 3. An evacuation alert for Garden River was issued on May 13.[56] Over 100 structures have been destroyed in the community of Fox Lake as of May 11, 2023.
HWF-042 was under control at Шаблон:Convert on May 6. It was Шаблон:Convert north of the Highway 88 bridge over the Peace River. Highway 88 was closed on the afternoon of May 6 until one lane was opened later that day.[57] Twelve firefighters and seven helicopters, heavy equipment and airtankers worked to prevent the fire from spreading further. The fire has since been classified as under control.Шаблон:Cn
| Official name | Date | Location | Status | Area burned |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HWF-042 | May 6 | Шаблон:Convert N of Peace River | Under control | Шаблон:Convert |
| HWF-036 | May 3 | Rainbow Lake | Out of control | Шаблон:Convert |
| HWF-030 | May 2 | Fox Lake | Out of control | Шаблон:Convert |
British Columbia
British Columbia saw an unusual lack of rain in May and early June, leading to increased wildfire conditions in the province.[58] In British Columbia, about 60% of wildfires are caused by lightning, while the remainder are due to human activity.[59] In a study of British Columbia's 2017 fire season, researchers found that human-caused climate change had a strong influence on the amount of area burned.[60]
In early June, the province saw multiple wildfires in or near Peachland and on Vancouver Island near both Port Alberni and Sayward.[61] As of June 2, there were 54 active fires in the region.[58] Officials estimated about half of the province's wildfires were caused by human action.[61] In the west of Vancouver Island, highway access to the towns of Port Alberni, Tofino, and Ucluelet was cut off for more than two weeks due to the Cameron Bluffs wildfire.[62]
In northeastern British Columbia, the Donnie Creek wildfire became the single largest wildfire in BC history. It attained this status on June 18. By June 24, the fire was burning over an area of greater than 5,648 square kilometres (2,180 square miles).[63][64][65]
There were 377 active wildfires in British Columbia as of July 15, including 20 that were classified as "highly visible, threatening or potentially damaging 'wildfires of note'".[66] Unruly blazes destroyed properties and closed parts of the Trans-Canada highway .[67]
Between July and Oct 21, much of BC had seen less than a quarter of usual rainfall, with Vancouver at 10% and Victoria, British Columbia recording only 2 millimetres of rain instead of its normal average of 132 mm. As of Oct 21, there were still 202 active wildfires.[68]
Manitoba
As of June 6, there had been 70 fires in Manitoba, below the province's average number for that point in the season.[69] Compared to past years, human caused fires were less frequent, with lightning causing the majority.[69]
As of May 27, there were six active wildfires in the province, including a fire near Cross Lake First Nation and Pimicikamak Cree Nation.[70]
On June 2, Manitoba only had three wildfires active in the province.[71] Lightning over June 3 and 4 raised the total fire count to 12 by June 5, and to 14 by June 6. Of those, four were considered out of control.[69][71]
On June 6, officials were focused on monitoring and containing fires near Little Grand Rapids, Pauingassi First Nation, and St. Theresa Point First Nation.[69]
On September 1, fires were still burning.Шаблон:Cn
New Brunswick
New Brunswick had experienced 177 wildfires as of June 7, with four still active, including fires in West Branch, Alnwick Parish, and Valley Road in Kars.[53]
A fire near Saint Andrews, which had started on May 28, was brought under control on June 5.[72]
Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador saw 34 wildfires before May 1, far outpacing the 2022 season, which saw only 2 fires in that same period.[73][74] This was attributed to dry conditions.[74] Between May 1 and 19, 19 other fires were recorded.[73] Wet conditions in early June created a low fire risk for Newfoundland, allowing water bombers from Newfoundland to be deployed to assist with firefighting efforts in Labrador, Nova Scotia and Quebec.[75]
On June 8, there were 72 active wildfires in the province.[76]
Northwest Territories
On June 7, there were eleven active wildfires in the Northwest Territories.[53] At that point, there had been 21 total fires, affecting Шаблон:Convert.[53] By August 15, there were over 230 wildfires throughout the territory.[77] By August 17, they were within Шаблон:Convert of the capital city, Yellowknife, leading to an evacuation order.[78] The wildfires caused telecommunication and internet signals to be cut off throughout the South Slave Region, which led to concerns about the feasibility of a safe evacuation.[79][80]
