Английская Википедия:42 Martyrs of Amorium
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates The 42 Martyrs of Amorium (Шаблон:Lang-grc-gre) were a group of Byzantine senior officials taken prisoner by the Abbasid Caliphate in the Sack of Amorium in 838 and executed in 845, after refusing to convert to Islam. They are commemorated by the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church on March 6. Amorium is located at Hisar, Turkey.
Events
In 838, the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tasim(Шаблон:Reign) led a major campaign against the Byzantine Empire that ended in the sack of the city of Amorium, the capital of the Anatolic Theme and birthplace of the reigning Byzantine Amorian dynasty.Шаблон:Sfn
Following the sack, 42 officers and notables of Amorium were taken as hostages to Samarra, then the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Repeated efforts by Emperor Theophilos and, after his death in 842, by Michael III and Empress-regent Theodora, to ransom them were rebuffed by the caliphs. After refusing to convert to Islam, they were executed at Samarra on 6 March 845.Шаблон:Sfn Only a few of the 42 are known by name:
- Шаблон:Visible anchor, a court eunuch and possibly Шаблон:Transl (military governor) of the Bucellarian Theme, regarded as the leader of the 42 in the hagiographic texts.Шаблон:Sfn
- the Шаблон:Transl Aetios, the Шаблон:Transl of the Anatolic Theme.Шаблон:Sfn
- the Шаблон:Transl Theophilos, otherwise unknown.Шаблон:Sfn
- the Шаблон:Transl Constantine Baboutzikos, husband of Empress Theodora's sister and thereby apparently the highest-ranking of the prisoners. He was the first to be proposed to convert to Islam, and possibly also the first to be executed after refusing.Шаблон:Sfn
- Bassoes, identified as a "runner", otherwise unknown.Шаблон:Sfn
- Kallistos, possibly a member of the Melissenos family. An obscure Шаблон:Transl and Шаблон:Transl (divisional commander) according to the chroniclers, he is given an extensive biography by the hagiographies, where he is portrayed as rising from imperial Шаблон:Transl to Шаблон:Transl of the Шаблон:Transl regiment and finally Шаблон:Transl of Koloneia, before being taken prisoner by Paulician soldiers under his command and delivered to the Abbasids, who placed him among the captives of Amorium.Шаблон:Sfn
- Constantine, secretary (Шаблон:Transl or Шаблон:Transl) of Constantine Baboutzikos.Шаблон:Sfn
Hagiography and veneration
The hagiography of the 42 was written soon after their execution, by the monk, Euodios, who used their fate and the sack of Amorium as an indictment of and proof of divine retribution against the re-adoption of Iconoclasm by Emperor Theophilos.Шаблон:Sfn Euodios' narrative mostly contains theological discussions between the steadfast prisoners and various people—Byzantine defectors, Muslim officials, etc.—sent to convince them to convert during their seven-year imprisonment. Their execution was then carried out by Ethiopian slaves on the banks of the Euphrates.Шаблон:Sfn Euodios' hagiography is the "last example of the genre of collective martyrdom", and was widely disseminated, with several variants of the legend of the 42 Martyrs appearing in later authors.Шаблон:Sfn
The feast day of the 42 Martyrs is on 6 March, the day of their execution.Шаблон:Sfn Pictorial representations of the 42 are rare in Byzantine art, unlike their analogues, the 40 Martyrs of Sebaste; when they are depicted, they are represented simply as a group of officials in court dress.Шаблон:Sfn
References
Sources
- Английская Википедия
- 845 deaths
- 9th-century Byzantine people
- 9th-century Christian martyrs
- 9th-century executions by the Abbasid Caliphate
- Groups of Christian martyrs of the Middle Ages
- Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
- Byzantine prisoners of war
- Christians executed for refusing to convert to Islam
- Christian saints killed by Muslims
- Byzantine saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
- Prisoners and detainees of the Abbasid Caliphate
- Executed Byzantine people
- Groups of Eastern Orthodox saints
- 845
- Amorium
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