Английская Википедия:80-20 Initiative

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80-20 Initiative logo

The 80-20 Initiative, officially the 80-20 Political Action Committee, Incorporated, is a national political action committee which seeks to unite 80% of the Asian American as a block vote behind the presidential candidate who best represents the interests of Asian Americans. The PAC refers to itself as independent but has backed the Democratic presidential candidate in every election since 2000.

History

The "Asia Gate" of 1996-97,[1] which was an alleged effort by the People's Republic of China to influence domestic American politics, sowed the seed for Asian American political empowerment. Frustrated by what he viewed to be the political exploitation of Asian American’s naïveté as evidenced by “Asia Gate”, Dr. S.B. Woo, former Lieutenant Governor of Delaware, set out to organize support to prevent its recurrence. In the foreword of the book, Click on Democracy, he related his disappointment with the media, the Democratic and Republican Parties for misrepresenting and misusing Asian Americans, and his despair over the Asian American community’s inaction and its failure to defend itself, rooted in its lack of political maturity and cohesiveness.

As a former politician, Dr. S. B. Woo believed that in order to defend themselves, Asian Americans must develop enough political clout, to reward politicians who cared for their rightful concerns and to punish those who didn't. To communicate effectively with all Asian Americans and to forge a bloc vote, he harnessed the power of the Internet. Dr. S. B. Woo, together with several other Asian American leaders, including Dr. Larry Y. Ho Professor of two endowed Chairs at Harvard University; Henry S. Tang, Chairman of the Committee of 100; and Dr. Chang-Lin Tien, Chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley, compiled an e-mail list of 300 like-minded individuals who donated $50,000 to pursue their vision. On September 26–27, 1998, in a meeting in Foster City, California, 80-20 was born.[2]Шаблон:Unreliablesource

Acquiring political clout

80-20 was rated one of the US's two most effective cyberspace political organizations in the 2000 election.[3]

Endorsement of presidential candidates

80-20 holds its Endorsement Convention in the year of a presidential election, after candidates for both the Republican and Democratic Party have been determined. Each delegate to the convention is an unpaid volunteer who pledges in writing to advocate for 80-20’s endorsed candidate. The delegates are one third each of Democrats, Republicans, and Independents, all elected by dues-paying members, to ensure an objective nonpartisan deliberation.[4]

In the 2004 and 2008 elections, 80-20's main criterion for endorsement was the response to 80-20's questionnaire by the presidential candidates. In both years, while the Democratic candidates for President answered 80-20's questionnaire with all affirmative responses (after 80-20 revised the questions by request of the candidates), the Republican candidates did not respond to the questionnaire at all.[5][6] 80-20 had initially issued a "call to action" to defeat Obama, citing "almost farcical reasons why he would not reply to OUR questionnaire".[7] The call to action has since been deleted from the organization's sites.

80-20 has endorsed the Democratic candidate in the 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2020 presidential elections.

Delivering swing bloc votes

Once 80-20 endorses a candidate, it organizes Asian American bloc votes for its endorsed candidate, relying partly on volunteers, ethnic media radio, print and TV ads; and mostly on its e-mail communication with its 700,000 Asian American supportersШаблон:Citation needed, their families and their friends.

Breaking the glass ceiling

Based on publicly available government statistics, Asian Americans have the lowest chance of rising to management when compared with blacks, Hispanics and women in spite of having the highest educational attainment.[8][9][10][11][12][13]

80-20 compiled these data which has been verified in writing by the Chief Statistician of EEOC, Ronald Edwards, into charts; and on September 6, 2006, 80-20 took out a full page Ad in The Washington Post in effort to educate the general public.[14][15]

Subsequently, the ad was read into the Congressional Record by Senator Tom Carper of Delaware.[16]

80-20 obtained written commitments from nine of the eleven Democratic Presidential candidates, including then Senator Barack Obama and Senator Joe Biden, to enforce Executive Order 11246 for All Asian Americans.[17][18][19]

Asian American judges

While Asian Americans make up 5% of the US population in 2008, only eight of the 867 (less than 1%) Article III Federal judges are Asian Americans.[20][21]

During the 2008 presidential campaign, to remedy the underrepresentation of Asian Americans in the Federal judiciary, 80-20 sent out a questionnaire to all the presidential candidates. Senator Obama and Senator Biden responded and promised in writing to increase the appointment of Asian American federal judges.[18] [19]

By June 2010, President Obama has nominated six Asian Americans to a seat on the U.S. District Court, including Judge Jacqueline Nguyen and Dolly M. Gee for the United States District Court for the Central District of California, and Judges Edward M. Chen and Lucy H. Koh for the United States District Court for the Northern District of California,[22][23][24] Edmond Chang for the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, and Judge Leslie E. Kobayashi for United States District Court for the District of Hawaii.[25]

On October 6, 2009, President Obama nominated Judge Denny Chin to a seat on the U.S. Courts of Appeals in the Second Circuit, the first Asian American Appeals court judge to be nominated since 1996, more than 12 years ago.[26][27] This was followed on February 24, 2010 by the nomination of Goodwin H. Liu to a seat on the U.S. Courts of Appeals in the Ninth Circuit.[28]

As of December 18, 2010, all of the above nominations have been confirmed by the Senate except for the nominations of Edward Chen and Goodwin Liu.