By August 23, wildfires in the territory had produced 97 megatonnes of carbon, accounting for roughly a fourth of the total 327 megatonnes produced by Canada's wildfires in 2023.[45]
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia saw the largest recorded wildfires in its history.[81] On average, in Nova Scotia, only about 3% of wildfires are caused by lightning, with the remaining being caused by human activity.[82] Of those caused by human activity, about a third of Nova Scotia's fires are caused by people on or near their own property, and about a quarter are caused by arson.[82] On June 1, there were four out-of-control fires in the province.[81]
In suburban Halifax, an estimated 200 structures were destroyed by fire.[81] By June 1, the Halifax fire was 50% contained, but was not considered under control.[81] At the time, no missing people or injuries from the Halifax fire were reported.[81] By June 4, the Halifax fire was 100% contained.[83] The Barrington Lake fire in Shelburne County, which started May 27, covered Шаблон:Convert at its largest. On June 7, officials announced it was successfully contained.[84] As of June 7, the fire had destroyed 60 residences and 150 other structures.[84]
Barrington Lake wildfire
A major wildfire started around May 27, 2023, near Barrington Lake in Shelburne County.[85] The fire has burned around Шаблон:Convert and between 30 and 40 structures have been destroyed.[86][87] The response to the fire included widespread evacuation orders of the surrounding area, displacing around 5000 people.[88] This wildfire is the largest recorded in the history of Nova Scotia.[82][89]
Efforts to stop the fire includes the use of American water bombers and additional firefighters from the U.S. and Costa Rica.[82]
Tantallon wildfire
A second major wildfire in the Tantallon area was first reported at 3:30 pm on May 28, 2023.[90] It spread rapidly through the Westwood Hills subdivision throughout the evening. The fire burned through Шаблон:Convert as of June 2.[91] Halifax mayor Mike Savage described the response to the fire as "unprecedented" in the area.[92] Approximately 16,400 people were placed under mandatory evacuation orders in the surrounding areas. Preliminary reports stated that approximately 151 houses were destroyed and 50 other structures were damaged or destroyed.[93][94] As of June 3 the fire was declared "largely contained" with help from the Canadian military and a heavy rainstorm.[95]
Ontario
Smoke from the fires caused air quality in Ottawa, Toronto,[96] as well as most of Southern Ontario on June 5–7 to hit the highest level on Environment Canada's Air Quality Health Index, the worst in the province of Ontario.[97][98] Air quality also hit the highest level in Kingston and Belleville, Ontario.[99]
Smoke from the fires descended on Ottawa once again on June 25–26, reaching the maximum level by 11 am. This forced the city of Ottawa to cancel outdoor programs, races at the Ottawa Dragon Boat Festival were cancelled, as were activities at the Ottawa Summer Solstice Indigenous Festival.[100]
On June 28, the air quality in Toronto ranked among the worst in the world and once again reached the highest level on Environment Canada's Air Quality Health Index. This forced a number of city-run outdoor recreation programs to move indoors.[101]
Quebec
Quebec has been particularly hard hit during the 2023 wildfire season, with more frequent wildfires than in the past, and fewer resources and experience with which to fight them.[102] It has seen the most area burned of any province with Шаблон:Convert.[103] As of June 10, the province had reported 446 fires, compared to the average of 212 for the same date.[104]
On June 8, 137 fires were active in Quebec and 54 in Ontario.[76]
On the afternoon of June 25, Montreal had the worst air quality in the world due to wildfire smoke in the region; several cultural and sporting events were cancelled or postponed in response.[105]
Saskatchewan
Like other regions, Saskatchewan had a dry spring, leading to increased risk for wildfires.[106] By May 25, the province had seen 187 fires; the five-year average for that point in the season is 111.[90] Firefighting crews struggled due to heavy smoke, which made it difficult both for crews to travel and to monitor the fires.[107]
Some communities, although not directly in the path of any fires, lost power due to fires in the region, particularly from May 14 to 17.[88][108]
Domestic impacts
Evacuations
Alberta evacuations
Multiple settlements were placed under evacuation orders, resulting in over 29,000 Albertans being evacuated by May 7.[51][109] On May 11, at least 300 members of the Canadian Armed Forces were sent to different parts of Alberta to help.[110]
