Английская Википедия:2023 Tennessee House of Representatives expulsions

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Файл:Kamala Harris with the Tennessee Three.jpg

Gloria Johnson, Justin Jones, and Justin J. Pearson (right) pictured with Vice President Kamala Harris (center) on April 7, 2023.

On AprilШаблон:Nbsp6, 2023, the Tennessee House of Representatives voted on resolutions to expel Democratic Representatives Gloria Johnson, Justin Jones, and Justin J. Pearson for violating the chamber's decorum rules by leading personal protests for gun reform on the House floor and joining demonstrators in the chamber's public galleries during a legislative session three days after the 2023 Covenant School shooting. Resolutions for the expulsions of Jones and Pearson passed with a two-thirds majority, and they were removed from office. The resolution against Johnson failed to pass by one vote, and she was allowed to retain her seat.

The decision to expel the representatives has been called unprecedented in modern United States history, with the power to expel members typically being reserved to remove members accused of serious misconduct. The decision was condemned as authoritarian and undemocratic by a number of Democrats, including U.S. president Joe Biden, former president Barack Obama, and former vice president Al Gore, who served as a U.S. Senator from Tennessee from 1985 to 1993. Jones, Johnson, and Pearson were dubbed by their supporters as the "Tennessee Three."

The Nashville Metropolitan Council voted unanimously to reinstate Jones on April 10, and two days later the Shelby County Board of Commissioners voted unanimously to reinstate Pearson. Both legislators won their respective special elections to serve the remainder of their terms.

Background

Файл:Tennessee House of Representatives 2022f.jpg

The House of Representatives Chamber in the Tennessee State Capitol, pictured in 2022

Tennessee House of Representatives

The Tennessee House of Representatives requires a two-thirds majority of the total membership to expel another representative. In the state of Tennessee, expulsions are rare; since the Civil War, only eight representatives had been expelled before 2023. Six representatives were expelled in 1866 for trying to prevent passage of the 14th Amendment, which granted citizenship to former slaves. In 1980, Republican representative Robert Fisher was expelled for bribery. Republican representative Jeremy Durham was expelled in 2016 for sexual misconduct.

2023 Covenant School shooting and protest

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:External media On March 27, 2023, a shooter killed three students and three adults at the Covenant School, a Presbyterian private school in Nashville. On March 30, hundreds of protesters, joined by state representatives Jones, Johnson, and Pearson, marched onto the Tennessee State Capitol to call on lawmakers to address gun reform.

Jones, Johnson, and Pearson gathered at the well of the chamber and chanted, "No action, no peace" during a proceeding that day, using a bullhorn. The bullhorn was believed to be owned by country singer Margo Price, but Price later clarified that it was not hers. The Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives, Cameron Sexton, condemned the protest, and compared it to the January 6 Capitol attack. Sexton revoked their ID card access to the State Capitol on April 3 and stripped them of their committee assignments.

In the days following the demonstration, supporters of Jones, Johnson, and Pearson accused Republican legislators of fascism. During her interview with Mother Jones, Johnson stated that she believed Tennessee was less democratic than North Korea. On social media, the hashtag #TennesseeThree trended on Twitter as supporters of the legislators protested the expulsion votes.

Expulsion votes

As the Tennessee House of Representatives is a 99-seat body, the number of votes to expel a member is 66 in order to reach the required supermajority.

Justin Jones

Файл:2023 vote on expelling Justin Jones from the Tennessee House of Representatives.svg

Vote on expelling Justin Jones. Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend

The Tennessee House of Representatives voted to expel Jones by a vote of 72Шаблон:Endash25, split along party lines, with only one Republican, Charlie Baum, voting against the expulsion. HRШаблон:Nbsp65, the resolution to remove Jones, was sponsored by Bud Hulsey and co-sponsored by Gino Bulso, Andrew Farmer, and Johnny Garrett.

Gloria Johnson

Файл:2023 vote on expelling Gloria Johnson from the Tennessee House of Representatives.svg

Vote on expelling Gloria Johnson. Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend

The Tennessee House of Representatives voted 65Шаблон:Endash30 not to expel Johnson. It was short of the required two-thirds majority by one vote. The Republicans who did not support the resolution were Jody Barrett, Charlie Baum, Rush Bricken, Bryan Richey, Lowell Russell, Mike Sparks, and Sam Whitson. The resolution, HRШаблон:Nbsp64, was sponsored by Gino Bulso.

Justin J. Pearson

Файл:2023 vote on expelling Justin J. Pearson from the Tennessee House of Representatives.svg

Vote on expelling Justin J. Pearson. Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend

The Tennessee House of Representatives voted to expel Pearson, 69Шаблон:Endash26. HRШаблон:Nbsp63, the resolution to remove Pearson, was sponsored by Andrew Farmer. Charlie Baum and John Gillespie were the two Republicans to vote against the resolution.

