Английская Википедия:42 études ou caprices

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More footnotes The 42 études ou caprices ("42 études or capriccios") for solo violin were composed by Rodolphe Kreutzer around 1796. While Kreutzer was a prolific composer with some 50 stage works and dozens of other pieces to his credit, he is best known as a pedagogue. Together with Pierre Baillot and Pierre Rode, he was at the center of the development of the French school of violin playing around the turn of the 19th century, which defined much of the 19th-century (and hence the modern) approach to playing the violin.

The 42 études have remained a core part of the teaching repertoire since their publication, and are today perhaps the most common set of studies for intermediate and advanced students of the violin. They were written to demonstrate the possibilities of the Tourte bow, which was then innovative but has since been universally adopted, meaning Kreutzer's studies are highly applicable to the development of modern bowing technique. Another of Kreutzer's important didactic goals was developing fluency in contraction and extension of the left hand, which is also crucial to modern students of the violin.

The earliest extant edition of the collection, from 1807, comprises 40 pieces. Kreutzer's authorship is broadly accepted for two other études, nos. 13 and 25, that were included in some early editions. The etudes broadly form a logical pedagogic progression, though the relatively difficult Etude No. 1 appears out of place, perhaps placed at the beginning for publication to make the studies look more challenging at first glance. It is generally considered that the correct place to start is with Etude No. 2, which is the simplest study, and some editions, such as Frigyes Sándor's edition, re-order the pieces to correct this.

Incipits 1–17

<score sound="1"> \relative a' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \time 4/4 \tempo "1. Adagio sostenuto" a1~ ( |

a2.~ a8. e'16 )

e1 ~ ( |

e2~ e,4 fis )

}

</score>
<score sound="1">

\relative c { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \tempo "2. Allegro moderato" c16 e g f e f d e c e g f e f d e | c e g f e f d e c d e d c d b c }

</score>
<score sound="1">

\relative g { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \time 4/4 \tempo "3. Allegro moderato" g16 e (a) g f d g f e c (f) e d b e d | c a (d) c b g c b a f (b) a g e a g

}

</score>
<score sound="1"> %etude4 \relative c' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \time 4/4 \tempo "4." c4 d16-. (e-. f-. g-. a2) | b,4 c16-. (d-. e-. fis-. g2)

}

</score>
<score sound="1"> %etude5 \relative g { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \time 4/4 \tempo "5. Allegro moderato" \key ees \major g8*2/3 bes aes g f es d f ees d c bes | ees g f ees d c b d c b a g }

</score>
<score sound="1"> %etude6 \relative c' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \time 4/4 \tempo "6. Moderato" \key c \major c8*2/3-. g-. e'-. c-. g'-. e-. c'-. g-. e'-. c-. g'-. e-. | c'-. c,,-. d-. e-. f-. fis-. g-. a -. b-. c -. d-. e-. }

</score>
<score sound="1"> %etude7 \relative d { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \time 4/4 \tempo "7. Allegro assai" \key d \major d8-. d,-. fis'-. fis,-. a'-. a,-. g'-. g,-. fis'-. fis,-. e'-. e,-. d'-. d,-. cis'-. cis,-. }

</score>
<score sound="1"> %etude8 \relative e' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \time 6/8 \tempo "8. Allegro non troppo" \key e \major e16 gis b e gis b a fis dis b a fis | e16 gis b e gis b a fis dis b a fis | e gis b e gis, b e gis b, e gis b | }

</score>
<score sound="1"> %etude9 \relative f' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \time 3/4 \tempo "9. Allegro moderato" \key f \major f16 ( a g a f a g a f a g a f a g a f a g a f a g a ) | bes,( d c d bes d c d bes d c d | bes d c d bes d c d bes d c d) }

</score>
<score sound="1"> %etude10 \relative g { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \time 4/4 \tempo "10." \key g \major g8 g16 d b g d b g8 b16 g d b g d | b8 d16 b g d b g d8 g'16 d b d b g }

</score>
<score sound="1"> %etude11 \relative b { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \time 4/4 \tempo "11. Andante" \key e \major b8*2/3 (a gis gis fis e b' a gis gis fis e) fis ( e dis dis cis b fis' e dis dis cis b) }

</score>
<score sound="1"> %etude12 \relative a { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \time 4/4 \tempo "12. Allegro moderato" \key a \minor a16 (c) e a c e, a c e a, c e a c, e a c e, a c e a, c e a2 }

</score>
<score sound="1"> %etude13 \relative a { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \time 4/4 \tempo "13. Moderato" \key a \major a16 (e') cis' e, cis' e, cis' (e,) a,16 (e') cis' e, cis' e, cis' (e,) | a, (fis') d' fis, d' fis, d' (fis,) a, (fis') d' fis, d' fis, d' (fis,) }

</score>
<score sound="1"> %etude14 \relative e { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \time 4/4 \tempo "14. Moderato" \key a \major r16 e16\upbow \p (cis-"e cantabile" a' gis e b cis d fis, d' gis, a cis b d ) | cis (e16 a, a' gis e b cis d fis, d' gis, a cis b d ) }