Evacuation orders were issued for multiple communities throughout the province. On April 29, mandatory evacuation orders were issued for the towns of Evansburg and Entwistle, due to two wildfires in their vicinity.[111] The evacuation order was lifted on May 3, only for it to be reinstated on May 4, due to the fires increasing in size.[112]
The community of Fox Lake, on the Fox Lake 162 reserve, was issued an evacuation order May 3, with all residents being evacuated by May 5. As of May 11, the local police station, general store, and at least 100 homes had been destroyed by fire.[113] The town of Drayton Valley, approximately Шаблон:Cvt southwest of Edmonton, was issued an evacuation order on May 4. The local fire department reported that one structure had been lost.[114]
On May 5, the hamlet of Nordegg and the Big Horn 144A reserve were issued an evacuation order due to nearby wildfires.[115] Also on May 5, evacuation orders were issued for the town of Edson due to multiple nearby wildfires.[116] On May 6, the town of Fox Creek and the hamlet of Little Smoky were issued an evacuation order.[117]
On May 13, the community of Chateh issued an evacuation order due to the Long Lake Fire (HWF-036) making a Шаблон:Convert run toward the community.[118] On May 14, the community of Chipewyan Lake was issued an evacuation order due to an out-of-control wildfire starting north of the community.
Residents of Rainbow Lake were allowed to return on June 2.[52]
More than 3,000 Albertans remained under evacuation orders as of June 8.[119] On June 9, residents of Edson and Yellowhead County were asked to evacuate.[104]
British Columbia evacuations
In early May, some British Columbia residents evacuated their homes due to out-of-control wildfires there.[51] Around May 22, residents were evacuated from near Tzenzaicut Lake, which is about Шаблон:Convert north of Vancouver.[120] In early June, officials recommended that British Columbians be prepared to evacuate if need be.[121] On June 7, the community of One Island Lake was evacuated.[122] On June 8, the community of Tumbler Ridge was evacuated.[123] As of July 15, there were nearly 70 evacuation orders across the province.[66]
In August, premier David Eby declared a state of emergency as the city of West Kelowna was evacuated when the McDougall Creek wildfire grew to cover 6,800 hectares.[124] The campus of UBC Okanagan and some nearby suburbs were placed under evacuation order.[125] Overall, at least 35,000 people were under evacuation order and another 30,000 under evacuation alert, as of August 19.[67]
Manitoba evacuations
Approximately 7,000 members of the Pimicikamak Cree Nation were evacuated on May 24; most residents were able to return by May 26.[126][127]
Northwest Territories evacuations
The Katl'odeeche First Nation (Hay River Reserve) and the residents of Hay River were evacuated on May 14. The 3,000 residents of Hay River were allowed to return on May 24, while the 300 members of the K'at'lodeeche First Nation were not able to return until June 7.[128] On May 31, the residents of Sambaa K'e were evacuated to Fort Simpson.[129]
On August 14, authorities in the Northwest Territories declared a state of emergency and issued another evacuation order to communities throughout the Dehcho, South Slave, and North Slave Regions, including those in Behchokǫ̀, Enterprise, Fort Smith, Hay River, Kakisa, the Kátł'odeeche First Nation and Jean Marie River.[130][131][77] Hundreds of people were airlifted out of the wildfire zone with the assistance of the Canadian Armed Forces.[131][132] Stanton Territorial Hospital ramped down its health services and began sending some of its patients to St. Albert, Alberta.[133][134]
By the evening of August 15, Yellowknife itself began issuing precautionary evacuation alerts to parts of the city, as the wildfire began drawing closer.[135] On the same day, Michael St Amour, the mayor of Enterprise, said that between 85–90% of his town was destroyed by the fires.[136] On the evening of August 16, evacuation orders were issued for Yellowknife, N’dilo, Dettah, and Ingraham Trail, affecting an estimated 22,000 people.[78]
On August 19, 2023, 87% of Yellowknife was evacuated by 6:58 am (ET), with only 2,600 of the original 20,000 remaining, 1,000 of which were essential workers.[137] By August 21, 68% of the population of the Northwest Territories had been evacuated.[138]
Air Canada and WestJet were initially criticized for high prices and unwaived cancellation fees for flights to and from Yellowknife; they had since changed policies to alleviate financial burden for evacuees as of August 17. Both carriers also increased the number of flights to Yellowknife.[139]
The evacuation order for Yellowknife, Dettah and N’dilo was rescinded September 6, and people began to return to Yellowknife later that day.[140] An estimated 1,000 people had been flown home by September 8.[141]
Nova Scotia evacuations
