Английская Википедия:613 commandments

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Jews and Judaism sidebar According to Jewish tradition, the Torah contains 613 commandments (Шаблон:Lang-he). This tradition is first recorded in the 3rd century CE, when Rabbi Simlai mentioned it in a sermon that is recorded in Talmud Makkot 23b.[1] Other classical sages who hold this view include Rabbi Simeon ben Azzai[2] and Rabbi Eleazar ben Yose the Galilean.[3] It is quoted in Midrash Exodus Rabbah 33:7, Numbers Rabbah 13:15–16; 18:21 and Talmud Yevamot 47b. The 613 commandments include "positive commandments", to perform an act (Шаблон:Lang), and "negative commandments", to abstain from an act (Шаблон:Lang). The negative commandments number 365, which coincides with the number of days in the solar year, and the positive commandments number 248, a number ascribed to the number of bones and main organs in the human body.[4]

Although the number 613 is mentioned in the Talmud, its real significance increased in later medieval rabbinic literature, including many works listing or arranged by the Шаблон:Lang. The most famous of these was an enumeration of the 613 commandments by Maimonides. While the total number of commandments is 613, no individual can perform all of them. Many can only be observed at the Temple in Jerusalem, which no longer stands. According to one standard reckoning,[5] there are 77 positive and 194 negative commandments that can be observed today, of which there are 26 commands that apply only within the Land of Israel.[6] In addition, some commandments only apply to certain categories of Jews: some are only observed by kohanim, and others only by men or by women.

Symbolism of 613

Шаблон:See

Файл:WLANL - MicheleLovesArt - Joods Historisch Museum - Schilderij Voerman (1111).jpg
De Rouwdagen (The mourning days) by Jan Voerman, ca 1884

Rav Hamnuna sourced the count of 613 in the verse Шаблон:Bibleverse ("Moses commanded us the Torah..."). The Talmud notes that the Hebrew numerical value (gematria) of the word Torah is 611 (Шаблон:Script/Hebrew = 400, Шаблон:Script/Hebrew = 6, Шаблон:Script/Hebrew = 200, Шаблон:Script/Hebrew = 5). Combining 611 commandments which Moses taught the people, with the first two of the Ten Commandments which were the only ones directly heard from God, a total of 613 is reached.[4]

Other sources connect the tzitzit (ritual fringes of a garment) to the 613 commandments by gematria: the word Шаблон:Lang (Hebrew: ציצית, in its Mishnaic spelling) has the value 600 (Шаблон:Script/Hebrew = 90, Шаблон:Script/Hebrew = 10, Шаблон:Script/Hebrew = 400). Each tassel has eight threads (when doubled over) and five sets of knots. The sum of all these numbers is 613, reflecting the concept that Шаблон:Lang reminds its wearer of all Torah commandments.[7]

Many Jewish philosophical and mystical works (e.g. by Baal HaTurim, the Maharal of Prague and leaders of Hasidic Judaism) find allusions and inspirational calculations relating to the number of commandments.

Dissent and difficulties

Rabbinic support for the number of commandments being 613 is not without dissent. For example, Ben Azzai held that there exist 300 positive Шаблон:Lang.[8] Also, even as the number gained acceptance, difficulties arose in elucidating the list. Some rabbis declared that this count was not an authentic tradition, or that it was not logically possible to come up with a systematic count. No early work of Jewish law or Biblical commentary depended on the 613 system, and no early systems of Jewish principles of faith made acceptance of this Aggadah (non-legal Talmudic statement) normative. A number of classical authorities denied that it was normative:

  • Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra denied that this was an authentic rabbinic tradition. Ibn Ezra writes "Some sages enumerate 613 Шаблон:Lang in many diverse ways [...] but in truth there is no end to the number of Шаблон:Lang [...] and if we were to count only the root principles [...] the number of Шаблон:Lang would not reach 613".[9]
  • Nahmanides held that this particular counting was a matter of rabbinic controversy, and that rabbinic opinion on this is not unanimous. Nonetheless, he concedes that "this total has proliferated throughout the aggadic literature... we ought to say that it was a tradition from Moses at Mount Sinai".[10]
  • Rabbi Simeon ben Zemah Duran likewise rejected the dogma of the 613 as being the sum of the Law, saying that "perhaps the agreement that the number of Шаблон:Lang is 613... is just Rabbi Simlai's opinion, following his own explication of the Шаблон:Lang. And we need not rely on his explication when we come to determine [and affect] the Law, but rather on the Talmudic discussions".[11]
  • Gersonides held that the number 613 was only one rabbi's (Rabbi Simlai's) opinion, and if the conclusion of a Talmudic discussion indicated that the number of commandments was greater or lesser than 613, Rabbi Simlai's opinion would be overruled.[12] He argued that the number 613 was only intended as an approximation, and that the comparison to 248 limbs and 365 days was intended homiletically, to motivate Jews to keep the commandments.[13]
  • The Vilna Gaon suggested that there exist many more than 613 commandments (because otherwise large narrative parts of the Pentateuch would be without commandments, which he considered difficult to accept) and that the count of 613 refers to "roots" (Шаблон:Lang) of the other commandments.[14]

