Английская Википедия:44th United States Congress

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox United States Congress The 44th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1875, to March 4, 1877, during the seventh and eighth years of Ulysses S. Grant's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1870 United States census. For the first time since the American Civil War, the House had a Democratic majority. The Senate maintained a Republican majority. Шаблон:TOC limit

Major events

Файл:Keppler-Conkling-Mephistopheles.jpg

A political cartoon by Joseph Keppler depicts Roscoe Conkling as Mephistopheles, as Rutherford B. Hayes strolls off with a woman labeled as "Solid South"

Шаблон:See also

November 22, 1875: Vice President Henry Wilson died from a stroke
June 25, 1876: Custer's Last Stand at the Battle of Little Bighorn
July 4, 1876: United States Centennial
November 7, 1876: United States general elections, 1876, including the disputed Presidential election of 1876, later settled with the Compromise of 1877 which ended Reconstruction.

Major legislation

January 29, 1877: Electoral Commission Act, ch. 37, Шаблон:USStat
March 3, 1877: Desert Land Act, ch. 107, Шаблон:USStat

Шаблон:Main

State admitted

August 1, 1876: Colorado admitted as the 38th state

Party summary

The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.

During this Congress, two Senate seats and one House seat were added for the new state, Colorado.

Senate

Шаблон:US Congress party summary

House of Representatives

Affiliation	Party (Shading indicates majority caucus)						Total
	style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color" \|	style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color" \|	style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color" \|	style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color" \|	style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color" \|	style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color" \|
	Democratic (D)	Independent Democratic (ID)	Independent (I)	Independent Republican (IR)	Republican (R)	Other		Vacant
End of previous Congress	95	7	0	0	Шаблон:Party shading/Republican\| 199	Шаблон:Small 4	290	2

Begin	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic \| 176	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic rowspan=2 \| 1	4	4	104	0	289	3
End	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic \| 179	3	4	103	290	0	3
Final voting share	colspan=2 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic \| 62.8%	1.4%	35.8%		0.0%

Beginning of the next Congress	144	2	0	0	146	0	292	1

Leadership

Файл:Henry Wilson, VP of the United States.jpg

President of the Senate Henry Wilson

Senate

President: Henry Wilson (R), until November 22, 1875; vacant thereafter.
President pro tempore: Thomas W. Ferry (R), from March 9, 1875
Republican Conference Chairman: Henry B. Anthony
Democratic Caucus Chairman: John W. Stevenson

House of Representatives

Speaker: Michael C. Kerr (D), until August 19, 1876 (died)
- Samuel J. Randall (D), elected December 4, 1876
Democratic Caucus Chairman: Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II
Republican Conference Chairman: George W. McCrary

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.

Skip to House of Representatives, below

Senate

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1880; Class 2 meant their term ended in this Congress, facing re-election in 1876; and Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1878. Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Party stripe James E. English (D), November 27, 1875 – May 17, 1876

Шаблон:Party stripe William H. Barnum (D), from May 18, 1876

Шаблон:Party stripe James G. Blaine (R), from July 10, 1876

Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Party stripe James E. Bailey (D), from January 19, 1877

Шаблон:Party stripe2. Henry Cooper (D)

Шаблон:Party stripe Frank Hereford (D), from January 31, 1877

Шаблон:Party stripe2. Henry G. Davis (D)

Wisconsin

Шаблон:Party stripe1. Angus Cameron (R)

Шаблон:Party stripe3. Timothy O. Howe (R)

Шаблон:Col-break

Файл:44th United States Congress Senators.svg

Senators' party membership by state at the opening of the 44th Congress in March 1875. The green stripes in California represent Newton Booth of the Anti-Monopoly Party. Colorado's senators were not seated until November 15, 1876. Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend

Шаблон:Col-break

Файл:TWFerry.jpg

President pro tempore Thomas W. Ferry

Шаблон:Col-end

House of Representatives

The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break

Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Senate

Replacements: 4
- Democratic: 1 seat net gain
- Republican: 1 seat net loss
Deaths: 3
Resignations: 1
Vacancy: 1
Interim appointments: 3
Seats of newly admitted states: 2
Total seats with changes: 7

|- | West Virginia (1) | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Samuel Price (D) | Interim appointee lost special election.
Successor elected January 26, 1877, but seat remained vacant until successor qualified by resigning from the U.S. House on January 31, 1877. | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Frank Hereford (D) | January 31, 1877

|}

House of Representatives

Файл:44 us house membership.png

House seats by party holding plurality in state
Шаблон:Legend	Шаблон:Legend
Шаблон:Legend	Шаблон:Legend
Шаблон:Legend	Шаблон:Legend