In late May, the communities of Hammonds Plains, Pockwock, and Upper Tantallon were put under evacuation orders.[142] 16,000 residents were evacuated from Halifax.[81] The Halifax Regional Municipality opened several centres for evacuees. On June 2, some residents were permitted to briefly return to their homes to survey damage. Due to safety risks, none were allowed to return permanently.[143][144] This was a source of frustration for evacuees, along with what some residents deemed to be "communication failures" from the provincial government.[144]
Residents near Shelburne were evacuated on May 31; the total number of evacuees from Shelburne County numbered about 5,000.[81] Several local farmers also evacuated their animals to the county's exhibition grounds.[84] Nova Scotia provided free camping at several locations for people displaced by the fire in Shelburne.[145]
Quebec evacuations
As of June 4, 14,000 residents had been evacuated from their homes in Quebec.[146] On June 6, 7,500 residents were evacuated from Chibougamau, the largest town in Northern Quebec.[147] On June 7, the nearby Cree Nation of Mistissini was asked to evacuate, and the Cree Nation of Waswanipi began evacuating of their own accord.[148]
On June 6, Quebec's Public Security Ministry announced a large evacuation alert for the province, prompting towns such as Chapais to immediately evacuate citizens.[149] The mayor of Lebel-sur-Quévillon, where about 2,100 people (or the entire city's population) were forced from their homes, stated that the fires were as close as Шаблон:Convert from the city.[150]
On June 23, more than 300 residents were evacuated from Val-Paradis, Beaucanton and Lac Pajegasque; they were permitted to return on June 25.[1] On June 23 the Cree community of Mistissini asked residents to evacuate for the second time that month.[151] The Atikamekw of Opitciwan were allowed to return on June 26.[1]
Saskatchewan evacuations
On May 15, 535 residents of Buffalo Narrows evacuated.[88] Other evacuated communities included the Buffalo River Dene Nation, the English River First Nation, the Lac La Ronge Indian Band, and the Canoe Lake First Nation.[88]
By May 18, the Saskatchewan Public Safety Agency (SPSA) was supporting around 1,000 evacuees from effected regions of the province, who were temporarily housed in Lloydminster, North Battleford, and Regina.[88] Support provided included food, clothing, housing, and other required services.[88] The number of evacuees at the time was higher than 1,000, as the SPSA was not supporting individuals who evacuated of their own accord or who made separate housing plans.[88]
Many residents in Deschambault Lake evacuated in mid-May.[90] Evacuees from Île-à-la-Crosse and Buffalo Narrows received assistance from the University of Regina.[90]
Other domestic impacts
Economic
In mid-May, oil companies in Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan curbed production as a precautionary measure in parts of the provinces; this in turn drove up the price of oil.[152]
Political
The wildfires impacted the Alberta general election scheduled for May 29, 2023. The Alberta New Democratic Party announced the party would stop campaigning in the seven ridings hit particularly hard by the fires: Drayton Valley-Devon, Lesser Slave Lake, Central Peace-Notley, Lac Ste. Anne-Parkland, Fort Saskatchewan-Vegreville, West Yellowhead, and Grande Prairie-Wapiti.[153]
International effects
United States
May
In May, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency issued several alerts for poor air quality due to smoke from Alberta and Saskatchewan fires[154][155] and ground-level ozone.[156][157][158] Smoke from the Alberta wildfires led to air quality alerts in Colorado, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wisconsin, and Washington by May 21.[159][48]
June
On June 2, smoke from the Nova Scotia wildfires affected air quality in Washington, D.C., and the states of Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.[81] The smoke from wildfires in Quebec[160] drifted into the Northeastern United States on June 5–6 and triggered air quality alerts for most of New York, Connecticut and some of the surrounding states, as well as the Midwestern states of Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin.[161][162] The smoke on June 6 was estimated by one Stanford researcher to have been the third-worst in the country since 2006.[163] On June 6 and 7, solar farms in the Northeast and Midwest dropped production by around or more than 50% due to the smoke.[164] By the night of June 6, New York City had the worst air pollution of any major city in the world; by the morning of June 7 it had fallen to second place, behind Delhi.[165][166][167] This also marked the city's worst air quality since the 1960s and also since the 1966 New York City smog.[168]
