Английская Википедия:2023 European heatwaves
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox heat event In 2023, Europe has been affected by heat waves. The most significant of these so far has been the named heat wave, Cerberus Heatwave, which is expected to bring the hottest temperatures ever recorded in Europe. Starting on 10 July 2023, the record-breaking Cerberus anticyclone affected many European countries, with the effects felt most severely in parts of Southeast and Southwest Europe such as Cyprus, Greece, Italy, and Spain. The private Italian weather website iLMeteo named the extreme weather event after the hound of Hades from Greek mythology, and although some reports link the naming to the Italian Meteorological Society, the society's president said that they "absolutely don’t use it".[1]
It is one of the first major named heatwaves in history; temperatures were predicted to exceed 48 °C (118 °F) and break the record for the hottest ever recorded in Europe. The European Space Agency predicted temperatures in Italy exceeding 50 °C (122 °F). The event also led to record-breaking high temperatures in the Arctic, following a week of the hottest global average temperatures ever recorded. Several regional temperature records have also been broken, and the heatwave has prompted health warnings and government action in several countries.
According to the British Met Office, 2023 is expected to have more intense heatwaves than those experienced in 2022.[2] In June, the European Environment Agency warned that schools and hospitals were at risk of high temperatures.[3]
Background
Шаблон:Further On 1 January 2023, at least eight European countries recorded their warmest January day ever: Liechtenstein, the Czech Republic, Poland, the Netherlands, Belarus, Lithuania, Denmark and Latvia.[4] This was attributed to climate change.[5]
Scientists have attributed the 2023 heat waves to human-made climate change.[6][7] During each day in July 2023, two billion people experience heat conditions made at least three times more likely due to climate change and 6.5 billion people experienced this impact at least one day in this month. The heatwaves caused severe damage in southern US, Southern Europe, South and southeast Asia.[8]
Heatwaves becoming more frequent and intense due to climate change are a big problem for Europe. The heatwaves in the year 2003 killed 70,000 people, while in the record breaking summer of 2022, 61,672 people died. The mortality was 56% higher among women in comparison to men. The countries with the highest rates of mortality were Italy, Greece, Spain and Portugal. According to one climate researcher Hicham Achebak: "The fact that more than 61,600 people in Europe died of heat stress in the summer of 2022, even though, unlike in 2003, many countries already had active prevention plans in place, suggests that the adaptation strategies currently available may still be insufficient,". In the future heat related mortality can be significantly higher. According to NASA senior scientist Katherine Calvin: "Future warming depends on future emissions".[9]
By country
Albania
Albania set its all-time high temperature record at Шаблон:Cvt in Kuçovë.[10]
Austria
On 18 June, temperatures above Шаблон:Cvt were recorded at eight stations in the Ubimet network, reaching Шаблон:Cvt in Bludenz and marking the beginning of a heat wave that was expected to peak on 22 June.[11] Prior to 18 June, a temperature of Шаблон:Cvt was not recorded at any official station in Austria since the beginning of 2023, marking the country's latest first occurrence of the value in a calendar year since 1990.[11] On 22 June, temperatures of Шаблон:Cvt or higher were recorded at eight stations in the Ubimet network, reaching Шаблон:Cvt in Bad Goisern am Hallstättersee.[12]
The second heat wave of 2023 was expected to affect Austria between 10 July and 13 July, with maximum temperatures of up to Шаблон:Cvt predicted to occur during the first two days.[13] After two days of heavy thunderstorms, temperatures in excess of Шаблон:Cvt were expected to return on 14 July and reach as high as Шаблон:Cvt in areas north of the Alps on 15 July.[14] During the week starting on 17 July, heavy thunderstorms kept forming in western and southern Austria on a daily basis. They were especially intense in Styria and Carinthia, and also affected parts of Italy, Slovenia and Croatia.[15][16]
Belgium
On 12 June 2023, officials issued a heat wave health warning.[17] The highest temperature was measured on 8 July in Westmalle when it reached Шаблон:Cvt.[18]
Bulgaria
Temperatures in Bulgaria reached Шаблон:Cvt during the Cerberus heat wave. Temperatures stayed above Шаблон:Cvt for more than 2 weeks.
