Английская Википедия:2024 United States presidential election
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Шаблон:US 2024 presidential elections series
The 2024 United States presidential election will be the 60th quadrennial presidential election, scheduled for Tuesday, November 5, 2024.[1] Voters will elect a president and vice president for a term of four years. Incumbent President Joe Biden, a member of the Democratic Party, is running for re-election.[2] His predecessor Donald Trump, a member of the Republican Party, is running for re-election to a second, nonconsecutive term.[3] If Trump wins, he would become the second president to achieve this feat, after Grover Cleveland. If both Biden and Trump are nominated by their respective parties, it would mark the first presidential rematch since 1956. A number of primary election challengers have also declared their candidacies for the nomination of both major parties. The winner of this election is scheduled to be inaugurated on January 20, 2025. It will occur at the same time as elections to the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House; several states will also be holding gubernatorial and state legislative elections.
Prior to the general election, political parties will choose their nominees at nominating conventions. Delegates to the nominating conventions will be chosen by voters in state-level caucuses and primary elections. In October 2023, environmental lawyer Robert F. Kennedy Jr. announced his run as an independent presidential candidate.[4] By the next month, Kennedy's polling was at the highest levels for a third-party candidate since Ross Perot in 1992.[5][6] Cornel West has also announced a campaign on a social democratic and pro-Palestine platform.[7]
On December 19, 2023, the Colorado Supreme Court ruled that Trump is ineligible to hold office and cannot appear on the ballot in Colorado. The ruling is temporarily stayed.[8]
This is the first presidential election to occur after the overturning of Roe v. Wade. Abortion access,[9][10] healthcare,[11] education,[12] the economy,[13] foreign policy,[14] LGBT rights,[15] and democracy[16][17] are expected to be leading campaign issues.
Background
Procedure
Шаблон:Main Article Two of the United States Constitution states that for a person to serve as president, the individual must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, be at least 35 years old, and have been a United States resident for at least 14 years. The Twenty-second Amendment forbids any person from being elected president more than twice. Major party candidates seek the nomination through a series of primary elections that select the delegates who choose the candidate at the party's national convention. Each party's national convention chooses a vice presidential running mate to form that party's ticket. The nominee for president usually picks the running mate, who is then ratified by the delegates at the party's convention.
The general election in November is an indirect election, in which voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College; these electors then directly elect the president and vice president.[18] Election offices are dealing with increased workloads and public scrutiny, so officials in many key states have sought for more funds to hire more personnel, improve security, and extend training. This demand emerges at a moment when numerous election offices are dealing with an increase in retirements and a flood of public record demands, owing in part to the electoral mistrust planted by former President Donald Trump's loss in the 2020 election. Both Biden and Trump are running for president in 2024, suggesting a potential rematch of the 2020 election, which would be the first presidential rematch since 1956.[19] If Trump is elected, he would become the second president to win a second non-consecutive term, joining Grover Cleveland who did so in 1892.[20]
Election interference
Donald Trump did not concede to Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election, citing false claims of voter fraud, and has continued denying the election results Шаблон:As of.[21][22] Election security experts have warned that officials who deny the legitimacy of the 2020 presidential election may attempt to impede the voting process or refuse to certify the 2024 election results.[23]
Polling before the election has indicated profound dissatisfaction with the state of American democracy.[24][25][26] Liberals tend to believe that conservatives are threatening the country with autocratic tendencies and their attempts to overturn the 2020 election.[27] Many Republicans are concerned with attempts to prevent former President Trump from holding public office by any means necessary, including impeachment and indictment.[28]
Electoral map
Effects of the 2020 census
This will be the first U.S. presidential election to occur after the reapportionment of votes in the United States Electoral College following the 2020 United States census.[29][30] If the results of the 2020 election were to stay the same (which has never occurred in the history of presidential elections) in 2024, Democrats would have 303 electoral votes against the Republicans' 235, a slight change from Biden's 306 electoral votes and Trump's 232, meaning that Democrats lost a net of 3 electoral votes to the reapportionment process. This apportionment of electoral college votes will remain only through the 2028 election. Reapportionment will be conducted again after the 2030 United States census.[31]
Historical background
In recent presidential elections, most states are not competitive due to demographics keeping them solidly behind one of the major parties. Because of the nature of the Electoral College, this means that the various swing states — competitive states that "swing" between the Democratic and Republican parties — are vital to winning the presidency. As of now, these include states in the Rust Belt, such as Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, and states in the Sun Belt, such as Nevada, Arizona, and Georgia.[32] North Carolina may also be considered a battleground state, due to the close result in the previous presidential election, in which Trump only won by 1.34%.[33] Due to gradual demographic shifts, some former swing states such as Iowa, Ohio and Florida have shifted significantly towards the Republicans, favoring them in future statewide and local elections. Meanwhile, states like Colorado, New Mexico and Virginia have moved noticeably towards the Democrats, and the party has become the dominant political force there.[34][35][36]
The Democratic electoral coalition, securing the "blue states" for Democratic presidential candidates, performs best among Jewish and Black voters;[37][38] whites who are wealthy or postgraduates,[39] or live in urban areas.[40] Working class voters were also a mainstay of the Democratic coalition since the days of the New Deal, but since the 1970s, many have defected to Republicans as the Democratic Party moved significantly to the left on cultural issues.[41] Conversely, the traditional Republican coalition that dominates many "red states" is mainly composed of rural white voters, evangelicals, the elderly, and non-college educated voters.[42] Republicans have also historically performed well with suburban, middle class voters since the 1950s, but this bloc has drifted away from them in recent years due to the rise of the Tea Party movement and later the Make America Great Again movement.[43] The acceleration of this trend has been credited with tipping the 2020 presidential election in favor of Democrat Joe Biden, because the incumbent Trump was historically unpopular in the suburbs for a Republican candidate, underperforming there significantly.[44]
According to recent polling, generational and racial polarization appear to have significantly decreased, with Hispanic, Asian, Arab, and youth voters increasingly trending towards the Republican Party, while voters over the age of 65 and whites appear to have become increasingly Democratic.[45][46][47][48][49]
Impact of third-party voting
Шаблон:Main While independent/third-party candidates often do better in polls than actual election performance,[50] early polling suggests there could be a strong showing for third-party candidates in 2024. Third-party candidates currently have the strongest showing in polls since Ross Perot's high poll numbers in the 1990s.[51] Polls are especially high for Robert F. Kennedy Jr., who dropped out of the Democratic Party primaries to run as an independent.[52]
Campaign issues
Abortion
Abortion access is expected to be a key topic during the campaign. This is the first presidential election to be held in the aftermath of two major court rulings that affected access to abortion. The first is the 2022 Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization decision, in which the United States Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, leaving abortion law entirely to the states, including bans on abortion.[9] The second is the 2023 Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine v. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, in which a federal judge in northwest Texas overturned the FDA's approval of mifepristone in 2000, which could potentially pull the medication from the market if upheld by higher courts.[53] Both rulings have received strong support from Republican politicians and lawmakers.[9][53]
Democrats are predominantly supportive of viewing abortion access as a right[54] while Republican politicians generally favor significantly restricting the legality of abortion.[55] By April 2023, a large majority of Republican-controlled states had passed near-total bans on abortion, rendering it "largely illegal" throughout much of the United States. According to the Kaiser Family Foundation, there are 15 states that have de jure early stage bans on abortion without exceptions for rape or incest.[9]
Democracy
Joe Biden is expected to frame the election as a battle for democracy, which echoes Biden's framing of current geopolitics as "the battle between democracy and autocracy."[56] Joe Biden previously cited democracy and "a battle for the soul of our nation" as a key message of his successful 2020 run, and has repeatedly touched on the issue of democracy since announcing his candidacy for the 2020 presidential election.[17]
Donald Trump's 2024 campaign has been criticized by the media for making increasingly violent and authoritarian statements,[57][58][59] which some believe the Trump campaign is intentionally leaning into.[60] Trump's previous comments suggesting he can "terminate" the Constitution to reverse his election loss,[61][62] his claim that he would only be a dictator on "day one" of his presidency and not after,Шаблон:Efn his promise to use the Justice Department to go after his political enemies,[63] attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election, continued Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election, and Trump's baseless predictions of vote fraud in the 2024 election,[64] have raised concerns over the state of democracy in America.[60][65][66][67]
Democracy is expected to be a large issue in the 2024 election. An AP-NORC poll of 1,074 adults conducted between November 30 to December 4, 2023, found that 62% of adults said democracy could be at risk depending on who wins the next election.[16]
Economic issues
The COVID-19 pandemic left behind significant economic effects which are likely to persist into 2024.[68] A period of high inflation began in 2021, caused by a confluence of events including the pandemic and a supply-chain crisis, which was then heightened by economic effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022.[69][70] Opinion polling over Biden's handling of the economy has consistently been negative since late 2021.[71] Voters often cite economic issues as their top issue for the 2024 election.[72][73]
Women were particularly affected by the economic downturn in the wake of the pandemic, particularly those who left their work for childcare responsibilities.[74] Temporary childcare measures, including an expanded child tax credit as part of the American Rescue Plan, were introduced as methods designed to help the economic situation of parents, but these would expire before the 2024 election.[75]
Education
Under the Biden administration, several rounds of student loan forgiveness have been issued, totaling over $32 billion.[76] In August 2022, a plan was unveiled that would eliminate $10,000 in student loan debt for single graduates making less than $125,000 or married couples making less than $250,000.[77] $20,000 would have been eliminated for borrowers of Pell Grants, a program aimed at providing need-based assistance.[78] In June 2023, this plan was overturned in the Supreme Court decision Biden v. Nebraska.[79][80] Biden intends to implement new methods of student debt relief, working around the Supreme Court decision.[81] Biden stated that offering universal pre-kindergarten services as well as caregiver support would be a priority of a second term.[82]
Some Republican candidates and prospective candidates see education as a winning campaign issue. Dozens of states have created laws preventing the instruction of critical race theory, an academic discipline focused on the examination of racial inequality. Supporters of the laws claim that conversations about racial identity are not appropriate for a school environment.[83][84][12] Critics of the laws against critical race theory claim they whitewash American history and act as memory laws to rewrite public memory of U.S. history.[85]
Foreign policy
Шаблон:Main The ongoing Israel–Hamas war and Russian invasion of Ukraine are expected to be significant issues of the campaign.[86]
The United States has provided significant military and humanitarian aid to Ukraine throughout the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[87][88][89] Democratic politicians and a significant number of Republican politicians have supported this plan, arguing that the United States has a significant role to play in "protecting democracy and fighting Russian aggression."[90] Some candidates, including Ron DeSantis and Donald Trump, claim that Ukraine and suppressing Russian intervention should not be a significant interest to the United States, and that the plan should be more limited.[91] Vivek Ramaswamy favors ending U.S. military aid to Ukraine and would recognize Russian annexed territories.[92]
During the Israel–Hamas war, Biden announced "unequivocal" military support for Israel, and condemned the actions of Hamas and other Palestinian militants as terrorism.[93] Biden has requested 10.6 billion dollars of aid for Israel to Congress.[94] Kennedy condemned Hamas' attacks on Israeli civilians and declared support for aid to Israel.[95] 74% of Jewish voters have expressed approval of Joe Biden's support for Israel.[96] Biden's support for Israel has greatly damaged Muslim support for Democrats in polling.[97] Polling has indicated a significant divide between elite opinion of the Israel–Hamas war, which has overwhelmingly taken the side of Israel, and the general public.[98] A plurality of Americans oppose American military aid to Israel and believe that the United States "should be a neutral mediator" in the Israel-Palestinian conflict rather than taking a side.[98] Among voters 18-34, 66 percent disapprove of Israel's conduct during the war and 20 percent approve, while a majority take the side of Palestinians predominately in the conflict.[99]
Healthcare issues
Trump has made repealing the Affordable Care Act, better known as Obamacare, a key issue of the 2024 election.[11] The issue of healthcare and drug policy, including whether the United States should shift to a universal healthcare system,[100] and the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to play a key role in the 2024 presidential election.[101] According to Deseret News, Kennedy has attempted to moderate his anti-vaccine position before the election, stating that he is not against all vaccines, and telling Bill Maher in an interview that "all I'm saying" is that "let's test [vaccines] the way we test other medicines. That does not seem unreasonable".[102] West is running on a platform of medicare-for-all.[7]
LGBT rights
In recent years, conservative politicians in state legislatures have introduced a large and growing number of bills that restrict the rights of LGBT people, especially transgender people.[103][104]
In a February campaign message, Donald Trump said that if reelected, he would enact a federal law that would recognize only two genders, claimed that being transgender is a concept made up by "the radical left", and would enact nearly a dozen policies that would target transgender Americans. Ron DeSantis has signed several anti-LGBT laws as Governor of Florida, including the controversial Florida Parental Rights in Education Act, referred to by critics as the "Don't Say Gay" law, which prohibits speaking about sexual orientation and gender identity in Florida public schools.[105]
Democratic Party
On April 25, 2023, President Joe Biden announced his run for re-election, keeping Vice President Kamala Harris as his running mate.[106][107] Consequently, Republicans have intensified their criticism of Harris since Biden declared his intention to run for office.[108] During late 2021, as Biden was facing low approval ratings, there was speculation that he would not seek re-election,[109] and some prominent Democrats (Representatives Carolyn Maloney, Tim Ryan and former Representative Joe Cunningham) publicly urged Biden not to run.[110][111][112] In addition to Biden's unpopularity, many are concerned about his age; he was the oldest person to assume the office at age 78 and would be 82 at the end of his first term. If re-elected, he would be 86 at the end of his second term.[113] According to an NBC poll released in April 2023, 70 percent of Americans—including 51 percent of Democrats—believe Biden should not run for a second term. Almost half said it was because of his age. According to the FiveThirtyEight national polling average, Biden's current approval rating is 41 percent, while 55 percent disapprove.[114] There was also speculation that Biden may face a primary challenge from a member of the Democratic Party's progressive faction.[115][116] After Democrats outperformed expectations in the 2022 midterm elections, many believed the chances that Biden would run for and win his party's nomination had increased.[117]
Author Marianne Williamson announced her candidacy in February 2023, before Biden announced his own candidacy for re-election. Williamson had previously sought the Democratic presidential nomination in 2020.[118] In April 2023, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. announced his candidacy for the nomination.[119] A member of the Kennedy family, he is an environmental lawyer and author.[120][121] Beginning in July 2023, Kennedy's support remained between 10 and 15 percent in the RealClear Politics average of polls taken among likely voters in the Democratic primary.[122] On October 9, 2023, Kennedy announced that he would be dropping out of the Democratic primary and would instead run as an independent candidate.[123] While Kennedy had been a lifelong Democrat, his net approval rating among Democrats was significantly lower than his net approval rating among Republican voters. In a New York Times/Sienna College poll taken in late July, Kennedy had a net 31% disapproval rating among Democrats, but a net 36% approval rating among Republicans.[124] Representative Dean Phillips announced his run against Biden on October 26.[125]
In December 2023, state Democratic Parties in Florida, North Carolina, and Tennessee announced that only President Biden would appear on the primary ballot in those states.[126] The move was criticized as undemocratic by Biden primary challengers Dean Phillips,[127] Marianne Williamson,[128] and Cenk Uygur.[129]
Declared candidates
Withdrawn candidates before the primaries
Republican Party
Donald Trump, the then-incumbent president, was defeated by Biden in the 2020 election and is not term-limited to run again in 2024, making him the fifth ex-president to seek a second non-consecutive term. If he wins, Trump would be the second president to win a non-consecutive term, after Grover Cleveland in 1892.[130] Trump could become ineligible to be on the ballot in Colorado, with the Colorado Supreme Court ruling that he violated section 3 of the 14th Amendment for his role in the January 6 insurrection, though the decision is currently stayed.[131] He filed a statement of candidacy with the Federal Election Commission (FEC) on November 15, 2022, and announced his candidacy in a speech at Mar-a-Lago the same day.[132][133] Trump is considered an early frontrunner for the Republican presidential nomination, following his 2024 campaign announcement on November 15, 2022.[134] Trump announced in March 2022 that if he runs for re-election and wins the Republican presidential nomination, his former vice president Mike Pence will not be his running mate.[135]
In March 2023, Trump was indicted over his hush money payments to adult film actress Stormy Daniels.[136] Trump was again indicted in June over his handling of classified documents which contained materials sensitive to national security. Trump has pleaded not guilty to all the charges related to these indictments.[137][138]
Florida Governor Ron DeSantis is seen as the main challenger to Trump for the Republican nomination; he raised more campaign funds in the first half of 2022 and had more favorable polling numbers than Trump by the end of 2022.[139][140][141] On May 24, 2023, DeSantis announced his candidacy on Twitter in an online conversation with Twitter CEO Elon Musk. "American decline is not inevitable—it is a choice...I am running for president of the United States to lead our great American comeback", DeSantis added. His campaign stated to have raised $1 million in the first hour following the announcement of his candidacy.[142] Speaking on Fox & Friends, he stated that he would "destroy leftism" in the United States.[143] At the end of July 2023, FiveThirtyEight's national polling average of the Republican primaries had Trump at 52 percent, and DeSantis at 15.[144]
Former UN ambassador Nikki Haley has since gained ground and is in second place in New Hampshire, in polling averages compiled by RealClearPolitics, as of early November 2023.[145]
Declared candidates
Withdrawn candidates before the primaries
Independent/third party
Шаблон:Main Numerous third party and independent candidates have announced presidential runs.
Anti-vaccine activist and environmental lawyer Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has drawn support among independent and anti-establishment voters disillusioned with mainstream American politics, winning a plurality among independents in some polls.[146][147] He has faced criticism for supporting various conspiracy theories, particularly on the John F. Kennedy assassination and COVID-19 vaccines.[148] Left-wing activist and intellectual Cornel West announced a campaign as an independent after initially announcing a run as a People's Party and later a Green Party candidate. Centrist political organization No Labels, which helped create the bipartisan Problem Solvers Caucus in the United States House of Representatives, also said they would consider running a third-party candidate, citing popular polling for such a candidate.[149] Some established third parties, such as the American Solidarity Party, the Prohibition Party, and the Party for Socialism and Liberation have announced presidential nominees, while others, such as the Libertarian Party and the Green Party have yet to hold their primaries.
Notable party nominations
The following individuals have been nominated by their respective parties to run for president.
With partial ballot access
These parties have ballot access in some states, but not enough to get 270 votes to win the presidency, without running a write-in campaign.
- American Solidarity Party: Peter Sonski, Connecticut school board member and director of the Knights of Columbus Museum
- Prohibition Party: Michael Wood, businessman[150]
Without ballot access
- Party for Socialism and Liberation: Claudia de la Cruz, political activist[151]
- Socialist Party USA: Bill Stodden, nonprofit executive[152][153]
- Transhumanist Party: Tom Ross, technology and political activist[154]
Notable declared candidates
The following individuals have declared their intent to run for president.