Even when rabbis attempted to compile a list of the 613 commandments, they were faced with a number of difficulties:

  • Which statements were to be included amongst the 613 commandments? Every one of God's commands to any individual or to the entire people of Israel?
  • Would an order from God be counted as a commandment, for the purposes of such a list, if it could only be complied with in one place and time? Else, would such an order only count as a commandment if it could be followed at all times? (The latter is the view of Maimonides.)Шаблон:Citation needed
  • Does counting a single commandment depend on whether it falls within one verse, even though it may contain multiple prohibitions, or should each prohibition count as a single commandment?Шаблон:Citation needed

Ultimately, though, the concept of 613 commandments has become accepted as normative amongst practicing Jews and today it is still common practice to refer to the total system of commandments within the Torah as the "613 commandments", even among those who do not literally accept this count as accurate.Шаблон:Citation needed

However, the 613 Шаблон:Lang do not constitute a formal code of present-day halakha. Later codes of law such as the Shulkhan Arukh and the Kitzur Shulkhan Arukh do not refer to it. However, Maimonides' Mishneh Torah is prefaced by a count of the 613 mitzvot.

Works which enumerate the commandments

There is no single definitive list that explicates the 613 commandments. Lists differ, for example, in how they interpret passages in the Torah that may be read as dealing with several cases under a single law or several separate laws. Other "commandments" in the Torah are restricted as one-time acts, and would not be considered as "Шаблон:Lang" binding on other persons. In rabbinic literature, Rishonim and later scholars composed to articulate and justify their enumeration of the commandments:[15]

Works in which the number of commandments is not 613

  • Шаблон:Lang by Eliezer ben Samuel lists only 417 commandments (including commandments only applicable when the Temple stood).[12]
  • Menahem Recanati, in his book Шаблон:Lang, counted 250 positive and 361 negative commandments, for a total of 611. These 611 include the two commandments of Шаблон:Bibleverse, indicating that this list is incompatible with the approach of R' Hamnuna in the Talmud (who said that of the 613 commandments, the two in Exodus 20:2 were given directly by God, and the remaining 611 via Moses).[12]
  • Шаблон:Lang, by Rabbi Isaac of Corbeil, listed 320 commandments applicable nowadays. To reach a total of 613, one would have to add 293 commandments applicable only while the Temple stood. As the number of Temple-only commandments appears to be much lower than 293 (for example, Sefer haHinuch only counted 201 such commandments), it seems that the overall count of commandments would likely be lower than 613.[12]
  • According to Asael Ben-Or, Gersonides' commentary to the Torah indicates that he counted a total of 513 commandments.[12]

Maimonides' list

The following are the 613 commandments and the source of their derivation from the Hebrew Bible as enumerated by Maimonides:

Canonical order

Typical order

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

  • Eisenberg, Ronald L. The 613 Mitzvot: A Contemporary Guide to the Commandments of Judaism, Rockville, Schreiber Publishing, 2005. Шаблон:ISBN
  • Moses Maimonides, translation by Charles Ber Chavel and Moses ibn Tibbon. The book of divine commandments (the Sefer Ha-mitzvoth of Moses Maimonides) London: Soncino Press, 1940.

External links

Шаблон:Authority control Шаблон:Jewish life

  1. Шаблон:Cite book
  2. Sifre, Deuteronomy 76
  3. Midrash Aggadah to Genesis 15:1
  4. 4,0 4,1 Babylonian Talmud, Makkot 23b-24a
  5. Шаблон:Cite book
  6. Yisrael Meir Kagan, The Concise Book of Mitzvoth: The Commandments which can be Observed Today, Trans., Charles Wengrov. Feldheim, 1990.
  7. Rashi's commentary on Numbers 15:39 (from Numbers Rabbah 18); compare to Lekach Tov, parshat Shelach Lecha, p.224, s.v. tanan hatam bemasechet brachot
  8. Sifre Deuteronomy 76: אמר רבי שמעון בן עזיי והלא שלש מאות מצות עשה בתורה כיוצא בזה לומר מה הדם שאין בכל המצות קל ממנו הזהירך הכתוב עליו שאר כל המצות על אחת כמה וכמה
  9. Yesod Mora, Chapter 2
  10. Nahmanides, Commentary to Maimonides' Sefer Hamitzvot, Root Principle 1
  11. Zohar Harakia, Lviv, 1858, p. 99
  12. 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 12,4 Ohayon, Avraham. "Ha-ʾOmnam Taryag Miẓvot" (2009) p. 89-96
  13. Шаблон:Alhatorah
  14. See Avraham of Vilna, Maalot haTorah (printed in Nachmanides, Sefer haEmunah vehaBitachon, Warsaw: 1877, p.1)
  15. Шаблон:Cite web
  16. Шаблон:Cite web
  17. Шаблон:Cite web
  18. 18,0 18,1 Footnote to Deut. 23:19, Tanakh The Holy Scriptures, The Jewish Publication Society, 1985, Шаблон:ISBN
  19. 19,0 19,1 Footnote to Deut. 23:19, The Catholic Study Bible, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2011
  20. Шаблон:Cite web