Edward Chen was confirmed on May 10, 2011 to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California.[29]

On May 25, 2011, in a letter to President Barack Obama, Goodwin Liu withdrew his nomination for the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals.[30]

Anti-racial attack

In the 2002 primary election, there were two racist attacks against Asian American candidates by their political opponents.Шаблон:Citation needed As a result, 80-20 passed a resolution, aiming to stop such attacks.[31]

Local chapters

80-20 currently has a strategy to expand its influence and to encourage Asian Americans to be involved in local politics by establishing two chapters in the Detroit-Ann Arbor Area Chapter and the Great Washington DC Area (DC, MD, and VA) Chapter.[32]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Wright, Robert. (January 2, 1997). “Racial prejudice is part of what fuels the Clinton campaign scandal”. Slate. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
  2. ↑ David, Steve. (September 2002). “Click on Democracy.” Foreword. Colorado: Westview Press. Шаблон:ISBN. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
  3. ↑ David, Steve. (September 2002). “Click on Democracy.” Colorado: Westview Press. Шаблон:ISBN. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
  4. ↑ “Endorsement Convention.” 80-20 Initiative.net. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
  5. ↑ “News: Presidential Election 2004”. 80-20 Initiative.net. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
  6. ↑ “News: Presidential Election of 2008 and How We Win Our Equal Opportunity”. 80-20 Initiative.net. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
  7. ↑ “Call To Action - Defeat Obama”. 80-20 Initiative blog.
  8. ↑ “Occupational Employment in Private Industry by Race/Ethnic Group/Sex, and by Industry, United States, 2002”. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Retrieved 2009-09-07. Шаблон:Webarchive
  9. ↑ “Employees in degree-granting institution: Fall 2001”. Digest of Educations Statistics. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
  10. ↑ “Employees in degree-granting institutions, by race/ethnicity: Fall 2001”. Digest of Educations Statistics. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
  11. ↑ “Enhanced Agency Efforts Needed To Improve Diversity As The Senior Corps Turns Over. January 2003”. US General Accounting Office. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
  12. ↑ “Glass Ceilings: The Status of Women as Officials and Managers in the Private Sector. Introduction: End of second paragraph”. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Retrieved 2009-09-07. Шаблон:Webarchive
  13. ↑ “Educational Attainment of the Population 15 Years and Over, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: March 2002”. US Census. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
  14. ↑ “80-20’s letter to Labor Secretary Hilda Solis”. (March 2, 2009). 80-20 Initiative.net. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
  15. ↑ “Full page ad in the Washington Post on September 6, 2006”. 80-20 Initiative.net. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
  16. ↑ “Senator Tom Carper reads Washington Post Ad into congressional Record”. C-span video. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
  17. ↑ “News: Presidential Election of 2008”. 80-20 Initiative.net. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 “President Barack Obama has pledged to break the glass ceiling for APAs”. 80-20 Initiative.net. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 “Vice President Joe Biden has pledged to break the glass ceiling for APAs”. 80-20 Initiative.net. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
  20. ↑ “Asian American/PI Profile”. Dept of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 2009-09-07. Шаблон:Webarchive
  21. ↑ “Summary of Judicial Vacancies. ”. US Courts. Retrieved 2009-09-07. Шаблон:Webarchive
  22. ↑ “President Obama Nominates Edward Milton Chen, Dolly Gee and Richard Seeborg to Serve on the District Court Bench”. Шаблон:Webarchive (August 7, 2009). Office of the Press Secretary. The White House.
  23. ↑ “President Obama Nominates Abdul K. Kallon and Jacqueline H. Nguyen to Serve on the District Court Bench”. Шаблон:Webarchive (July 31, 2009). Office of the Press Secretary. The White House.
  24. ↑ “President Obama Nominates Five to Serve on the United States District Court Bench”. Шаблон:Webarchive (January 20, 2010). The White House.
  25. ↑ “Presidential Nominations Sent to the Senate, 4/21/10”. (April 21, 2010). The White House.
  26. ↑ “Madoff’s Sentencing Judge to Be Appellate Court Choice”. (September 10, 2009). The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
  27. ↑ “Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders on the Federal Bench.” Asian American Bar Association of the Greater Bay area Retrieved 2009-09-17. Шаблон:Webarchive
  28. ