Английская Википедия:68th New York Infantry Regiment
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox military unit Шаблон:Military unit sidebarThe 68th New York Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Also known as the Cameron Rifles or the Second German Rifle Regiment, the men were mostly German immigrants. Organized in July 1861, three months after the outbreak of war, the 68th saw service in the Eastern and Western theaters.Шаблон:Sfnmp
As a part of the Army of the Potomac, it was initially assigned to the defenses of Washington, D.C.Шаблон:Sfnp Later, the 68th was transferred to the Shenandoah Valley and fought at the Battle of Cross Keys. The men of the 68th were then reassigned to central Virginia and found themselves in the thick of the fighting at Second Bull Run. After returning to the nation's capital, the regiment fought in Chancellorsville and was routed by Confederate forces. At Gettysburg, they saw battle on two of the three days and took heavy losses.
The regiment was then transferred to the west and participated in the Chattanooga Campaign.Шаблон:Sfnp The 68th fought in the battles of Wauhatchie and Missionary Ridge, assisting in the Union victories there. The regiment marched to relieve the siege of Knoxville, and then spent the last year of the war on occupation duty in Tennessee and Georgia, before being disbanded in November 1865.Шаблон:Sfnmp
Raising the regiment
On July 22, 1861, the United States War Department authorized Robert J. Betge to raise a volunteer infantry regiment in New York.Шаблон:Sfnp Recruited to serve for three years, the men came mostly from Manhattan (New York City), and also from New Jersey, Maryland, and Pennsylvania.Шаблон:Sfnp The mostly German immigrants were also called the "Second German Rifles" (the First German Rifles, raised several months earlier, were the 8th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment), but Betge called the regiment the "Cameron Rifles", after Secretary of War Simon Cameron.Шаблон:Sfnp The officers were also German, and many had served in the armies of Austria, Prussia, and other German states.Шаблон:Sfnp In all, 1,020 men filled the ranks when the regiment had finished recruiting.Шаблон:Sfnp
Accepted into service on August 19, the 68th left New York the next day, traveling by train from Perth Amboy, New Jersey, to Washington, D.C., to join the brigade of Brigadier General Louis Blenker in the Army of the Potomac.Шаблон:Sfnmp Blenker was a German immigrant himself, a refugee of the Revolutions of 1848, and many of the units under his command were heavily German-American.Шаблон:Sfnp Encamped at Roach's Mills, Virginia, the 68th participated in the defense of Washington,Шаблон:Sfnp losing three men in their first combat, a minor skirmish with a Confederate patrol.Шаблон:Sfnp
In November, the Army was reorganized; the 68th was shifted to Colonel Adolph von Steinwehr's brigade and Blenker moved up to command the division.Шаблон:Sfnp They encamped at Hunter's Chapel, Virginia, for the remainder of the winter.Шаблон:Sfnp There, Betge was brought before a court-martial, accused of "conduct unbecoming an officer and gentleman":Шаблон:Sfnp confiscating two horses and other property from "loyal" Virginia citizens, and taking a bribe to hire the 68th's regimental sutler.Шаблон:Sfnp He was not convicted, and was permitted to return to the regiment.Шаблон:Sfnp
Shenandoah Valley
In March 1862, the Army was again reorganized and Blenker's brigade was merged into the II Corps, led by Maj. Gen. Edwin Vose Sumner.Шаблон:Sfnp That month the 68th moved to Warrenton, Virginia, where it came into contact with Confederate cavalry; three of the officers were captured.Шаблон:Sfnp The following month, Blenker's brigade was moved into Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont's Mountain Department, necessitating a march to Winchester, Virginia,Шаблон:Sfnp where the 68th and the rest of Frémont's army guarded the western part of the Shenandoah Valley against incursions by Confederate forces under Lt. Gen. Stonewall Jackson. Their long march had left the 68th bereft of supplies and low on rations.Шаблон:Sfnp Colonel Betge protested against the mistreatment of his regiment, and was placed under arrest, surrendering command to Lt. Col., John H. Kleefish.Шаблон:Sfnp