Croatia
Temperatures reached Шаблон:Cvt by 13 July, sparking a significant wildfire near Šibenik.[19]
Cyprus
Temperatures in Cyprus neared Шаблон:Cvt inland during the heatwave, with even elevated mountainous areas such as the Troodos region reaching a record-breaking Шаблон:Cvt.[20] Government officials issued heat warnings and set up "heat shelters" in various cities.[21]
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic experienced the hottest day of the year so far on 15 July. In several places, it was above Шаблон:Cvt, the warmest in Plzeň-Bolevec and Řež near Prague, where temperatures reached Шаблон:Cvt. Nearly 100 of the 160 or so stations measuring 30 years or more recorded temperature highs for 15 July.[22]
France
By 1 June 2023, 50 departments of France were under orange vigilance and 24 under yellow vigilance.[23] At least 80 heat-related deaths were recorded from 7–13 July.[24] The highest temperature was measured on 23 August in Toulouse, when it reached Шаблон:Cvt.[25]
Germany
Germany saw warmer than usual temperatures.[26] The German government has promised a plan to prevent heatwave deaths.[27] On 22 June, temperatures rose to 35.7 °C during the nations first heatwave of 2023.[28] A second period of high temperatures in early July lead the temperatures to rise to 38 °C on 9 July.[29] On 15 July the temperature reached 38.8 °C in Möhrendorf-Kleinseebach.[30]
On 20 July, the Robert Koch Institute estimated that at least 830 heat-related excess deaths occurred in the country between 10 April and 9 July.[31]
Greece
Шаблон:See also On 14 July 2023, the World Meteorological Organization station in Thiva registered Шаблон:Cvt making it the highest temperature in the country for that day.[32][33][34] On the same day Athens recorded Шаблон:Cvt in the suburb of Filothei.[35] Officials in Athens announced midday closure of the Acropolis.[36] On 15 July 2023, the National Observatory of Athens station in Elafonisi also recorded a maximum temperature of Шаблон:Cvt.[37]
On 15 July, five people in Athens Urban Area were reported to have suffered from hyperthermia, while at least 10 more reportedly fainted, though it is not clear how many of them did so due to the heat. The Hellenic National Meteorological Service issued an Orange Warning for Extremely High Temperatures.[38] On that day the highest temperature in the Athens metropolitan area was Шаблон:Cvt in Aspropyrgos.[39] On 20 July 2023, a delivery driver in Chalcis died from cardiac arrest, a few hours after he ended his shift. The man was found out to be uninsured and the owner of the grill house was later arrested. He was working for hours outdoors with temperatures exceeding Шаблон:Cvt.[40][41] On 22 July 2023, Kato Tithorea registered Шаблон:Cvt making it the highest temperature in the country for that day,[42] while the World Meteorological Organization station in Lefkohori recorded Шаблон:Cvt.[43][44]
On 23 July 2023, the World Meteorological Organization station in Gytheio recorded Шаблон:Cvt making it the highest temperature in the country for that day[45][46][47] while Nea Filadelfeia in Athens recorded Шаблон:Cvt.[48] On 26 July 2023, the World Meteorological Organization station in Agia Triada recorded Шаблон:Cvt making it the highest temperature in the country for that day.[49][50]
Throughout the prolonged heat wave, wildfires devastated parts of the country, killing at least 28 people,[51] mostly in the Athens metropolitan area and Rhodes.[52]
Ireland
Met Éireann stated that 2023 had the hottest June on record with an average monthly temperature of greater than 16 °C and a maximum of 28.8 °C at Oak Park in County Carlow on Tuesday 13 June, setting a heat record for 13 June in Ireland.[53]
Italy
Since 11 July, at least six men[54][55][56][57][58][59] have died after collapsing while working due to the intense heat. Most of Italy saw temperatures above Шаблон:Cvt, with temperatures as high as Шаблон:Cvt estimated to hit Sicily and Sardinia by the middle of July.[60]
