Английская Википедия:350th Air Refueling Squadron
Шаблон:Use American English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox military unit
The 350th Air Refueling Squadron is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the 22nd Air Refueling Wing at McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas. It operates Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft conducting air refueling missions.
The squadron, was activated as the 350th Bombardment Squadron during World War II as a heavy bomber unit. It served in combat in the European Theater of Operations, where it earned a Distinguished Unit Citation and the French Croix de Guerre with Palm for its actions. After V-E Day the squadron returned to the United States and was inactivated at the port of embarkation.
The squadron was briefly active in the reserve from 1947 to 1949, but does not appear to have been fully equipped or manned. It served between 1956 and 1992 with Strategic Air Command as a bombardment, strategic reconnaissance and air refueling unit.
Mission
To organize, train and equip to provide global mobility, 24 hours per day, 7 days per week.Шаблон:Citation needed
History
World War II
Organization and training for combat
The squadron was activated at Orlando Army Air Base, Florida on 1 June 1942 as one of the four original squadrons of the 100th Bombardment Group,[1][2] It was intended to equip the squadron with Consolidated B-24 Liberators. The Army Air Forces (AAF) decided to concentrate heavy bomber training under Second Air Force, and before the end of June, the squadron moved to Pendleton Field, Oregon. Its intended equipment changed to Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses.[3]
As a result, the squadron only began organizing in October 1942, when the initial cadre of the ground echelon (4 officers and 27 enlisted men) were assigned after it had moved to Gowen Field, Idaho.[4] Two days later, the squadron departed for Walla Walla Army Air Base, Washington for Phase I training. There the first aircrew arrived on 1 December 1942 and it received its first operational aircraft and began training.[3][5] In February 1943, the ground echelon went to Kearney Army Air Field, Nebraska, while the air echelon went to Ainsworth, Casper and Scottsbluff Army Air Fields, where they acted as instructors training other units for the next three months.[6]
The 350th completed its training and departed Kearney Army Air Field, Nebraska for the European Theater of Operations on 1 May 1943.[3] the air echelon returned to Wendover Field, and would not be reunited with the ground echelon until arriving in England in June.[7] The ground echelon proceeded by rail to Camp Kilmer, then sailed on the Шаблон:RMS on 28 May, arriving at Greenock, Scotland on 3 June,[8] while the air echelon flew via the northern ferry route to England about 21 May 1943.[9][3][10]
Combat in the European Theater
The squadron established itself at its combat station, RAF Thorpe Abbotts, on 9 June 1943, flying its first combat mission against Bremen on 25 June.[11] Until the end of the war, the squadron was primarily employed in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. Until January 1944, it concentrated its operations on airfields in France, and industrial targets and naval facilities in France and Germany. On 17 August 1943, it participated in an attack on a factory manufacturing Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters in Regensburg, Germany, which seriously disrupted production of that plane. Although the mission called for fighter escort, the fighter group assigned to protect the squadron's formation missed the rendezvous and the wing formation proceeded to the target unescorted. Enemy fighter opposition focused on the low "box", formed in part by the squadron. Ten of the 21 Flying Fortresses flown by the 100th Group were lost on this mission. Unknown to AAF intelligence at the time, the attack also destroyed almost all of the fuselage construction equipment for Germany's secret Me 262 jet fighter. Rather than returning to England, the unit turned south and recovered at bases in North Africa.[12] For this action, the squadron was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC).[1]
From January to May 1944, the 350th attacked airfields, industrial targets, marshalling yards, and missile sites in Western Europe. During Big Week, it participated in the concentrated attack on the German aircraft industry. In March, it conducted a series of long range attacks against Berlin, for which it was awarded a second DUC.[1] The raid of 6 March was to be the costliest mission flown by Eighth Air Force during the war. German fighter controllers detected that the formation including the squadron was unprotected by fighter escorts and concentrated interceptor attacks on it. Twenty-three B-17s from the formation failed to return.[13]Шаблон:Efn Two days later, German fighters shot down the leader of the 45th Combat Bombardment Wing, and the 100th Group took the lead in another attack on Berlin.[14] From the summer of 1944, the 350th concentrated on German oil production facilities.[1]