The initial action in Jackson's Valley Campaign took place to their east, but in June Frémont's force of 15,000 joined the 10,000-man division of Brig. Gen. James Shields to converge on Jackson south of Massanutten Mountain.Шаблон:Sfnp Jackson was determined to attack the two Union columns separately and arranged half of his troops to block Shields on the right side of the mountain, while the other half, commanded by Maj. Gen. Richard S. Ewell, blocked the left side.Шаблон:Sfnp Jackson's wish was realized when, on June 8, Frémont's army attacked. Frémont, believing he was striking Jackson's rear, instead attacked Ewell head-on, and Jackson soon brought his whole force to bear on the Union troops in the Battle of Cross Keys.Шаблон:Sfnp The men of the 68th came under concentrated fire for the first time but were not heavily involved in the battle, although two men were killed.Шаблон:Sfnp The battle was a defeat for the Union, and Frémont's force did not attack again, being blocked instead by a small holding force from Ewell's wing.Шаблон:Sfnp The rest of Jackson's force then turned to attack Shields's army the next day at Port Republic. Frémont's infantry did not figure in the battle, another Confederate victory, though his artillery shelled the enemy from long range.Шаблон:Sfnp
After the battle, the 68th marched to Cedar Creek and the army was placed under the overall command of Maj. Gen. John Pope; Frémont's force was designated the First Corps of the Army of Virginia.Шаблон:Sfnp Frémont, who outranked Pope, resigned in protest, and President Lincoln accepted the resignation.Шаблон:Sfnp Lincoln replaced him with Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel, who had been commanding troops in the Western theater.Шаблон:Sfnp Sigel was, like many in the First Corps, a German immigrant, and the 68th and the other German regiments in the First Corps were happy for the change in commanders.Шаблон:Sfnp Sigel ordered the 68th to Luray for picket duty.Шаблон:Sfnp When they arrived, Betge resigned his commission and Kleefish continued to command the regiment until a new colonel could be assigned.Шаблон:Sfnp
Second Bull Run
The regiment remained in the Shenandoah Valley until August 1862 when they joined Pope's army and moved south to engage Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. They arrived the day after the Battle of Cedar Mountain, and joined Pope's army in its retreat from that Confederate victory.Шаблон:Sfnp After a series of minor actions along the Rappahannock, Pope's forces met Jackson's half of Lee's army near Manassas Station.Шаблон:Sfnp Lee had divided his army into wings led by Jackson and Lt. Gen. James Longstreet and sent Jackson's force to raid Pope's rear to cut his supply line.Шаблон:Sfnp Pope believed he had a chance to destroy the Army of Northern Virginia one half at a time, and made the decision to attack.Шаблон:Sfnp Jackson's men struck the first blow, however, and drove off a portion of the Union force.Шаблон:Sfnp The next day, having taken up a strong defensive position along an unfinished railroad, Jackson awaited Pope's advance.Шаблон:Sfnp Pope obliged him, sending the Army forward against Jackson's lines.Шаблон:Sfnp The 68th and the rest of Sigel's corps occupied the middle of the advancing line.Шаблон:Sfnp They were unable to break Jackson's lines, and withdrew.Шаблон:Sfnp The Cameron Rifles had seen some action at Cross Keys, but this was their first experience of fierce fighting and they acquitted themselves well, despite the failure of the attack.Шаблон:Sfnp
By the afternoon, Longstreet joined Jackson with the other half of Lee's army and attacked the Union left.Шаблон:Sfnp Longstreet believed it was too late for an attack, and did not attack that day, other than in a minor clash where his lines met some federal units at dusk.Шаблон:Sfnp The next day, August 30, Pope attacked Jackson again at 3:00 p.m.Шаблон:Sfnp Again, the attacking forces could not overcome their enemies' positions, and this time Longstreet counterattacked and forced them back toward their original positions.Шаблон:Sfnp Sigel's forces, which did not take part in the initial Union assault, held firm against the Confederate counterattack, but after heavy casualties the army retreated.Шаблон:Sfnp Among the casualties were 22 killed from the 68th (including Kleefish) and 59 wounded, making Second Bull Run one of the unit's bloodiest engagements.Шаблон:Sfnp
The Army of Virginia retreated nearly all the way back to Washington.Шаблон:Sfnp Pope was relieved and Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan placed in charge of the army once more.Шаблон:Sfnp After burying Kleefish in Washington, the 68th redeployed to Fairfax, Virginia.Шаблон:Sfnp With Kleefish dead and Betge having resigned, command of the regiment fell temporarily to Major Carl von Wedell.Шаблон:Sfnp The officers then petitioned the Governor Horatio Seymour to commission Gotthilf von Bourry d'Ivernois as their new colonel, which he did.Шаблон:Sfnmp Von Bourry, a veteran of the Austrian army,Шаблон:Efn-lr had served on Blenker's staff as a captain and had impressed the officers of the 68th with his tales of heroism in the Second Italian War of Independence.Шаблон:Sfnp
Army of the Potomac
Chancellorsville