</score>
<score sound="1"> %etude15 \relative bes' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \time 4/4 \tempo "15. Allegro non troppo" \key bes \major bes8\staccato \downbow \afterGrace c8\accent \trill ( { bes16 [c16] } bes8\staccato \afterGrace d8 \accent \trill { c16 [d16] } c8\staccato \afterGrace d8\accent \trill { c16 [d16] } c8\staccato \afterGrace ees8\accent \trill { d16 [ees16] } d8\staccato \afterGrace ees8\accent \trill { d16 [ees16] } d8\staccato \afterGrace f8\accent \trill { ees16 [f16] } ees8\staccato \afterGrace f8\accent \trill { ees16 [f16] } ees8\staccato \afterGrace g8\accent \trill { f16 [g16] } }

</score>
<score sound="1"> %etude16 \relative d' { \time 12/8 \tempo "16. Moderato" \key d \major d8-. \f fis-. a-. \acciaccatura {e'8} d4 \sf \trill cis16 d16 d,8-. fis-. a-. \acciaccatura {e'8} d4 \sf \trill cis16 d16 cis8-. d-. e-. d-. cis-. b-. a-. e-. d-. cis-. d-. e-. } </score>
<score sound="1"> %etude17 \relative b { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \time 12/8 \tempo "17. Maestoso" \key bes \major bes8-. bes'4 \trill \acciaccatura {a8} bes8-. bes,-. bes'8-. d,8-. d'4 \trill \acciaccatura {c8} d8-. d,8-. d'8-. } </score>

List

The collection's contents is as follows: Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break

• No. 1 in A minor, Adagio sostenuto
• No. 2 in C major, Allegro moderato
• No. 3 in C major, Allegro moderato
• No. 4 in C major, [Allegro]
• No. 5 in E-flat major, Allegro moderato
• No. 6 in C major, Moderato e sempre martellato
• No. 7 in D major, Allegro assai
• No. 8 in E major, Allegro non troppo

Файл:Rodolphe Kreutzer - Caprice No.8 - Arr for alto saxophone - David Hernando Vitores.ogg (arranged for saxophone)

• No. 9 in F major, Allegro moderato
• No. 10 in G major, Allegro
• No. 11 in E major, Andante
• No. 12 in A minor, Allegro moderato
• No. 13 in A major, Moderato
• No. 14 in A major, Moderato

• No. 15 in B-flat major, Allegro non troppo
• No. 16 in D major, Moderato
• No. 17 in B-flat major, Maestoso (Moderato)
• No. 18 in G major, Moderato
• No. 19 in D major, Moderato
• No. 20 in A major, Allegro
• No. 21 in B minor, Moderato e sempre marcato
• No. 22 in A-flat major, Moderato
• No. 23 in B-flat major, Adagio (quasi Cadenza)
• No. 24 in G minor, Allegro
• No. 25 in G major, [Allegro moderato]
• No. 26 in E-flat major, Moderato
• No. 27 in D minor, Moderato
• No. 28 in E minor, Grave

• No. 29 in D major, Moderato
• No. 30 in B-flat major, Moderato
• No. 31 in C minor, Vivace
• No. 32 in F major, Andante
• No. 33 in F major, Andante
• No. 34 in D major, Moderato
• No. 35 in E-flat major, Marcia (Moderato)
• No. 36 in E minor, Allegretto
• No. 37 in F minor, Allegro vivace
• No. 38 in D major, Moderato
• No. 39 in A major, Allegretto
• No. 40 in B-flat major, Allegro
• No. 41 in F major, Adagio
• No. 42 in D minor, Allegro (Fuga)

Шаблон:Col-endCertain editions put the études in a different order, as follows:

Ordering of études

First edition (1805), Johann André (1835), Fernidad David (1850) Friedrich Hermann (1870, 1880)	Hermann Schröder, Kistner (1889)	Lambert Massart, Alphonse Leduc (1893)	Edmund Singer, G. Schirmer (1894)	Henri Marteau, Steingräber Verlag (1913)	Frigyes Sándor, EMB (1960)
1	5	N/A	1	N/A	23
2	3	1	2	1	1
3	4	2	3	2	2
4	2	3	4	3	3
5	1	4	5	4	4
6	7	5	6	5	5
7	8	6	7	6	6
8	10	7	8	7	7
9	9	8	9	8	8
10	11	9	10	9	9
11	6	10	11	10	10
N/A	13	11	13	11	11
12	12	13	12	N/A	12
13	14	12	14	12	13
14	15	N/A	15	13	14
15	16	14	16	14	15
16	17	16	17	16	16
17	19	17	18	17	17
18	18	15	19	15	18
19	21	18	20	18	19
20	20	19	21	19	20
21	22	20	22	20	21
22	23	21	23	21	22
23	24	23	24	23	24
N/A	25	22	25	22	25
24	26	24	26	24	26
25	27	25	27	25	27
26	28	27	28	27	28
27	29	26	29	26	29
28	30	28	30	28	30
29	31	29	31	29	31
30	32	30	32	30	32
31	33	31	33	31	33
32	34	32	34	32	34
33	35	33	35	33	35
34	36	34	36	34	36
35	37	35	37	35	37
36	38	36	38	36	38
37	39	37	39	37	39
38	40	38	40	38	40
39	41	39	41	39	41
40	42	40	42	40	42

Further reading

• Шаблон:Cite Grove

External links

• Шаблон:IMSLP
• Шаблон:AllMusic