Английская Википедия:47th (London) Infantry Division

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The 47th (London) Infantry Division was an infantry division of the British Army that was formed during the Second World War and remained in the United Kingdom until the end of the war. In March 1939, after the re-emergence of Germany as a significant military power and its occupation of Czechoslovakia, the British Army increased the number of divisions in the Territorial Army (TA) by duplicating existing units. The 2nd London Division was formed in August 1939 as a second-line duplicate of the 1st London Division; its battalions were all initially London-based.

The division was established as a motor division and was fully mobile, with two infantry brigades rather than the usual three for an infantry division. The intention was to increase battlefield mobility, enabling the motor divisions to follow armoured forces through breaches in the opposing front line rapidly to consolidate captured territory. Following the Battle of France, the motor division concept was abandoned. The division was then allocated a third infantry brigade, becoming an infantry division. In November 1940, it was renamed the 47th (London) Infantry Division.

The division was to remain in the United Kingdom to complete training before being deployed to France within twelve months of the war breaking out. Instead, after Dunkirk the division was dispersed to protect strategically important locations and undertake anti-invasion duties and was moved to Wales to defend the country from invasion. In early 1941, it was transferred to the southern English coast on anti-invasion duties. During this period, the division developed training methods that were disseminated throughout the British Army within the United Kingdom. In 1944, parts of the division assisted in Operation Bodyguard, the deception efforts in support of Operation Overlord, as well as providing administrative services during the build-up to invasion. Manpower in the division was slowly reduced as it reinforced combat formations within the 21st Army Group. The division was disbanded in August 1944.

In September 1944, the division was reformed as the 47th Infantry (Reserve) Division, which was composed of personnel from the disbanded 76th Infantry (Reserve) Division. The division, now a training formation, was made responsible for providing final tactical and field training once soldiers had passed their initial training. After five additional weeks of training, the soldiers would be posted to fighting formations overseas. The 47th Infantry (Reserve) Division was disbanded as part of the demobilisation of the British Armed Forces after the Second World War, in 1946 and was not reformed when the TA was reconstituted in 1947.

Background

Throughout the 1930s, tensions built between Germany and the United Kingdom and its allies. During late 1937 and 1938, German demands for the annexation of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia led to an international crisis. To avoid war, the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met with the German Chancellor Adolf Hitler in September 1938 and signed the Munich Agreement, which accepted that Germany would annexe the Sudetenland. Chamberlain had intended the agreement to lead to a further peaceful resolution of differences but relations between the countries soon deteriorated. On 15 March 1939, Germany breached the terms of the agreement by invading and occupying the remnants of Czechoslovakia.Шаблон:Sfn

On 29 March, the British Secretary of State for War, Leslie Hore-Belisha, announced plans to increase the strength of the part-time Territorial Army (TA) from 130,000 men to 340,000, doubling the number of divisions.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn The plan was for existing TA divisions, referred to as the first-line, to recruit over their establishments. This would be accomplished by an increase in pay for territorials, the removal of restrictions on promotion that had hindered recruiting, the construction of better-quality barracks, and an increase in supper rations. The units would then form a new division that was referred to as the second-line from cadres.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This process was dubbed "duplicating". The 2nd London Division was to be created as a second-line formation, a duplicate of the first-line 1st London Division.Шаблон:Sfn Despite the intention for the army to grow, the programme was complicated by a lack of central guidance on the expansion and duplication process, and issues regarding the lack of facilities, equipment and instructors.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It had been envisioned by the War Office that the duplicating process and recruiting the required number of men would take no more than six months.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In April, limited conscription was introduced; at that time 34,500 men, all aged 20, were conscripted into the regular army, initially to undergo six months of training before being deployed to the forming second-line units.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The process varied widely between the TA divisions; some were ready in weeks while others had made little progress by early September 1939, when war on Germany was declared.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

History

Formation

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Men of the division construct a pontoon bridge over the River Thames.