The 68th spent September and October 1862 defending Washington where they were attached to Alexander Schimmelfennig's 1st Brigade of the XI Corps in the Army of the Potomac (the re-numbered I Corps formerly of the Army of Virginia) still commanded by Sigel.Шаблон:Sfnp In November, they advanced to Centreville with the rest of the Army, now under the command of Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside.Шаблон:Sfnp Burnside, who had taken over the Army when McClellan was relieved of command earlier that month, was determined to bring battle to the enemy, and he ordered the Army to advance once more to the Rappahannock.Шаблон:Sfnp The 68th, however, remained in reserve with the rest of the XI Corps, and so was spared any part in the defeat that befell the Union Army at the Battle of Fredericksburg.Шаблон:Sfnp The Army retreated once again, and the 68th joined them in winter quarters at Stafford, Virginia.Шаблон:Sfnp
Morale was low in the Army after Fredericksburg and the retreat that followed, and Burnside was replaced in command by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker.Шаблон:Sfnp Several corps commanders were also replaced, including Sigel, whose XI Corps passed to Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard on April 2, 1863, when he resigned in protest because he believed he deserved a larger corps.Шаблон:Sfnmp In a corps of mostly German regiments, Howard was immediately unpopular and his distribution of religious tracts to the troops did not improve the relationship.Шаблон:Sfnp The regiment was smaller, too, than it had been: just 259 present for duty.Шаблон:Sfnp Their new commander in the XI Corps's 3rd Brigade was another German, Brig. Gen. Carl Schurz.Шаблон:Sfnp
Hooker brought the Army to the Rappahannock for a third time, but rather than crossing directly into the defenses of the Confederates, he divided his much larger force to attack Lee's army from two sides simultaneously.Шаблон:Sfnmp This time, the 68th and the other regiments of the XI Corps were part of the action, crossing the river with Hooker's main force on May 1, 1863, to attack Lee's left.Шаблон:Sfnp Despite Hooker's careful planning, the Battle of Chancellorsville was another Union defeat. After crossing the Rappahannock, Hooker had ordered the wing including the XI Corps to halt and await the Confederate attack.Шаблон:Sfnmp Faced with attacks on two sides, Lee daringly divided his smaller force to engage both: the pause allowed Lee to send Jackson with the bulk of the army to meet the Union advance and outflank their right wing the next day, May 2.Шаблон:Sfnp Although he was warned of the impending attack, Howard did not order the units under his command to entrench, and when Jackson's men arrived the XI Corps was caught unprepared.Шаблон:Sfnmp At about 5:15 p.m., Jackson's force of 21,500 men caught the XI Corps in the flank and by surprise as the men were preparing their dinner.Шаблон:Sfnp Schurz ordered his brigade to shift to meet the assault, and the 68th jumped to action, but they were still overwhelmed by the force of numbers and began a disorganized retreat an hour into the attack.Шаблон:Sfnmp After falling back, the 68th and the other retreating units rallied to avoid a complete rout and held off the Confederates until nightfall.Шаблон:Sfnp The XI Corps suffered nearly 2,500 casualties, including 5 dead, 16 wounded, and 32 missing from the 68th.Шаблон:Sfnp The next day, the XI Corps held the left of the Union line and was again attacked, but unlike the previous day, they were not at the focus of the Confederate attack.Шаблон:Sfnp The entire army retreated across the Rappahannock the next day, defeated once more.Шаблон:Sfnp
Gettysburg
In the wake of Chancellorsville, newspapers heaped scorn on the German regiments, blaming the 68th and the others for the defeat.Шаблон:Sfnmp The XI Corps suffered from low morale, and several officers resigned their commissions, including Lt. Col. Carl Vogel and five others from the 68th.Шаблон:Sfnp The Army of the Potomac pulled back from the Rappahannock, and was soon on the move as the Army of Northern Virginia slipped past and marched north toward Pennsylvania.Шаблон:Sfnp Led by still another new commander, Maj. Gen. George Meade, the Union army followed the Confederates north.Шаблон:Sfnp The 68th, now with 267 present for duty, had been shifted to the XI Corps's 1st Brigade under Brig. Gen. Leopold von Gilsa when the Army of the Potomac prepared to meet the rebels at the Battle of Gettysburg.Шаблон:Sfnmp The XI Corps was among the first to arrive on the scene on July 1, 1863. Schurz's brigade arrived first, and he ordered them to take up defensive positions north of the town.Шаблон:Sfnp The other two divisions arrived next, and Howard arrayed them to resist the rebel onslaught he knew was coming soon.Шаблон:Sfnp The landscape was mostly devoid of features that would aid in defense, but Gilsa's men were able to entrench on one low rise, Blocher's Knoll.Шаблон:Sfnmp The 68th was sent forward to skirmish, along with the 54th New York and part of the 153rd New York,Шаблон:Sfnp and were the first to be attacked and ousted from their positions when Lt. Gen. Jubal Early's Confederate division came on in numbers and outflanked them.Шаблон:Sfnmp The army retreated south of the town, but Howard, after arguing with Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock over who was in command in Meade's absence, rallied the troops there and ordered them to entrench.Шаблон:Sfnp
The 68th began the second day in a more defensible position on Cemetery Hill.Шаблон:Sfnp This placed them at the center of the Union line, and most of the day's early action was on the flanks.Шаблон:Sfnp In the evening, however, Early's forces attacked again; the charging Confederates quickly reached the top of the hill and some hand-to-hand combat broke out, but losses were light because the growing darkness made it difficult for soldiers on both sides to shoot accurately.Шаблон:Sfnp Reinforcements from the II Corps arrived and helped the XI Corps hold the position.Шаблон:Sfnp On the third day, the 68th remained in that position, but the major attack of the day, Pickett's Charge, was to their left.Шаблон:Sfnp The 68th performed better than they had at Chancellorsville, participating in their first Union victory. They paid the price with much higher casualties, 8 killed and 63 wounded; 67 were made prisoners of war, many on the first day during the retreat to Cemetery Hill.Шаблон:Sfnmp In the thick of the action for two out of three days, the 68th lost more men at Gettysburg than in any other battle.Шаблон:Sfnp
Chattanooga campaign
Lee's army retreated into Virginia and, after some delay, the Army of the Potomac followed. After a skirmish in Hagerstown, Maryland, on July 12, the 68th crossed the Potomac into Virginia on July 16 and took up guard duty along the Orange and Alexandria Railroad near Warrenton.Шаблон:Sfnp The regiment remained there until September, when it and the rest of the XI Corps were detached from the Army of the Potomac and sent to Tennessee.Шаблон:Sfnp The XI and XII Corps, under Hooker's command, made up an independent force added to the Armies of the Tennessee, the Cumberland, and the Ohio, which were all operating in that theater.Шаблон:Sfnp Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans, having just lost the Battle of Chickamauga, was besieged in Chattanooga, and the other armies were gathering to lift the siege and attack the Confederate army there, led by Lt. Gen. Braxton Bragg.Шаблон:Sfnp Traveling for seven days by rail, the 68th arrived in Tennessee on September 30.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Efn-lr
The regiment spent the first month guarding railroads again, this time west of Chattanooga.Шаблон:Sfnp Rosecrans soon found himself relieved of duty, and Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant was placed in overall command of the three armies plus Hooker's two corps.Шаблон:Sfnp The 68th, too, saw a change in its leadership when Col. von Bourry was cashiered for drunkenness and command passed to Lt. Col. Albert von Steinhausen.Шаблон:Sfnmp By this time, losses from Gettysburg and illness had reduced the regiment to 127 men present for duty, just over a tenth of their numbers from the start of the war.Шаблон:Sfnp
Grant's armies converged on Chattanooga and planned to attack Bragg's army.Шаблон:Sfnp Getting into place required the XI and XII Corps to cross the Tennessee River at Bridgeport, Alabama, and march rapidly for Lookout Valley, opening the supply line to Chattanooga.Шаблон:Sfnp They did so, to the surprise of the Confederate forces there, which had not expected an attack from that quarter.Шаблон:Sfnp On October 28, Hooker's two corps were attacked by a part of Bragg's army, which had by now been joined by Longstreet and some units from the Army of Northern Virginia.Шаблон:Sfnp Bragg ordered Longstreet to drive the federals back and he attacked.Шаблон:Sfnp In the ensuing Battle of Wauhatchie, the XII Corps took the brunt of the initial assault.Шаблон:Sfnp Hooker bypassed Howard and ordered Schurz to bring up the XI Corps to join the fight.Шаблон:Sfnp The engagement was confused on both sides, but the Union forces were victorious, driving off the rebels and inflicting twice the casualties they received.Шаблон:Sfnp With the supply lines now reopened to Chattanooga, Grant planned to dislodge Bragg's army.Шаблон:Sfnp At the Battle of Lookout Mountain, the 68th was held in reserve on the first day, November 24.Шаблон:Sfnp The battle continued the next day and a part of Howard's XI Corps, including the 68th, was shifted to the far left of the Union lines to reinforce Sherman's attack on Missionary Ridge.Шаблон:Sfnp There, the 68th skirmished with the enemy, but was unable to advance.Шаблон:Sfnp The Confederates were forced to retreat, however, as Maj. Gen. George Thomas's troops' assault on their center sent Bragg's army into retreat from the ridge.Шаблон:Sfnp
