Английская Википедия:433 Eros

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Eros (minor planet designation (433) Eros; provisional designation Шаблон:Mp) is a stony asteroid of the Amor group and the first discovered and second-largest near-Earth object. It has an elongated shape and a volume-equivalent diameter of approximately Шаблон:Convert. Visited by the NEAR Shoemaker space probe in 1998, it became the first asteroid ever studied from its own orbit.

The asteroid was discovered by German astronomer C. G. Witt at the Berlin Observatory on 13 August 1898 in an eccentric orbit between Mars and Earth. It was later named after Eros, a god from Greek mythology, the son of Aphrodite. He is identified with the planet Venus.

History

Discovery

Eros was discovered on 13 August 1898 by C.G. Witt at Berlin Urania Observatory and A. Charlois at Nice Observatory. Witt was taking a two-hour exposure of beta Aquarii to secure astrometric positions of asteroid 185 Eunike.

Name

Eros is named after the Greek god of love, Erōs. It is pronounced Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell or sometimes Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell. The rarely used adjectival form of the name is Erotian Шаблон:IPAc-en.

Eros was the first minor planet to be given a male name, on account of its orbit (it was the first near-Earth asteroid discovered).

Later studies

During the approach (opposition) of 1900–1901, a worldwide program was launched to make parallax measurements of Eros to determine the solar parallax (or distance to the Sun), with the results published in 1910 by A. Hinks of Cambridge and C.D. Perrine of the Lick Observatory, University of California. Perrine published progress reports in 1906 and 1908. He took 965 photographs with the Crossley Reflector and selected 525 for measurement. A similar program was then carried out, during a closer approach, in 1930–1931 by H.S. Jones. The value of the Astronomical Unit (roughly the Earth-Sun distance) obtained by this program was considered definitive until 1968, when radar and dynamical parallax methods started producing more precise measurements.

Eros was the first asteroid detected by the Arecibo Observatory's radar system.

Eros was one of the first asteroids visited by a spacecraft, the first one orbited, and the first one soft-landed on. NASA spacecraft NEAR Shoemaker entered orbit around Eros in 2000, and landed in 2001.

Mars-crosser

Eros is a Mars-crosser asteroid, the first known to come within the orbit of Mars. Objects in such an orbit can remain there for only a few hundred million years before the orbit is perturbed by gravitational interactions. Dynamical integrations suggest that Eros may evolve into an Earth-crosser within as short an interval as two million years, and has a roughly 50% chance of doing so over a time scale of Шаблон:10^~Шаблон:10^ years. It is a potential Earth impactor, about five times larger than the impactor that created Chicxulub crater and led to the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs.Шаблон:Efn

NEAR Shoemaker survey and landing

The NEAR Shoemaker probe visited Eros twice, first with a brief flyby in 1998, and then by orbiting it in 2000, when it extensively photographed its surface. On 12 February 2001, at the end of its mission, it landed on the asteroid's surface using its maneuvering jets.

This was the first time a Near Earth asteroid was closely visited by a spacecraft.

• Animation of NEAR Shoemaker trajectory from 19 February 1996 to 12 February 2001.Шаблон:Hlist.

  Animation of NEAR Shoemaker trajectory from 19 February 1996 to 12 February 2001.Шаблон:Hlist.

• Animation of NEAR ShoemakerШаблон:'s trajectory around 433 Eros from 1 April 2000 to 12 February 2001. Шаблон:Legend2Шаблон:·Шаблон:Legend2

  Animation of NEAR ShoemakerШаблон:'s trajectory around 433 Eros from 1 April 2000 to 12 February 2001.
  Шаблон:Legend2Шаблон:·Шаблон:Legend2

Physical characteristics

Surface gravity depends on the distance from a spot on the surface to the center of a body's mass. Eros's surface gravity varies greatly because Eros is not a sphere but an elongated peanut-shaped object. The daytime temperature on Eros can reach about Шаблон:Convert at perihelion. Nighttime measurements fall near Шаблон:Convert. Eros's density is 2.67 g/cm³, about the same as the density of Earth's crust. It rotates once every 5.27 hours.

NEAR scientists have found that most of the larger rocks strewn across Eros were ejected from a single crater in an impact approximately 1 billion years ago. (The crater involved was proposed to be named "Shoemaker", but is not recognized as such by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), and has been formally designated Charlois Regio.) This event may also be responsible for the 40 percent of the Erotian surface that is devoid of craters smaller than 0.5 kilometers across. It was originally thought that the debris thrown up by the collision filled in the smaller craters. An analysis of crater densities over the surface indicates that the areas with lower crater density are within 9 kilometers of the impact point. Some of the lower density areas were found on the opposite side of the asteroid but still within 9 kilometers.

It is thought that seismic shockwaves propagate through the asteroid, shaking smaller craters into rubble. Since Eros is irregularly shaped, parts of the surface antipodal to the point of impact can be within 9 kilometres of the impact point (measured in a straight line through the asteroid) even though some intervening parts of the surface are more than 9 kilometres away in straight-line distance. A suitable analogy would be the distance from the top centre of a bun to the bottom centre as compared to the distance from the top centre to a point on the bun's circumference: top-to-bottom is a longer distance than top-to-periphery when measured along the surface but shorter than it in direct straight-line terms. Compression from the same impact is believed to have created the thrust fault Hinks Dorsum.