Due to a lack of official guidance, newly formed units were at liberty to choose numbers, styles, and titles.Шаблон:Sfn The 1st London Division created the 4th London Infantry Brigade as a second-line duplicate of the 1st London Infantry Brigade, and the 5th London Infantry Brigade as a second-line duplicate of the 2nd London Infantry Brigade.Шаблон:Sfn These newly formed brigades were assigned to the 2nd London Division, which became active on 24 August 1939 and was assigned to Eastern Command.Шаблон:Sfn Command of the 2nd London was given to Major-General Harry Willans, who had previously commanded the 2nd London Infantry Brigade.Шаблон:Sfn[1] On formation, the 4th London Brigade consisted of the 11th and 12th Battalions, Royal Fusiliers, and the 2nd Battalion, London Irish Rifles (Royal Ulster Rifles).Шаблон:Sfn The 5th London Brigade was made up of the 2nd Battalion, Queen's Westminsters (King's Royal Rifle Corps), the 2nd Battalion, London Scottish (Gordon Highlanders), and the 2nd Battalion, London Rifle Brigade (Rifle Brigade).Шаблон:Sfn To denote the division's association with London, the formation insignia represented the bells of St Mary-le-Bow church.[2]Шаблон:Sfn

The division was formed as a motor division, one of five such divisions in the British Army.Шаблон:Efn British military doctrine development during the inter-war period resulted in three types of division by the end of the 1930s; the infantry division, the mobile division (later called the armoured division), and the motor division. Historian David French wrote, "the main role of the infantry ... was to break into the enemy's defensive position". This would then be exploited by the mobile division, followed by the motor divisions that would "carry out the rapid consolidation of the ground captured by the mobile divisions", therefore "transform[ing] the 'break-in' into a 'break-through'."Шаблон:Sfn According to French, the motor division "matched that of the German army's motorized and light divisions. But there the similarities ended." The German motorised divisions contained three brigades and were as fully equipped as a regular infantry division; while their smaller, light divisions contained a tank battalion. The British motor division was fully motorised and capable of transporting all of their infantry. However, it was "otherwise much weaker than normal infantry divisions", or their German counterparts. This was due to it being made-up of only two brigades instead of three, having two artillery regiments as opposed to an infantry division's three, and due it having no tanks.Шаблон:Sfn

Home defence

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Soldiers at the division's battle school; bomb-damaged houses are being used to provide a realistic training environment for fighting in built-up areas.

It was planned that the TA divisions would be deployed intact to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France as equipment became available, and that all 26 TA divisions would be deployed by the end of the first year of the war.Шаблон:Sfn Instead, the division was dispersed around London to protect strategically important locations, known as vulnerable points, including the London Docks.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn C. Northcote Parkinson, author of the Royal Fusiliers history of the Second World War, wrote that the 11th Battalion fired "some of the first shots of the war", a "hair-triggered" reaction to intruders near the Waltham Abbey explosives factory, which it was assigned to guard.Шаблон:Sfn At the end of the year, the division moved to Hertfordshire to conduct training exercises. In May 1940, the majority of the division's men were relocated to Cambridgeshire, leaving two battalions to defend London. In Cambridgeshire, the division was made Eastern Command's reserve formation, which was to be used as a counterattack force against any German airborne landings.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Commander-in-Chief of Home Forces, General Walter Kirke, believing the East of England was under threat of invasion as a result of the German operations in mainland Europe, transferred several divisions to defend the coast.Шаблон:Sfn Part of this effort involved temporarily splitting the division into two brigade groups. One moved to the Suffolk coastline, to supplement the 55th (West Lancashire) Motor Division on the east coast. The other remained in Cambridgeshire, with troops assigned to varying duties that included the protection of vulnerable points, construction of defensive positions, and defending Royal Air Force (RAF) airfields.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On paper, an infantry division was to have seventy-two 25-pounder field guns. On 31 May, the division had eight-such modern guns, four First World War-vintage 18-pounder field guns, and eight [[QF 4.5-inch howitzer|Шаблон:Convert howitzers]] of similar vintage.Шаблон:Sfn The division lacked the motor vehicles it needed to fulfil its motor division role and had to rely heavily on commandeered civilian transport.Шаблон:Sfn