The European Space Agency predicted that temperatures would exceed Шаблон:Cvt in Sardinia some time in July.[61] Tourists throughout the country were also observed to suffer from heat stroke, with a British visitor fainting at the Colosseum.[62] It is also expected that an anticyclone dubbed "Charon" originating from North Africa may raise the temperature to above Шаблон:Cvt in parts of Italy early in the week beginning 17 July.[63]
Netherlands
From 8 June to 26 June the Netherlands experienced regional heatwaves.[64] On 11 June the temperature reached Шаблон:Cvt in Gilze-Rijen and Hoek van Holland, setting a heat record for June 11.[65] Also on 12 June a heat record was broken when the temperature reached Шаблон:Cvt in Gilze-Rijen.[66] The unusually high temperatures continued, and on 25 June it was once again hot, with the temperature reaching Шаблон:Cvt in Maastricht.[67] After the June heatwaves temperatures went down, however another heatwave took place from 7 July to 12 July.[68] On 8 July the temperature reached Шаблон:Cvt in Eindhoven, setting a heat record for July 8.[69] The highest temperature was measured on 9 July when it reached Шаблон:Cvt in Arcen.[70] There was a third regional heatwave in September, with temperatures reaching Шаблон:Cvt on 10 September in Eindhoven and Ell, setting a heat record for 10 September in the Netherlands.[71]
Norway
On 13 July, temperatures of Шаблон:Cvt were observed at northern Norway's Slettnes Lighthouse, breaking a record previously held for 80 years.[72] On 15 June the temperature reached Шаблон:Cvt in Oslo, setting a heat record for 15 June in Norway.[73]
Romania
A first heat wave struck Romania after 3 July, with temperatures exceeding Шаблон:Cvt. A second heat wave arrived after 12 July, with temperatures reaching 39 Celsius degrees, prompting Romanian authorities to issue yellow and orange alerts. On 16 July, Elena Mateescu, the director of Romania's National Administration of Meteorology stated this month could be the warmest July in Romania in 120 years.[74] As of 17 July, temperatures are expected to go even higher, eventually surpassing Шаблон:Cvt.
Slovenia
The first heat wave of 2023 in Slovenia began on 19 June and ended on 23 June, when many parts of the country experienced heavy thunderstorms due to the arrival of a cold front.[75] Between 21 June and 23 June, the Slovenian Environment Agency (ARSO) recorded temperatures in excess of Шаблон:Cvt at several stations in their network. The highest temperature during the period was Шаблон:Cvt, recorded at the ARSO station at Cerklje ob Krki Airport on 21 June, whilst temperatures at the ARSO station in Dobliče reached Шаблон:Cvt on both 21 June and 23 June.[76]
The second heat wave of 2023 in Slovenia lasted from 8 July to 12 July, before heavy rain and high winds affected much of the country on the morning of 13 July.[77][78] On 10 July, several stations in the ARSO network recorded temperatures between Шаблон:Cvt and Шаблон:Cvt, reaching as high as Шаблон:Cvt in Osilnica, as well as Шаблон:Cvt in both Bilje and Podnanos.[79]
The third heat wave to affect Slovenia in 2023 began on 15 July and ended on 19 July, reaching its peak when temperatures between Шаблон:Cvt and Шаблон:Cvt were recorded in the lowlands on 17 July.[80] The same day, temperatures at the ARSO station in Dobliče reached Шаблон:Cvt, which was the highest officially recorded temperature in Slovenia in 2023.[81] A further three stations in the ARSO network recorded temperatures of up to Шаблон:Cvt during the third heat wave, and the value of Шаблон:Cvt was reached or exceeded at a further seven stations in the ARSO network.[81]
Spain
Spain experienced the hottest April on record, with temperatures up to Шаблон:Cvt recorded that month.[82] Agriculture was heavily disrupted.[83] In June and July three people died by heatstroke.[84]
According to Carlos III Health Institute 659 mainly elderly people died between 8 July and 17 July due to heat.[85] Between 21 June and 8 July 309 excess deaths were recorded, bringing the total to 968.[86]
Switzerland
During the summer Switzerland experienced multiple heatwaves in July, August and September. The highest temperature measured during the heatwaves was Шаблон:Cvt in Geneva on 24 August.[87] Four per cent of its total glacier volume disappeared.[88]