By June 7, air quality alerts also went out to residents in the Delaware Valley in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware, and to additional areas in New England.[169][170] In total, approximately 128 million Americans were under air quality alerts by the evening of June 7.[163] The air quality index surpassed 400 in New York City; Syracuse, New York; Princeton Junction, New Jersey; and the Lehigh Valley in Pennsylvania.[168][147] After a brief respite, New York City's air quality returned to being the worst of any major city in the world.[163]
On June 7, New York City officials announced plans to distribute one million N95 masks.[163][147][171] Several airline flights to and from New York City, New Jersey, and Washington, D.C. were delayed or cancelled;[172] by the afternoon, the Federal Aviation Administration halted all flights going to LaGuardia Airport in New York City, citing visibility concerns.[147][168][173] Schools across New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut announced closures.[168] All bridges connecting Staten Island to New Jersey had their speed limits reduced to Шаблон:Convert due to low visibility from the wildfire smoke.[174] Major League Baseball, the National Women's Soccer League, and the Women's National Basketball Association postponed games scheduled to be held in New York City, New Jersey, and Philadelphia the night of June 7.[147][175] The Public Theater cancelled its June 8 and 9 Shakespeare in the Park performances of Hamlet.[163] On Broadway, performances of Camelot, Hamilton, and Prima Facie were cancelled due to the poor air quality.[176][177]
On the morning of June 8, air quality was worst throughout the area surrounding Pennsylvania, Washington, D.C., and Trenton, New Jersey.[178][179] Philadelphia's air quality levels reached their worst levels since 1999.[180] New York City climbed into the worst tier of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's six-tier air quality index, causing Governor Kathy Hochul to call it an "emergency crisis".[168] Flights continued to be delayed for planes bound for Newark, New York City, and Philadelphia, with delays for Charlotte and Dallas also expected.[181][182][183] United Airlines issued travel waivers to impacted passengers.[182] Horse racing at Belmont Park in New York was cancelled,[184] and Major League Baseball also postponed a game in Washington D.C. that night.[185]
New York City public high schools and the School District of Philadelphia announced they would switch to virtual learning on June 9, due to poor air quality.[163][186][187] By June 11, air quality alerts were still active in New York City, Baltimore, and Philadelphia, but air quality had substantially improved from earlier in the week.[188]
On June 14, an air quality alert was issued for Minnesota due to dangerous air quality levels affecting the state. The air quality in Minneapolis reached 256 at 6:00Шаблон:Nbsppm that day.[189] On June 27, the smoke spread over the Midwest, causing Chicago to suffer from the worst air quality in the world, reaching 228 AQI.[190] Michigan and Pennsylvania were also affected,[191] and sent out air quality alerts to residents.[192][193] Air quality alerts were issued for 80 million people in the US.[194] On June 29, a Major League Baseball game in Pittsburgh was delayed 45 minutes due to wildfire smoke.[195]
Europe
The wildfire smoke also drifted to Europe; as of May 23–25, it was mainly located over Scandinavia.[196][197] On June 8, Iceland and Greenland were affected by drifting smoke,[198] with forecasts suggesting Norway would also be affected over the next few days.[199][198] As of June 9, smoke in Europe was not dense enough to have harmful effects on health.[200][201]
On June 25, the smoke reached the Azores; by June 26, it reached Western Europe, specifically France, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom.[202] As the smoke was higher in the atmosphere, it did not affect air quality as it did in the United States, but forecasts predicted it could lead to more vivid sunrises and sunsets and hazy skies.[202][203]
Fatalities
In total, six people have died due to the wildfires, including four firefighters and one child. British Columbia saw Canada's first death from the wildfires, when Devyn Helena Gale, a 19-year-old firefighter for the B.C. Wildfire Service, was struck by a falling tree while she was helping fight the fires.[204][205] Ryan Gould, a 41-year-old Whitecourt man, was killed when his Bell 205A helicopter crashed as he was bucketing water as part of firefighting operations in Alberta.[206] Carter Vigh, a 9-year-old boy in 100 Mile House, British Columbia, died after suffering an asthma attack due to wildfire smoke.[207] Adam Yeadon, a 25-year-old firefighter who worked for the Northwest Territories Forest Management Service, died while fighting fires in the Northwest Territories when he was struck by a falling tree.[208] A 25-year-old contract firefighter was fatally injured in the Prince George Fire Centre region, while responding to a wildfire on July 28.[209] On August 18, a hospital patient from Yellowknife (whose identity was kept anonymous) died during the evacuation of the city.[210]