As a result of the German victory in the Battle of France and the return of the BEF following the Dunkirk evacuation, the division was not deployed overseas per the original TA deployment timeline.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn As soon as the Battle of France ended, the British Army began implementing lessons learnt from the campaign; this included basing the standard division around three brigades and the abandonment of the motor-division concept. This process involved the break-up of four second-line territorial divisions to reinforce depleted formations and helping change the Army's five motor divisions – each of which consisted of two brigades – into infantry divisions made up of three brigades.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn As part of this process, the 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division was disbanded and its units were dispersed to other divisions to bring them up to strength. The 114th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery and the remnants of the 36th Infantry Brigade were assigned to the 2nd London Division at this time. The 36th Infantry Brigade was being reformed after suffering heavy casualties during the Battle of France; it was removed and assigned to III Corps shortly afterwards. The 25th Infantry Brigade, which had been part of the BEF's line-of-communication forces and then attached to a string of divisions during the fighting in France, was permanently assigned to the division on 25 June. A newly raised Royal Engineer field company, the 222nd, also became part of the division. With the addition of a permanent third brigade, and the additional artillery and engineer units, the 2nd London Division became an infantry division.Шаблон:Sfn

Soldiers from the division training, take cover along a river bank.
Infantry training at the 47th Division School of Battle Drill at Lymington near Southampton, Hampshire, 11 March 1942.

In late June 1940, the 2nd London Division was assigned to Western Command.Шаблон:Sfn It then moved to South Wales to relieve the 38th (Welsh) Infantry Division, which moved east across the country.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A. T. M. Durand and R. H. W. S. Hastings, authors of the London Rifle Brigade's history of the war, wrote that while it was improbable Germany would invade Great Britain via Wales, "the last foreign troops to land with hostile intent in the British Isles came ashore at Fishguard during the Napoleonic War".Шаблон:Sfn After the move to Wales, some of the division's battalions were relocated to other parts of the United Kingdom. For example, the 11th Royal Fusiliers moved to Worcestershire after a brief deployment to South Wales.Шаблон:Sfn Others, such as the London Scottish, did not move with the division but moved to Staffordshire, where it provided guards for airfields and vulnerable points.Шаблон:Sfn On 21 November 1940, the 2nd London was redesignated the 47th (London) Infantry Division.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn During this period, two of the original battalions left the division because rifle units were selected to provide the motorised infantry support of armoured formations.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn This move, according to author Cyril Barclay, "emasculated the Division" and it was brought up to strength with former "pioneer and local defence battalions", which were "renamed, with small geographical or transitional justification".Шаблон:Sfn Following this, Willans was promoted to the War Office and was replaced as GOC on 8 December 1940 by Major-General Clifford Malden, who was previously Director of Military Training.Шаблон:Sfn[3]

In February 1941, the 47th Division was assigned to IV Corps and was deployed to West Sussex on the south coast of England for coastal defence duties.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Malden arrived at Shoreham-by-Sea on 25 March 1941 to review the progress of the beach defences. While touring the defences, Malden inadvertently walked into a minefield that had been laid and was killed after setting off a mine.Шаблон:Sfn On 18 April 1941, Major-General John Utterson-Kelso became GOC. Utterson-Kelso's prior experience included commanding the 131st Infantry Brigade during the Battle of France, and a brief stint as acting commander of the 44th (Home Counties) Infantry Division.Шаблон:Sfn In July, under Utterson-Kelso's direction, the division established the first 'Battle School' in the United Kingdom.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The school was a two-week training course, which included observing and practising fieldcraft, undertaking tactical exercises without troops, and engaging in battle drill in realistic conditions.Шаблон:Sfn French wrote, "Its purpose was to offer soldiers some experience of the noise and chaos of battle by giving them the opportunity to train under live-firing conditions".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn The success of the school was shown by the adoption of the idea and all divisions were ordered to form one.Шаблон:Sfn In November 1941, the division was assigned to V Corps and that December it was placed on the lower establishment.Шаблон:Sfn During the war, divisions of the British Army were classified as either higher establishment formations that were intended for deployment overseas and combat, or lower establishment ones that were detailed strictly for home defence in a static role.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

On 10 April 1942, Major-General Gerald Templer replaced Utterson-Kelso as GOC.Шаблон:Sfn Templer had served in the BEF in France before being given command of a battalion on return to the United Kingdom, then a brigade. Following his appointment, Templer arranged a demonstration of the effects of fighter-aircraft strafing of ground targets but a pilot error led to 27 spectators being killed and 80 more – including Templer – were wounded in the Imber friendly fire incident.Шаблон:Sfn By May 1942, the division was based in Hampshire and tasked with countering any potential raids along the coast conducted by the German forces.Шаблон:Sfn In June, the division was placed under the command of the Hampshire and Dorset District and remained under this command until January 1944. On 14 September 1942, following Templer's promotion, Major-General Alfred Eryk Robinson became GOC of the division.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Robinson had commanded the 1st Battalion, Green Howards during the Norwegian campaign, before being given command of an infantry brigade on his return to England.Шаблон:Sfn The division remained in the south until January 1944, when it was assigned to Northern Command, before being switched to Southern Command in March. It reverted to Northern Command in July.Шаблон:Sfn Some of these moves, as well as notional ones, were deliberately leaked through double agents as part of Operation Fortitude.Шаблон:Sfn Between April and October 1944, the 141st Brigade was made responsible for an embarkation sector in the Southampton area; an administrative and organisational role in support of Operation Overlord facilitating the movement of troops from their camps to ships to be deployed to France.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Wind down, training division, and disbandment