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom did not experience heatwaves as defined by the Met Office during the meteorological summer.[89] Nevertheless, the mean temperature in June was Шаблон:Cvt, the warmest since records began in 1884, and 0.9 °C higher than the previous record, set in 1940 and 1976.[90] The highest temperature was Шаблон:Cvt, recorded in Chertsey on the 10th and Coningsby on the 25th,[91] and records were also broken in 72 of the 97 areas where temperature data are collected.[90] The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) and the Met Office issued the first heat-health alert of the year on 7 June, after the launch of a new high temperature alert system.[92][93] A yellow heat alert was issued for London, the east and west Midlands, and the east, south-east and south-west.[94][95] A yellow alert was also issued for Northern Ireland on 12 June.[96] A low pressure system over the country produced cooler, wetter weather in July and August.[97][98]
September
In September, the UK was hit by a record-breaking heatwave, which lasted eight consecutive days. On 4 September, the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) issued a yellow heat-health alert from 2 p.m. that day to 9 p.m. on 10 September for all areas of England except the North East.[99] This was increased to an amber heat-health alert on 5 September for all areas of except the North East, which received a yellow alert.[100]
On 7 September, the record for most consecutive September days where temperatures reached Шаблон:Cvt, which was previously five days, was broken. Also on 7 September, a provisional temperature of Шаблон:Cvt was recorded in Wisley, Surrey, which was the hottest day of the year until 9 September. The previous record for the greatest number of September days where temperatures have reached Шаблон:Cvt or more was five, set in 1911, however it was broken on 9 September.[101]
On 8 September, the record for highest September temperature in Northern Ireland was broken, with Шаблон:Cvt recorded in Castlederg, County Tyrone. The previous record, set on 1 September 1906, was Шаблон:Cvt in Armagh.[102]
On 9 September, a temperature of Шаблон:Cvt was recorded at Heathrow, making it the hottest day of the year.[103] Kew Gardens later recorded Шаблон:Cvt, making 9 September 2023 London's second-hottest September day ever recorded. All operational London stations broke their previous records. Stations that have achieved higher temperatures in the past like Gravesend, Kent and Hampstead in London may have recorded even higher temperatures were they still operational during the heatwave.
On 10 September, the final day of the heatwave, temperatures exceeded Шаблон:Cvt for the seventh consecutive day, peaking at Шаблон:Cvt at Brogdale, near Faversham in Kent.[104] This would also make September 10th the hottest day of 2023. As the heatwave broke, a yellow weather warning for thunderstorms was put in place for most Northern Ireland and parts of northern England and Wales and southern Scotland.[105]
Highest temperature by country
Highest temperature per capital city
| Capital City | Temperature | Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vienna | Шаблон:Cvt | 25 August | [122] |
| Zagreb | Шаблон:Cvt | 19 July | [123] |
| Prague | Шаблон:Cvt | 15 July | [124] |
| Copenhagen | Шаблон:Cvt | 9 July | [125] |
| Helsinki | Шаблон:Cvt | 21 June | [126] |
| Paris | Шаблон:Cvt | 9 September | [127] |
| Berlin | Шаблон:Cvt | 15 July | [128] |
| Athens | Шаблон:Cvt | 23 July | [129] |
| Rome | Шаблон:Cvt | 18 July | [130] |
| Belgrade | Шаблон:Cvt | 17 July | [131] |
| Madrid | Шаблон:Cvt | 21 August | [132] |
| Bern | Шаблон:Cvt | 24 August | [133] |
Storms and floods
On 22 June Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany experienced rainstorms that came paired with flooding. In the south of Limburg 60-80 millimeters of precipitation fell. Also in Wallonia and North Rhine-Westphalia there was flooding due to the rainstorms, with 60-100 millimeters near Plombières and Mönchengladbach.[134][135][136]
From 4-6 July Storm Poly ravaged Northern Europe. On 5 July the storm caused much damage and inconvenience in the Benelux and Germany. On the morning of 5 July, a wind gust of 146 km/h (41 m/s) was measured at IJmuiden. Storm Poly was the most severe summer storm in the Netherlands since at least 1911.[137]