A phenomenon named dust ponds were discovered in the asteroid in October 2000. Dust ponds are a phenomenon where pockets of dust are seen in airless Celestial bodies. These are smooth deposits of dust accumulated in depressions on the surface of the body (like craters), contrasting from the Rocky terrain around them. They typically have different color and albedo compared to the surrounding areas. The asteroid contains lots of large craters more than 200 m in diameter. Their number is near to the saturation point of these craters. But craters smaller than that are relatively low. Suggesting that some process of erasure has covered them up. The floors of some craters are covered with smooth and flat areas (less than 10° slope). Such dust ponds are characterized by slightly bluer colour compared to the surrounding terrain. 334 of such ponds are identified, with a diameter of 10m. 255 of these are larger than 30m, and 231 (or 91%) are found within 30° from Equator.

Data from the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous spacecraft collected on Eros in December 1998 suggests that it could contain 20 billion tonnes of aluminum and similar amounts of metals that are rare on Earth, such as gold and platinum.

Visibility from Earth

Файл:Eros path 2012.png

Path in sky during opposition 2011/2012

On 31 January 2012, Eros passed Earth at Шаблон:Convert, about 70 times the distance to the Moon, with a visual magnitude of +8.1. During rare oppositions, every 81 years, such as in 1975 and 2056, Eros can reach a magnitude of +7.0, which is brighter than Neptune and brighter than any main-belt asteroid except 1 Ceres, 4 Vesta and, rarely, 2 Pallas and 7 Iris. Under this condition, the asteroid actually appears to stop, but unlike the normal condition for a body in heliocentric conjunction with Earth, its retrograde motion is very small. For example, in January and February 2137, it moves retrograde only 34 minutes in right ascension.

In popular culture

In the novel and television series The Expanse, a catastrophic science experiment is unleashed on a civilian population living within tunnels cut through Eros. This so-called "Eros Incident" ends with the asteroid mysteriously breaking its usual orbit and crashing into Venus.

It makes an appearance in the novel (and its film adaption) Ender's Game by Orson Scott Card, serving as a base for humanity and the location of Command School after having been captured from the invading aliens (the Formics) prior to the initial novel who had used the astroid as their base of operations in their previous invasion.

In the Space Angel episode 'Visitors from Outer Space' (title text not quite matching narration), Scott McCloud and his crew are forced to destroy Eros by deflecting it into the Sun, after it becomes a hazard to spacecraft navigation.

It is the setting for the entirety of the plot of the novel Captive Universe by Harry Harrison.

Gallery

• Animation of the rotation of Eros

  Animation of the rotation of Eros

• View from one end of Eros across the gouge on its side towards the opposite end

  View from one end of Eros across the gouge on its side towards the opposite end

• First mosaic image of Eros taken from an orbiting spacecraft

  First mosaic image of Eros taken from an orbiting spacecraft

• Mosaic image of Eros

  Mosaic image of Eros

• At Шаблон:Convert across, the crater Psyche is Eros's second largest.

  At Шаблон:Convert across, the crater Psyche is Eros's second largest.

• Regolith of Eros, seen during NEAR's descent; area shown is about 12 meters (40 feet) across

  Regolith of Eros, seen during NEAR's descent; area shown is about 12 meters (40 feet) across

• Orbital diagram of Eros with locations on 7 May 2013

  Orbital diagram of Eros with locations on 7 May 2013

• Orbital diagram of Eros with locations on 1 January 2018

  Orbital diagram of Eros with locations on 1 January 2018

• Size comparison of Vesta, Ceres and Eros

  Size comparison of Vesta, Ceres and Eros

• Six views of Eros in approximate natural color from NEAR-Shoemaker in February 2000

  Six views of Eros in approximate natural color from NEAR-Shoemaker in February 2000

• Stereo image of Eros

  Stereo image of Eros

See also

• List of geological features on 433 Eros
• Lists of astronomical objects

Further reading

• Шаблон:Cite conference
• Шаблон:Cite journal

External links

• NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft
• NEAR image of the day archive
  • The Subtle Colors of Eros
  • The Color of Regolith
  • Color View of the Saddle
  • Creating Color Images of Eros
  • Eros Color at Higher Resolution
  • Eros' colors
  • Eros in color
• Movie: NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft landing
• The Eros Project (OrbDev's attempts at litigation over their property claim)
• 3D VRML 433 Eros Model
• 3D shape model of Eros (requires WebGL)
• NEODys (saved output file from 2007) showing distance and magnitude Ephemerides for Eros during rare oppositions
• The Chicxulub Debate In relation to the K-T extinction.
• Dearborn Observatory Records, Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Illinois Notations as to historical archived work on asteroid 433 Eros.
• Eros at Opposition in 2012 (Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand)
• NEAR database by ASU (Image search) (Example)
• Eros nomenclature and Eros map with feature names from the USGS planetary nomenclature page
• Шаблон:NeoDys
• Шаблон:AstDys
• Шаблон:JPL small body