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Infantry training at the division's battle school. The troops are seen advancing between the backs of houses along a railway line.

By mid-1944, the five lower establishment divisions allocated to home-defence duties – the 38th (Welsh), the 45th, the 47th (London), the 55th (West Lancashire), and the 61st – had a combined strength of 17,845 men. Of this number, around 13,000 were available as replacements for the 21st Army Group fighting in France.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn The remaining 4,800 men were considered ineligible for service abroad for a variety of reasons, including a lack of training or being medically unfit. Over the following six months, up to 75 per cent of these men would be deployed to reinforce the 21st Army Group following the completion of their training and certification of fitness.Шаблон:Sfn On 15 August, what was left of the division was dispersed; this process took until the end of the month, when the division and its brigades were disbanded.Шаблон:Sfn

During 1944, the British Army suffered a severe shortage of manpower. In an effort to downsize the army and consolidate as many men within as few formations as possible to maintain efficiency, the War Office began disbanding divisions and restructuring the Army.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It was believed that division numbers familiar to the British public held recruiting value, and should be retained.Шаблон:Sfn As a result, the 76th Infantry (Reserve) Division was disbanded; its GOC, Utterson-Kelso and his staff, reformed the division as the 47th Infantry (Reserve) Division on 1 September.Шаблон:Sfn As part of this process, the 76th's 213th Infantry Brigade was renumbered the 140th and assigned to the 47th. Likewise, the 220th Infantry Brigade was assigned from the 76th to the 47th and in November 1944 was re-designated the 141st Infantry Brigade. The 7th Infantry Brigade, which was previously part of the 9th Armoured Division, was also assigned to the new division.Шаблон:Sfn Soldiers who had completed their basic and their job-specific training were sent to reserve divisions for additional training.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn These soldiers were given five weeks of additional training at the section, platoon and company levels before undertaking a final three-day exercise. Troops would then be ready to be sent overseas to join other formations.Шаблон:Sfn Training was handled in this manner to relieve combat formations of the need to train new recruits.Шаблон:Sfn For example, the 9th Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment trained soldiers who were then dispatched to other battalions within the regiment and the Royal Norfolk Regiment.[4] The division remained in this role for the duration of the war. It was disbanded during the demobilisation of the British Armed Forces after the Second World War, and was non-existent by January 1946 when Utterson-Kelso retired.Шаблон:Sfn[5] The TA was reformed in 1947 on a much smaller scale of nine divisions, which did not include the 47th.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

General officers commanding

Шаблон:See also

Appointed Name
24 August 1939 Major-General Harry WillansШаблон:Sfn[6]
29 November 1940 Brigadier William Havelock Ramsden (acting)Шаблон:Sfn
8 December 1940 Major-General Clifford Cecil MaldenШаблон:Sfn
25 March 1941 Brigadier William Bradshaw (acting)Шаблон:Sfn
18 April 1941 Major-General John Edward Utterson-KelsoШаблон:Sfn
10 April 1942 Major-General Gerald TemplerШаблон:Sfn
14 September 1942 Major-General Alfred Eryk RobinsonШаблон:Sfn
1 September 1944 Major-General John Edward Utterson-KelsoШаблон:Sfn

Order of battle

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Notes

Footnotes Шаблон:Notelist Citations Шаблон:Reflist

References

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Further reading

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External links

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Шаблон:British Army Divisions

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:London Gazette and Шаблон:London Gazette
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:London Gazette and Шаблон:London Gazette
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:London Gazette
  6. ↑ Шаблон:London Gazette
  7. ↑ 147 LAA Rgt War Diary 1943, The National Archives (TNA), Kew file WO 166/11765.
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