Domestic government responses
In Alberta
On May 9, the government of Yukon sent 21 firefighters to assist crews in Alberta. The team returned to Yukon on May 24. Another 21-person team returned to Alberta on May 31.[211] On May 11, at least 300 members of the Canadian Armed Forces were also sent to different parts of Alberta to help.[212]
In British Columbia
The province planned to put campfire bans in place on June 8, to stay in effect until October.[122][213]Шаблон:Update after International fire crews also came to British Columbia from five countries. Natural Resources Canada, with its Fire Weather Index, also tracked the wildfires and issued warnings.[121] On 18 August, the province imposed an emergency, giving officials more power to deal with fire risks.[67]
On August 20, the federal Governor-in-Council authorized the Armed Forces to help with evacuation in B.C.[214] Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited the province on August 25 to meet with community leaders dealing with the wildfires.[215]
In Manitoba
Travel restrictions were placed in southeastern Manitoba on May 27.[70] Provincial burn permits for the area were cancelled, with the exception of burn permits for essential operations that had been approved by a conservation officer and which had had a site inspection.[70]
The government of Manitoba was not sending firefighters to assist other provinces in early June, due to concerns about Manitoba's fire risk.[69]
In the Northwest Territories
Although Nova Scotia sent a team of 20 firefighters to the NWT on May 25, they were recalled on May 29 due to the worsening wildfire situation in their home province.[142] On June 6, the Canadian government announced that they and the Government of the Northwest Territories would match United Way donations for disaster relief in the region.[216]
Smoke from the wildfires caused highways in the territory to be shut down,[79] with the NWT government stating that "[h]ighway travel is not an option as a way out" due to dangerous conditions, instead saying "[y]our safest way out is on the plane, NOW. GO TO THE AIRPORT NOW."[131] Kandis Jameson, the mayor of Hay River, urged residents on August 15 to "find transport out of [town] immediately," describing their situation as "life-threatening."[79] On August 19, NWT Premier Caroline Cochrane announced that she had evacuated to Alberta to avoid taking up a space on one of the last planes to leave.[210]
On August 14, Shane Thompson, the NWT Minister of Environment and Natural Resources, described the scale of the fires as "unprecedented" and "unlike anything we’ve ever experienced."[130]
In Nova Scotia
To prevent further fires, all open fires were banned province-wide on May 29. On May 30, hiking, camping, fishing, and the use of vehicles in the woods were banned in all forests in the province until June 25, or until conditions allow them to be lifted. The Halifax Regional Municipality also closed all heavily wooded city parks on May 31.[217]
All schools in Shelburne County and several schools in Halifax Regional Municipality were closed in response to the fires.[218]
In late-May, New London, Prince Edward Island sent a team of four firefighters to assist crews in Nova Scotia.[219] On May 29, Newfoundland and Labrador sent two waterbombers to the province.[220] In early June, a six-person team from Alberta came to the province to assist in assessing fire damage to property and infrastructure.[84]
Financial relief
The provincial government issued an initial emergency payment of $500 to all evacuated households in the immediate aftermath of the fires.[221] Additionally, the Canadian government established a donation matching program with the Nova Scotian government and the Canadian Red Cross to support those affected by the fires.[222]
On June 7, the provincial government announced it would give a one-time grant of $2,500 to registered farmers in Halifax and Shelburne County who had been under mandatory evacuation orders.[84]
Aftermath
Delays of up to three years in rebuilding houses are expected due to the province's construction backlog.[223]
In Saskatchewan
The provincial government put a fire ban in place on May 16; it was lifted on May 24 due to improving conditions.[90]
On May 19, the SPSA announced they would provide financial aid to residents impacted by fire-related power outages.[108]