The squadron was occasionally diverted from strategic bombing to perform interdiction and air support missions. It attacked bridges and gun positions to support Operation Overlord, the landings at Normandy in June 1944. In August and September it supported Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo, and bombed enemy positions in Brest. As Allied forces drove across Northern France toward the Siegfried Line in October and November, it attacked transportation and ground defenses. During the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944 and January 1945, it attacked lines of communication and fortified villages in the Ardennes. It provided support for Operation Varsity, the airborne assault across the Rhine in March 1945. The squadron was awarded the French Croix de Guerre with Palm for attacks on heavily defended sites and dropping supplies to the French Forces of the Interior.[1]
The squadron flew its last mission on 20 April 1945.[15] Following, V-E Day, the squadron was initially programmed to be part of the occupation forces in Germany, but that plan was cancelled in September, and between October and December, the squadron's planes were ferried back to the United States or transferred to other units in theater.[3] Its remaining personnel returned to the United States in December and the squadron was inactivated at the Port of Embarkation on 19 December 1945.[9]
"Bloody Hundredth"
Starting with the Regensburg mission of August 1943, the squadrons of the 100th Bombardment Group began suffering losses among the highest in VIII Bomber Command.[16] On 8 October, it lost seven aircraft on a raid on Bremen, including its lead and deputy lead aircraft.[17] Only two days later, it lost twelve aircraft on an attack on Münster, again including the lead aircraft. The only group plane returning from that mission had lost two engines and had two wounded on board.[18]Шаблон:Efn Its highest one day loss occurred on the 6 March 1944 attack on Berlin, when 15 bombers failed to return, ten from the 350th Bombardment Squadron.[19] On 11 September 1944, the Luftwaffe put up its heaviest opposition in months, destroying 11 of the group's bombers.[20] On 31 December 1944, half the 1st Bombardment Division's losses consisted of a dozen 100th bombers.[21] With a group authorization of 40 B-17s, it lost 177 planes to enemy action.[3] It became a legend for these losses and was referred to as the "Bloody Hundredth."[3]
Cold War
Reserve organization
The squadron was again activated in the reserve at Columbia Army Air Base, South Carolina on 16 July 1947 and assigned to the 100th Group, which was located at Miami Army Air Field, Florida. At Columbia, its training was supervised by Air Defense Command (ADC). It does not appear the squadron was fully staffed and was equipped only with training aircraft.[9] In 1948, Continental Air Command assumed responsibility for managing reserve and Air National Guard units from ADC.[22]
President Truman’s reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of Air Force units.[23] As a result, the 350th was inactivated[9] as reserve flying operations at Columbia ceased.
Strategic Air Command
The squadron reactivated under Strategic Air Command in 1956, and received new, swept wing Boeing B-47 Stratojet,[24] which was designed to carry nuclear weapons and to penetrate Soviet air defenses with its high operational ceiling and near supersonic speed. The squadron flew the B-47 for about a decade when by the mid-1960s it had become obsolete and vulnerable to new Soviet air defenses. The squadron began to send its Stratojets to The Military Aircraft Storage and Disposition Center at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base for retirement in 1965, the last being retired in 1966; it was one of the last B-47 squadrons.
It was redesignated as a strategic reconnaissance squadron, operating Ryan AQM-34 Firebee reconnaissance drones launched from DC-130 Hercules aircraft and recovered by Sikorsky CH-3 helicopters from 1966–1976.
Transitioning to the KC-135Q Stratotanker in 1982, the squadron provided refueling support for SR-71 aircraft from, 1983–1990. The 350th also provided cargo support and intratheater refueling during combat in Southwest Asia from August 1990 – March 1991 during the Gulf War.[9]
Air Mobility Command
At the end of the Cold War, the Air Force underwent extensive changes as a result of several rounds of Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC). On 1 January 1994, the 22nd Air Refueling Wing moved to McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas, as part of the Air Force's plan to return McConnell to an air refueling hub. The 384th Air Refueling Squadron, a geographically separated unit of the 19th Air Refueling Wing (at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia) and a McConnell tenant unit, joined the 22nd as the first of four Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker squadrons to comprise the wing’s new tanker force. Within eight months, the 350th, 344th, and 349th Air Refueling Squadrons joined the 384th in the 22nd Operations Group to fly the wing's 48 KC-135s. In 1997, the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) selected McConnell as its training base for its KC-135 crews and maintenance personnel. The RSAF stationed two of their Stratotankers with the 22 ARW, naming the organization the Peace Guardian Detachment.[25] From 1998 to 2003, the RSAF maintained a 300-person detachment at McConnell and trained with the 350th on air refueling techniques, tactics, and general airmanship.[26]
