Английская Википедия:4 ft 6 in gauge railway
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Sidebar track gauge The Шаблон:RailGauge track gauge, also called the Scotch gauge, was adopted by early 19th century railways mainly in the Lanarkshire area of Scotland. It differed from the gauge of Шаблон:RailGauge that was used on some early lines in England. Early railways chose their own gauge, but later in the century interchange of equipment was facilitated by establishing a uniform rail gauge across railways: the 'standard gauge' of Шаблон:RailGauge. In the early 1840s standard gauge lines began to be constructed in Scotland, and all the Scotch gauge lines were eventually converted to standard gauge. The building of new Scotch gauge railways was outlawed in Great Britain in 1846 by the Regulating the Gauge of Railways Act 1846. From 1903, tram lines of Tokyo adopted this gauge.
Scottish railways built to Scotch gauge
A small number of early to mid-19th century passenger railways were built to Шаблон:Track gauge Scotch gauge including:
| Name | Length | |
|---|---|---|
| Ardrossan and Johnstone Railway.[1] | Шаблон:Convert.[2] | Authorised on 20 July 1806 and opened on 6 November 1810.[3] |
| Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway.[4] | Шаблон:Convert.[2] | Authorised on 17 May 1824 and opened on 1 October 1826.[3] The engineer was Thomas Grainger.[4] |
| Ballochney Railway.[1] | Шаблон:Convert.[2] | Incorporated on 19 May 1826 and opened on 8 August 1828.[3] |
| Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway.[1] | Authorised on 26 May 1826 and opened in part on 4 July 1831.[3] | |
| Garnkirk and Glasgow Railway.[1] | Шаблон:Convert.[2] | Incorporated on 26 May 1826 and ceremonially opened on 27 September 1831 for both passengers and goods.[3] The engineers were Thomas Grainger and John Miller from Edinburgh.[1][4] |
| Wishaw and Coltness Railway.[4] | Шаблон:Convert.[2] | Incorporated on 21 June 1829 and partially opened on 21 March 1834.[3] The engineers were Thomas Grainger and John Miller from Edinburgh.[4] |
| Slamannan Railway.[1] | Шаблон:Convert.[1][2] | Incorporated on 3 July 1835 and opened on 31 August 1840.[3] |
| Paisley and Renfrew Railway.[1] | Шаблон:Convert.[2] | Authorised on 21 July 1835 and opened on 3 April 1837 for both passengers and goods.[3] The engineer was Thomas Grainger.[4] Converted to Standard Gauge 1866. |
Robert Stephenson and Company built a Scotch gauge locomotive, the St. Rollox, for the Garnkirk and Glasgow Railway; which was later sold to the Paisley and Renfrew Railway.[1][3]
All the lines were later relaid in standard gauge.[1][3]
Other early 19th century Scottish gauges
4 ft 6½ in gauge
In addition to the above lines, there were three railways, authorised between 1822 and 1835, that were built in the Dundee area, to a gauge of Шаблон:Track gauge. They were:
- The Dundee and Newtyle Railway.[1][4] Length: Шаблон:Convert.[2]
- The Newtyle and Coupar Angus Railway.[1][4] Length: Шаблон:Convert.[2]
- The Newtyle and Glammis Railway.[1][4] Length: Шаблон:Convert.[2]
5 ft 6 in gauge
Grainger and Miller built another two railway lines in the same area to a gauge of Шаблон:Track gauge. Thomas Grainger is said to have chosen this gauge, since he regarded Шаблон:Track gauge as being too narrow and Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Шаблон:Track gauge as being too wide.[1] They were:
- The Dundee and Arbroath Railway.[1][4] Length: Шаблон:Convert.[2] Incorporated on 19 May 1836 and opened in part in October 1838.[3]
- The Arbroath and Forfar Railway.[1][4] Length: Шаблон:Convert.[2] Incorporated on 19 May 1836 and opened in part on 24 November 1838.[3]
End of Scotch gauge
The Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway and the Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Railway, which both obtained Parliamentary Approval on 15 July 1837 and were later to become part of the Glasgow and South Western Railway and the Caledonian Railway, respectively, were built to standard gauge from the start.[1]