Independents
Declared major independent candidates
| Name | Born | Experience | Home state | Campaign Шаблон:Small |
Campaign | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:RFK Jr 4x5.jpg Robert F. Kennedy Jr. |
Шаблон:Dts (age Шаблон:Age nts) Washington, D.C. |
Environmental lawyer Founder of Children's Health Defense Founder of Waterkeeper Alliance Anti-vaccine activist |
Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Small |
Файл:Robert Kennedy Jr for President Logo.png Campaign FEC filing[155][156][157] Website |
[158][159] |
| Файл:Cornel West by Gage Skidmore.jpg Cornel West |
Шаблон:Dts (age Шаблон:Age nts) Tulsa, Oklahoma |
Academic and activist | Шаблон:Flag | Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Small |
Файл:West POTUS 24.png Campaign FEC filing[160][161][162] Website |
[163] |
Other candidates
- Shiva Ayyadurai, engineer, entrepreneur, and anti-vaccine activist; candidate for U.S. Senate from Massachusetts in 2018 and 2020[164][165]Шаблон:Efn
- Joseph "Afroman" Foreman, rapper[166]
- Taylor Marshall, podcaster and author[167][168]
Libertarian Party
- Chase Oliver, nominee for U.S. Senate in Georgia, 2022[169]
- Michael Rectenwald, author and former liberal studies professor at New York University[170]
Green Party
- Jill Stein, physician and 2012 and 2016 Green presidential nominee.[171]
No Labels
Publicly expressed interest
As of Шаблон:Monthyear, the following notable individuals have expressed an interest in running for president within the previous six months.
- Liz Cheney, United States Representative from WY-AL (2017–2023), Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs (2002–2004, 2005–2009)[172]
- Joe Manchin, United States Senator from West Virginia (2010–present), 34th governor of West Virginia (2005–2010), 27th West Virginia Secretary of State (2001–2005), member of the West Virginia Senate from the 13th district (1986–1996), member of the West Virginia House of Delegates from the 31st district (1982–1986)[173]
Potential candidates
- Bill Cassidy, United States Senator from Louisiana (2015–present), United States Representative from LA-06 (2009–2015), member of the Louisiana Senate from the 16th district (2006–2009)[174]Шаблон:Efn
- Larry Hogan, 62nd governor of Maryland (2015–2023), Secretary of Appointments of Maryland (2003–2007)[175]Шаблон:Efn
Independent/other party
- Tulsi Gabbard, United States Representative from HI-02 (2013–2021), member of the Honolulu City Council (2011–2012), member of the Hawaii House of Representatives (2002–2004), Democratic candidate for president in 2020[176]
- William H. McRaven, Commander of the United States Special Operations Command (2011–2014) and Chancellor of the University of Texas System (2015–2018)[177]
- Jesse Ventura, 38th governor of Minnesota (1999–2003)[178]
Withdrawn candidates
The following notable individual(s) announced and then suspended their campaigns before the election:
Polling and forecasts
Polling aggregation
Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also {{#section-h:Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election|Polling aggregations}}
Forecasts
Elections analysts and political pundits issue probabilistic forecasts to give readers a sense of how probable various electoral outcomes are. These forecasts use a variety of factors to determine the likelihood of each candidate winning each state. Most election predictors use the following ratings:
- "tossup": no advantage
- "tilt" (used by some predictors): advantage that is not quite as strong as "lean"
- "lean" or "leans": slight advantage
- "likely": significant, but surmountable, advantage
- "safe" or "solid": near-certain chance of victory
Below is a list of states considered by one or more forecast to be competitive; states that are deemed to be "safe" or "solid" by all forecasters (The Cook Political Report, Sabato's Crystal Ball, and Inside Elections) are omitted for brevity.
Debates
The Commission on Presidential Debates announced on November 20, 2023, it will host four debates in 2024.
- September 16 at Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas (presidential debate).
- September 25 at Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. (vice presidential debate).
- October 1 at Virginia State University in Petersburg, Virginia (presidential debate).
- October 9 at University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah (presidential debate).
To qualify for the debates, candidates must appear on enough ballots to be able to win a majority of the electoral votes, must be constitutionally eligible, and poll an average of at least 15% in national polls from organizations selected by the commission.[186] Currently, Kennedy has the polling numbers that would allow him to be on the stage, which could mark the first third party candidate to be on the stage since Ross Perot in 1992 if his polling trends continue.[187]Шаблон:Better source needed [188]
See also
- 2024 United States elections
- Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election
- Statewide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election
- Timeline of the 2024 United States presidential election
Notes
References
Шаблон:2024 United States presidential election Шаблон:2024 United States elections Шаблон:United States presidential electionsШаблон:Subject barШаблон:Authority control
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Multiple sources:
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