The government of Quebec sent two amphibious tankers to the province to assist with firefighting efforts.[108]
Government strategies for future fires
The Canadian government has outlined a first line of actions that could help avoid or mitigate wildfires in future seasons:
- Training 300 Indigenous firefighters and 125 Indigenous fire guardians[224]
- Training firefighters to respond to fires in the wildland-urban interface[224]
- Launching a satellite mission (WildFireSat, currently planned for 2029) dedicated to monitoring fires[224][225]
- Building wildland fire knowledge through research and pilot projects on fire risk reduction measures[224]
- Creating a dedicated centre to help transform wildland fire management[224]
- Growing the Canadian Armed Forces to allow for better response to disasters[226]
Other reactions
International responses
International aid
On May 8, 22 firefighters from the Oregon Department of Forestry were sent to Alberta to assist in fire control efforts,[227] and on June 6, Quebec Premier François Legault announced that 200 French and American firefighters would travel to Quebec to help fight the wildfires, and that the province was in negotiations with Chile, Costa Rica, and Portugal to find more resources.[228] On June 7, the Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre said that 950 firefighters and other personnel had travelled from other countries (including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States) to provide aid.[147] On June 8, the European Commission announced they would be sending more than 280 firefighters from France, Spain, and Portugal.[119] New York governor Kathy Hochul announced the state would send seven firefighters over the course of two weeks, per the request of Canada.[163]
Around 5,000 firefighters from multiple countries arrived in Canada as of June 14, with more expected to arrive from Chile and Costa Rica. Prime Minister Trudeau said that Canadian firefighters would also help other countries, saying that "fire seasons aren't always aligned and that allows for a travelling of resources that is part of how we're going to make sure we're protecting communities all around the world."[9]
Facebook blocking wildfire news stories
In response to the Online News Act, Meta (owner of Facebook) began blocking access to news sites for Canadian users at the beginning of August 2023.[229][230] This also extended to local Canadian news stories about the wildfires,[231] a decision that was heavily criticized by Trudeau, local government officials, academics, researchers, and evacuees.[232][233][234] Trudeau accused Facebook of "putting corporate profits ahead of people’s safety," with Premier of British Columbia David Eby expressing similar sentiments.[232]
Evacuees who fled the Northwest Territories wildfires described the difficulty they faced attempting to share news (made worse by an already "barren" media landscape in the territory),[235] as many relied on Facebook to communicate their situation.[231] Ollie Williams of Yellowknife's Cabin Radio said that users had to resort to posting screenshots of news stories, as posting news directly would result in the link getting blocked.[234][231]
Meta responded to these criticisms by stating that Canadians "can continue to use our technologies to connect with their communities and access reputable information […] from official government agencies, emergency services and non-governmental organizations," and encouraged them to use Facebook's Safety Check feature.[232][235]
Conspiracy theories
Conspiracy theories have been promoted about the cause of the wildfires by climate change deniers, with arson, pyrotechnic drones, directed-energy weapons and space lasers being among the supposed causes.[236][237] These conspiracy theories have gone viral on social media platforms such as TikTok.[238]
In June, conspiracy theorists shared a TikTok video claiming that satellite footage showed the fires started spreading "at the same time" and that they were therefore caused deliberately.[239][240] France 24 noted that the fires started over a period of twelve hours.[240] Another TikTok video showed a helicopter carrying out backburning to get the fire under control, falsely claiming that it was the cause of the fires.[236] Some social media users also falsely suggested that the haze seen over the United States was caused by ammonium nitrate instead of the wildfires.[241]
Canadian former National Hockey League player Theo Fleury suggested on Twitter that governments are lying about the nature of climate change to facilitate "climate lockdowns".[236] People's Party of Canada leader Maxime Bernier accused "green terrorism" of starting the fires.[236][237]
Fire progression
See also
Шаблон:Portal Шаблон:Columns-list
Notes
References
External links
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