In late June and mid-July, the combination of daytime temperatures of Шаблон:Cvt and high humidity led to formation of a series of uncommonly strong, supercell storms in the area ranging from Slovenia to Romania.[138] On 23 June, large hail destroyed crops in parts of Slovenia and Hrvatsko Zagorje. In Croatia, the storm also broke windows in Varaždin and tore roofs off several houses in Međimurje.[139][140] On 13 July, one such storm travelled Шаблон:Cvt, producing hail throughout its distance with stones up to Шаблон:Convert in diameter in Krško, Slovenia, and a wind speed in excess of Шаблон:Cvt in Zrenjanin, Serbia.[141]
19 and 21 July storms
On 19 July, a particularly strong supercell caused extreme wind damage in Slovenia and northern Croatia. Six people were killed:[142] four in Croatia (two in Zagreb, one in Cernik, Brod-Posavina County, and an on-duty firefighter in Tovarnik in the Vukovar-Srijem County),[143] one near Lake Bled, Slovenia, and one in Brčko, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Many more were injured, including at least 60 in Zagreb, 10 of them severely. The storm caused extensive wind damage and electricity outages in parts of Slovenia, northern Croatia and northern Serbia. Winds of Шаблон:Cvt were recorded at the Zagreb Airport, and over 100 km/h in Belgrade and Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia.[144][145][146][147] A state-operated automated weather station near Županja, Croatia recorded a Шаблон:Cvt wind gust.[148] The storm moved quickly, hitting Zagreb around 4 pm and Belgrade around 8 pm (CEST).[149] Zagreb saw Шаблон:Cvt of rainfall within 10 minutes.[148]
In the afternoon of 21 July, a similar storm travelled over northern Croatia, dealing the brunt of its damage in Istria and Rijeka, where seven people were injured and one was missing. It subsequently hit Zagreb with wind gusts up to Шаблон:Cvt, downing more trees, stopping tram traffic, and damaging the Croatian Parliament building among others.[150][151] Three deaths were recorded in Serbia.[142] In Novi Sad, a well-known celtis australis in the city centre, more than 150 years old and a first-class listed natural heritage object, was obliterated, with its trunk shattered.[152]
24 and 25 July storms
On 24 July, a particularly strong supercell storm caused extreme wind damage in Lombardy, Veneto and all northern Italy.[153][154] The Delta DL 185 flight departing from Milan Malpensa Airport and bound for New York JFK was diverted to Rome-Fiumicino Airport, after being damaged by a violent hailstorm.[155]
In Lombardy, two people were killed by falling trees,[156][157] while two more people died in a road accident caused by the road surface slippery from the rain.[158] Several others were injured across the region.
Early August floods
Шаблон:Main In the first week of August, a cut-off low led to torrential rains in excess of Шаблон:Cvt and flooding in Slovenia and parts of Croatia and Austria. The June and July storms led to the soil in the region being highly saturated with water,[159] which caused rivers to overflow, producing historic flooding[160][161][162] at a time of year when the local nivo-pluvial river regime predicts minimum levels.[163] At least seven people were killed in Slovenia and Austria.[161][162] The flood wave crest entered Croatia on the night of 5–6 August, causing localised flooding and breaking records at several gauges. In Drnje, Croatia, near the confluence of Mura and Drava, a century-old record was broken by more than half a metre (2 ft). Croatian Armed Forces deployed 150 soldiers to assist with flood defences.[164]
See also
- 2003 European heat wave
- 2006 European heat wave
- 2007 European heat wave
- 2019 European heat waves
- 2022 European heat waves
- 2022 European drought
- 2022 heat waves
- 2023 European drought
- 2023 heat waves
- List of heat waves
References
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 161,0 161,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 162,0 162,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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