The Lee Moor Tramway operated a Scotch Gauge line from 1899 to the early 1960s,[5] with the two 0-4-0ST locomotives built by Peckett and Sons to there M4 Design. LEE MOOR No.1 (works number 783) is preserved at the Wheal Martyn Museum near St. Austell and LEE MOOR No.2 (works number 784) is preserved at the South Devon Railway, neither are operational. Both locomotives were originally preserved by the Lee Moor Tramway Preservation Group.[5]
The standard gauge of Шаблон:RailGauge, also known as the Stephenson gauge after George Stephenson, was adopted in Great Britain after 1846 after the passing of the Regulating the Gauge of Railways Act 1846.[6] A few remnants of old lines remain, but are non functional with the exception of one example of the St Michael's Mount Tramway at St Michael's Mount in Cornwall. It is a partial underground railway that used to bring luggage up to the castle. It occasionally operates, but only for demonstration reasons and is not open to the general public, although a small stretch is visible at the harbour. It is therefore believed to be Britain's last functionally operational Scotch gauge railway.[7][8]
Use in Japan
After the end of the Scotch gauge in Britain, the gauge was revived in Japan. Since 1903, most of the tram network in Tokyo was built with Шаблон:Track gauge rail gauge, called Шаблон:Nihongo. The use of this gauge extended to other suburban lines that through-operated onto the city tram network. Although Tokyo has abolished its major tram network (except the Arakawa Line), as of 2009 the following lines still used this gauge:
- The Keiō Line and its branches (excluding the Inokashira Line). The reason to use 1372 mm in 1915 was to provide through service with the now-abolished Tokyo city tram.[9] Length: Шаблон:Convert. Commuter railways connecting Tokyo and its suburb operated by Keio Corporation.
- The Toei Shinjuku Line.[9] Length: Шаблон:Convert. One of rapid transit lines in Tokyo, built to provide through service with the Keiō Line. Originally the Ministry of Transport intended the Keiō Line to convert to 1435 mm (so that the Shinjuku Line would have the same gauge as the Asakusa Line for maintenance convenience), but the service area as of late 20th century was too densely populated to risk a massive disruption of the Keiō service, and the Shinjuku Line was constructed in 1372 mm instead.
- The Toden Arakawa Line.[9] Length: Шаблон:Convert. Only surviving line of Tokyo municipal tram.
- The Tōkyū Setagaya Line.[9] Length: Шаблон:Convert. Another tram line in Tokyo operated by Tokyu Corporation.
- The Hakodate City Tram.[9] Length: Шаблон:Convert. Only user of the gauge outside the Greater Tokyo Area.
See also
References
Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Reflist
- Thomas, John (1971). A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain. Volume 6 Scotland: The Lowlands and the Borders. Newton Abbott: David & Charles. Шаблон:ISBN.
Шаблон:Historical Scottish railway companies Шаблон:Navbox track gauge
- ↑ 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 1,11 1,12 1,13 1,14 1,15 1,16 Whishaw, Francis (1842). The Railways of Great Britain and Ireland practically described and illustrated. Second Edition. London: John Weale. Reprinted and republished 1969, Newton Abbott: David & Charles. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ 2,00 2,01 2,02 2,03 2,04 2,05 2,06 2,07 2,08 2,09 2,10 2,11 Popplewell, Lawrence (1989). A Gazetteer of the Railway Contractors and Engineers of Scotland 1831 - 1870. (Vol. 1: 1831 - 1870 and Vol. 2: 1871 - 1914). Bournemouth: Melledgen Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ 3,00 3,01 3,02 3,03 3,04 3,05 3,06 3,07 3,08 3,09 3,10 3,11 Awdry, Christopher (1990). Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies. London: Guild Publishing.
- ↑ 4,00 4,01 4,02 4,03 4,04 4,05 4,06 4,07 4,08 4,09 4,10 Robertson, C.J.A. (1983). The Origins of the Scottish Railway System: 1722-1844. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 Шаблон:Cite book
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