Post-expulsions

Succession

The expulsions of Jones and Pearson left vacancies in House DistrictsШаблон:Nbsp52 and 86. [[s:Constitution of the State of Tennessee (2011)#Sec. 15. Vacancies.|ArticleШаблон:Nbsp2, SectionШаблон:Nbsp15]] of the Tennessee State Constitution allows the local legislative body—in this case, the Metropolitan Council of Nashville and Davidson County and the Shelby County Board of Commissioners, respectively—to appoint an interim successor until a special election can be held. At least 29 members of the 40-member Davidson County Metropolitan Council initially vowed to reappoint Jones; the measure required a majority of members to approve it. Shelby county commissioner Erika Sugarmon claimed that commissioners were threatened with cuts in state funding for certain local projects during budget negotiations if Pearson were re-seated, which was disputed by a spokesperson for the House Speaker. The Democratic city and Republican legislature were already at odds due to widening political differences. During the 2022 redistricting cycle, the state legislature gerrymandered Nashville into three safe Republican seats from a safe Democratic district. Further turmoil erupted when the Nashville metro council rejected a bid to host the 2024 Republican National Convention in August 2022, drawing the ire of many GOP lawmakers. A slate of bills targeting Nashville were introduced during the 2023 session prior to the expulsions that would abruptly cut the size of the Nashville metro council in half, and take over the city's airport authority and sports authority, and cut convention center funding, among others.

The Metropolitan Council of Nashville and Davidson County set a meeting to discuss an interim appointment to the vacant DistrictШаблон:Nbsp52 on AprilШаблон:Nbsp10. Jones was reinstated to his seat by a unanimous vote of 36Шаблон:Endash0. The Shelby County Board of Commissioners unanimously voted 7Шаблон:Endash0 to reinstate Pearson to his seat on AprilШаблон:Nbsp12; six of the 13 board members were not present for the vote.

Jones and Pearson have both said that they plan to run for their seats in the upcoming special elections.

Protests

On April 6, protesters gathered in the Tennessee State Capitol once more to protest the expulsions and reaffirm their support for gun reform legislation.

Reactions

Файл:President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris meet with the “Tennessee Three”- Democratic Tennessee State legislators Justin Pearson, Gloria Johnson, and Justin Jones on April 24, 2023 in the Oval Office - P20230424AS-1387.jpg

Jones, Johnson, and Pearson speak with President Biden and Vice President Harris, at the White House on April 24, 2023.

Following Jones' expulsion, President Joe Biden wrote that the move was "shocking, undemocratic, and without precedent." Vice President Kamala Harris, who was on her way to speak in Dalton, Georgia, made a surprise visit to Tennessee on AprilШаблон:Nbsp7 to meet with the three legislators and reaffirm President Biden's support for an assault weapons ban.

Former President Barack Obama wrote, "This nation was built on peaceful protest. No elected official should lose their job simply for raising their voice – especially when they're doing it on behalf of our children." Former Vice President Al Gore wrote that the expulsions resulted in a "historically sad day for democracy in Tennessee." Gore served as a U.S. representative from Tennessee from 1977 to 1985, and as a U.S. senator from 1985 to 1993.

State Representative Joe Towns Jr. criticized the expulsion saying "you never use a sledgehammer to kill a gnat; we are dropping the nuclear option."

Adam Kinzinger, an Illinois Republican, was also critical of the expulsions. “The GOP kicked out legislators for protesting guns. Not censure, fine etc. expelled. This is facist [sic] in nature,” Kinzinger tweeted.

Conservative political commentator Matt Walsh supported the expulsions. “The Democrats led a mob into the capitol building and then tried to use the floor of the House as a staging ground for a political demonstration. They never imagined that Republicans would actually use their constitutional authority to expel them. But they did. Awesome stuff,” Walsh tweeted.

Tennessee State Senator London Lamar accused the Tennessee House of racism for expelling two black representatives but not the white representative, and the three representatives involved commented on the expulsions. Johnson, a white woman, was asked why she thought she was not expelled, to which she responded, "It might have to do with the color of my skin." Pearson said of his expulsion: "You cannot ignore the racial dynamic of what happened today — two young black lawmakers get expelled and the one white woman does not," while Jones described it as "a farce of democracy."

State Representative Charlie Baum was the only Republican to vote against all three proposed expulsions, stating that he "[knew his] constituents, the vast majority of them didn't want these representatives expelled."

See also

• Disciplinary procedure
• Parliamentary procedure
• Zooey Zephyr, Montana Democratic legislator who faced similar reprisal in the same year