Replacements: 14
- Democratic: no net change
- Republican: no net change
Deaths: 9
Resignations: 6
Contested election: 5
Seats of newly admitted states: 1
Total seats with changes: 21

|}

Committees

Шаблон:List of Congressional Committees instructions

Senate

Agriculture (Chairman: Frederick T. Frelinghuysen; Ranking Member: Henry G. Davis)
Appropriations (Chairman: William Windom; Ranking Member: Stephen W. Dorsey)
Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate (Chairman: John P. Jones; Ranking Member: George R. Dennis)
Civil Service and Retrenchment (Chairman: Thomas F. Bayard; Ranking Member: John J. Patterson)
Claims (Chairman: George G. Wright; Ranking Member: Samuel J.R. McMillan)
Commerce (Chairman: Roscoe Conkling; Ranking Member: Samuel J.R. McMillan)
Counting the Electoral Vote (Select)
Distributing Public Revenue Among the States (Select)
District of Columbia (Chairman: George E. Spencer; Ranking Member: Thomas J. Robertson)
Education and Labor (Chairman: John J. Patterson; Ranking Member: William Sharon)
Engrossed Bills (Chairman: Thomas F. Bayard; Ranking Member: Henry B. Anthony)
Enrolled Bills
Examine the Several Branches in the Civil Service (Select) (Chairman: James M. Harvey; Ranking Member: Augustus S. Merrimon)
Finance (Chairman: John Sherman; Ranking Member: John P. Jones)
Foreign Relations (Chairman: Simon Cameron; Ranking Member: Roscoe Conkling)
Indian Affairs (Chairman: William B. Allison; Ranking Member: Powell Clayton)
Judiciary (Chairman: George F. Edmunds; Ranking Member: Timothy O. Howe)
Manufactures (Chairman: Thomas J. Robertson; Ranking Member: William A. Wallace)
Military Affairs (Chairman: John A. Logan; Ranking Member: Ambrose E. Burnside)
Mines and Mining (Chairman: Aaron A. Sargent; Ranking Member: William Sharon)
Mississippi River Levee System (Select) (Chairman: James L. Alcorn; Ranking Member: Henry Cooper)
Mississippi Election Frauds, 1876 (Chairman: George S. Boutwell; Ranking Member: Joseph E. McDonald)
Naval Affairs (Chairman: Aaron H. Cragin; Ranking Member: Simon B. Conover)
Ordnance and War Ships (Select)
Patents (Chairman: Bainbridge Wadleigh; Ranking Member: John W. Johnston)
Pensions (Chairman: John J. Ingalls; Ranking Member: Blanche Bruce)
Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: Hannibal Hamlin; Ranking Member: Algernon S. Paddock)
Private Land Claims (Chairman: Allen G. Thurman; Ranking Member: George F. Edmunds)
Privileges and Elections (Chairman: Oliver P. Morton; Ranking Member: Samuel J.R. McMillan)
Public Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: Justin S. Morrill; Ranking Member: Newton Booth)
Public Lands (Chairman: Richard J. Oglesby; Ranking Member: Newton Booth)
Railroads (Chairman: Joseph R. West; Ranking Member: John H. Mitchell)
Revision of the Laws (Chairman: George S. Boutwell; Ranking Member: Isaac P. Christiancy)
Revolutionary Claims (Chairman: John W. Stevenson; Ranking Member: George G. Wright)
Rules (Chairman: Thomas W. Ferry; Ranking Member: Augustus S. Merrimon)
Tariff Regulation (Select)
Territories (Chairman: Phineas W. Hitchcock; Ranking Member: William Sharon)
Transportation Routes to the Seaboard (Select)
Whole