Global War on Terrorism
After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks against the United States, the Pentagon launched the Global War On Terrorism (GWOT). The 22nd Air Refueling Wing initially deployed tanker crews in support of Operation Noble Eagle. Before the end of the year, McConnell tankers were sent to the Middle East, Central Asia, Horn of Africa, and other locations to provide air refueling support during Operation Enduring Freedom. Beginning in 2003, the 22nd ARW took an active role in Operation Iraqi Freedom as tanker crews deployed to the Arabian Peninsula.[25]
Lineage
- Constituted as the 350 Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 28 January 1942
- Activated on 1 June 1942
- Redesignated 350 Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 20 August 1943
- Inactivated on 15 December 1945
- Redesignated 350 Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 9 July 1947
- Activated in the Reserve on 16 July 1947
- Inactivated on 27 June 1949
- Redesignated 350 Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 1 August 1955
- Activated on 1 January 1956
- Redesignated 350 Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron on 25 June 1966
- Inactivated on 1 July 1976
- Redesignated 350 Air Refueling Squadron, Heavy on 19 January 1982
- Activated on 28 January 1982
- Redesignated 350 Air Refueling Squadron on 1 September 1991[9]
Assignments
- 100th Bombardment Group: 1 June 1942 – 15 December 1945
- 100th Bombardment Group: 16 July 1947 – 27 June 1949
- 100th Bombardment Wing (later 100th Strategic Reconnaissance) Wing, 1 January 1956 – 1 July 1976 (attached to Sixteenth Air Force, 4 March 1958 – 4 April 1958
- 100th Air Refueling Wing, 28 January 1982
- 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, 15 March 1983
- 9th Operations Group, 1 September 1991
- 43d Operations Group, 1 October 1993
- 22d Operations Group, 1 July 1994 – present[9]
Stations
- Orlando Army Air Base, Florida 1 June 1942
- Barksdale Field, Louisiana, c. 18 June 1942
- Pendleton Field, Oregon c. 26 June 1942
- Gowen Field, Idaho, 28 August 1942
- Walla Walla Army Air Base, Washington, c. 1 November 1942
- Wendover Field, Utah, c. 30 November 1942
- Sioux City Army Air Base, Iowa, c. 28 December 1942
- Kearney AAF, Nebraska, c. 30 January 1943 – May 1943
- RAF Thorpe Abbotts (Station 139),[27] England, 9 June 1943 – December 1945
- Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, c. 20 – 21 December 1945
- Columbia Army Air Base, South Carolina, 16 July 1947 – 27 June 1949
- Portsmouth Air Force Base (later Pease Air Force Base), New Hampshire, 1 January 1956 – 30 April 1966 (deployed to RAF Brize Norton, England 4 January 1958 – 4 March 1958 and to Torrejon Air Base, Spain 4 March 1958 – 4 April 1958
- Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, 25 June 1966 – 1 July 1976
- Beale Air Force Base, California, 25 January 1982
- McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas, 1 July 1994 – Present[9]
Aircraft and Missile
- Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1942–1945
- North American AT-6 Texan, 1947–1949
- Beechcraft AT-7 Navigator, 1947–1949
- Beechcraft AT-11 Kansan, 1947–1949
- Boeing B-47 Stratojet, 1956–1966
- Sikorsky CH-3, 1966–1976
- Lockheed DC-130 Hercules, 1966–1976
- Ryan AQM-34 Firebee, 1966–1976
- Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker, 1982 – present[9]
References
Notes
- Explanatory notes
- Citations
Bibliography
Шаблон:Air Force Historical Research Agency
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
See also
Шаблон:USAF Air Mobility Command Шаблон:US Air Force navbox Шаблон:USAF air refueling units
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 171-172
- ↑ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 433-436, 512
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 Freeman, pp. 246-247
- ↑ Sheridan, pp. 5, 160
- ↑ Sheridan, pp. 7, 23
- ↑ Sheridan, p. 19
- ↑ Sheridan p. 29
- ↑ Sheridan, pp. 40, 45
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 9,5 9,6 9,7 9,8 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносок350ARSfactsне указан текст - ↑ Sheridan, pp. 49–50
- ↑ Sheridan, p. 162
- ↑ Freeman, pp. 67-68
- ↑ Freeman, p.114
- ↑ Freeman, p. 115
- ↑ Sheridan, p. 165
- ↑ Freeman, pp. 68-69
- ↑ Freeman, p. 75
- ↑ Freeman, p. 77
- ↑ Freeman, p. 116
- ↑ Freeman, p. 178
- ↑ Freeman, p. 204
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Knaack, p. 25
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокMaurer350BSне указан текст - ↑ 25,0 25,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокhistory22ndarwне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Station number in Anderson, p. 21.
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