Four days later, on November 28, the 68th, still attached to Sherman's army, marched north to relieve Burnside's army, which was besieged in Knoxville, Tennessee.Шаблон:Sfnp Before they arrived, however, Burnside managed to defeat the enemy, and the regiment returned south.Шаблон:Sfnp It spent the winter guarding railroads near their winter quarters in Bridgeport.Шаблон:Sfnp In April, the enlistments of many three-year men were due to expire, including the men of the 68th. The men were sent to Louisville, Kentucky, and then by rail back to New York City for four weeks' leave of absence.Шаблон:SfnpKummer, p. 570</ref> With the war not yet over, the government encouraged re-enlisting, and many of the 68th did so. The three-year men of the 8th and 29th Infantry, two other German-American units reduced by casualties and expiring enlistment terms, were consolidated into the 68th.Шаблон:Sfnp Drafted men and substitutes brought the ranks up to 400 present for duty.Шаблон:Sfnp
Re-enlistment and the end of the war
Among those continuing in the army was the colonel of the 8th New York, Prince Felix Salm-Salm.Шаблон:Efn-lr As the 68th had been without a colonel since von Bourry had been cashiered, Governor Seymour appointed Salm-Salm to the post on June 8, 1864.Шаблон:Sfnp The youngest son of a minor German prince, Salm-Salm had served in the Prussian and Austrian armies before coming to America and joining the Union Army in 1861.Шаблон:Sfnp His appointment to lead the 68th caused consternation among the officers, who had hoped for the promotion of one of their own.Шаблон:Sfnp They protested to the governor unsuccessfully, but accepted that Salm-Salm was to be their leader.Шаблон:Sfnp After the commissions and re-enlistments were sorted out, the 68th returned to Tennessee. They were again serving under Hooker in the XX Corps, which was consolidated from the XI and XII Corps and had now been attached permanently to Thomas's Army of the Cumberland.Шаблон:Sfnp The 68th was assigned to Maj. Gen. James B. Steedman's 4th Brigade of the new corps and spent the next few months patrolling the Nashville and Chattanooga Railway in Tennessee.Шаблон:Sfnp By that time, Confederate resistance in the area was weakened, and the rails and bridges were not damaged.Шаблон:Sfnp Salm-Salm's wife, Agnes, joined him during the winter of 1864–1865, and the officers spent much of their time entertaining.Шаблон:Sfnp
The 68th was not involved in the Battle of Nashville that December, in which Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood's Confederate army was nearly destroyed, but Salm-Salm did get permission to join the battle himself while the 68th stayed at their patrol stations.Шаблон:Sfnp After Thomas's victory at Nashville, the 68th was ordered to prepare to pursue what remained of Hood's army.Шаблон:Sfnp They redeployed to Decatur, Alabama, where Salm-Salm rejoined the regiment.Шаблон:Sfnp They skirmished with Hood's rear guard, but the rainy weather aided the Confederates' escape.Шаблон:Sfnp Salm-Salm led the regiment in the minor engagements following in January and February 1865 at Elrod's Tan Yard, Hog Jaw Valley, and Johnson's Crook.Шаблон:Sfnp As Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's Army of the Tennessee advanced farther into Georgia, the 68th did as well, making Atlanta their headquarters in March 1865.Шаблон:Sfnp They continued to serve in northern Georgia through the spring and summer of 1865, and were stationed there when news came that the major Confederate armies had surrendered to Grant and Sherman.Шаблон:Sfnp While there, they were ordered to facilitate the transition from a slave-based economy to a sharecropper system by encouraging plantation owners and their former slaves to sign farming contracts.Шаблон:Sfnp
The 68th moved to Fort Pulaski, outside Savannah, Georgia, in October 1865.Шаблон:Sfnp The men remained there until November 30, 1865, when, with the war finally ended, the 68th New York was mustered out of federal service.Шаблон:Sfnp They boarded a steamship for New York and received their final pay at Hart's Island on December 14, where they disbanded.Шаблон:Sfnp The regiment had served for more than four years, and had suffered casualties of 47 killed, 133 wounded, and 116 captured.Шаблон:Sfnp
See also
Footnotes
Citations
References
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