House of Representatives

Accounts (Chairman: Charles B. Roberts; Ranking Member: George G. Hoskins)
Agriculture (Chairman: John H. Caldwell; Ranking Member: William B. Anderson)
Appropriations (Chairman: William S. Holman; Ranking Member: Otho R. Singleton)
Banking and Currency (Chairman: Samuel S. Cox; Ranking Member: Scott Wike)
Claims (Chairman: John M. Bright; Ranking Member: John F. Philips)
Coinage, Weights and Measures (Chairman: Alexander H. Stephens; Ranking Member: Levi Maish)
Commerce (Chairman: Elijah Ward; Ranking Member: Henry Myer Phillips)
District of Columbia (Chairman: Aylett H. Buckner; Ranking Member: George Willard)
Education and Labor (Chairman: Gilbert C. Walker; Ranking Member: William M. Springer)
Elections (Chairman: John T. Harris; Ranking Member: Earley F. Poppleton)
Enrolled Bills
Expenditures in the Interior Department (Chairman: William Mutchler; Ranking Member: Laurin D. Woodworth)
Expenditures in the Justice Department (Chairman: Bernard G. Caulfield; Ranking Member: Edwin R. Meade)
Expenditures in the Navy Department (Chairman: George M. Beebe; Ranking Member: John H. Burleigh)
Expenditures in the Post Office Department (Chairman: William H. Stone; Ranking Member: William H.H. Stowell)
Expenditures in the State Department (Chairman: William M. Springer; Ranking Member: John W. Wallace)
Expenditures in the Treasury Department (Chairman: John M. Bright; Ranking Member: John S. Savage)
Expenditures in the War Department (Chairman: John Robbins; Ranking Member: Lyman K. Bass)
Expenditures on Public Buildings (Chairman: Henry B. Metcalfe; Ranking Member: Samuel N. Bell)
Foreign Affairs (Chairman: Thomas Swann; Ranking Member: William H. Forney)
Indian Affairs (Chairman: Alfred M. Scales; Ranking Member: Lafayette Lane)
Invalid Pensions (Chairman: George A. Jenks; Ranking Member: Jesse J. Yeates)
Judiciary (Chairman: J. Proctor Knott; Ranking Member: Bernard G. Caulfield)
Manufactures (Chairman: William H. Stone; Ranking Member: Samuel D. Burchard)
Mileage (Chairman: Albert G. Egbert; Ranking Member: Nathaniel H. Odell)
Military Affairs (Chairman: Henry B. Banning; Ranking Member: Augustus A. Hardenbergh)
Militia (Chairman: Jacob P. Cowan; Ranking Member: John K. Tarbox)
Mines and Mining (Chairman: Richard P. Bland; Ranking Member: Alexander Campbell)
Mississippi Levees (Chairman: E. John Ellis; Ranking Member: James Sheakley)
Naval Affairs (Chairman: Washington C. Whitthorne; Ranking Member: John Robbins)
Pacific Railroads (Chairman: Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II; Ranking Member: John F. Philips)
Patents (Chairman: Robert B. Vance; Ranking Member: William E. Smith)
Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: John B. Clark Jr.; Ranking Member: William F. Slemons)
Private Land Claims (Chairman: Thomas M. Gunter; Ranking Member: Lucien L. Ainsworth)
Public Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: William S. Holman; Ranking Member: Casey Young)
Public Expenditures (Chairman: Charles W. Milliken; Ranking Member: Alexander Campbell)
Public Lands (Chairman: Milton Sayler; Ranking Member: Lafayette Lane)
Railways and Canals (Chairman: Thomas L. Jones; Ranking Member: Levi A. Mackey)
Reform in the Civil Service (Chairman: John O. Whitehouse; Ranking Member: Augustus W. Cutler)
Revision of Laws (Chairman: Milton J. Durham; Ranking Member: Milton J. Durham)
Revolutionary Pensions and War of 1812 (Chairman: Eppa Hunton; Ranking Member: John G. Schumaker)
Rules (Select) (Chairman: Michael C. Kerr; Ranking Member: Samuel S. Cox)
Standards of Official Conduct
Territories (Chairman: Milton I. Southard; Ranking Member: Peter D. Wigginton)
War Claims (Chairman: John R. Eden; Ranking Member: John H. Caldwell)
Ways and Means (Chairman: William R. Morrison; Ranking Member: Chester W. Chapin)
Whole

Joint committees

Conditions of Indian Tribes (Special)
Enrolled Bills (Chairman: Rep. Henry R. Harris; Vice Chairman: Rep. Harris M. Plaisted)
Frame a Form of Government for the District of Columbia
Investigate Chinese Immigration
The Library (Chairman: Rep. Hiester Clymer; Vice Chairman: Rep. James Monroe)
Printing (Chairman: Rep. John L. Vance; Vice Chairmam: Rep. Latimer W. Ballou)

Caucuses

Democratic (House)
Democratic (Senate)

Employees

Legislative branch agency directors

Senate

House of Representatives

Chaplain: John George Butler (Lutheran), until December 6, 1875
- I. L. Townsend (Episcopalian), from December 6, 1875
Clerk: Edward McPherson, until December 6, 1875
- George M. Adams, elected December 6, 1875
Clerk at the Speaker’s Table: William H. Scudder
Doorkeeper: Lafayette H. Fitzhugh
Postmaster: James M. Steuart
Reading Clerks: Thomas S. Pettit (D) and Neill S. Brown Jr. (R)
Sergeant at Arms: Nehemiah G. Ordway, until December 6, 1875
- John G. Thompson, elected December 6, 1875

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:USCongresses

↑ Шаблон:Cite book

[1] Шаблон:Cite book

[1]

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Английская Википедия:44th United States Congress

Major events

Major legislation

State admitted

Party summary

Senate

House of Representatives

Leadership

Senate

House of Representatives

Members

Senate

House of Representatives

Non-voting members

Changes in membership

Senate

House of Representatives

Committees

Senate

House of Representatives

Joint committees

Caucuses

Employees

Legislative branch agency directors

Senate

House of Representatives

See also

Notes

References

External links

Навигация

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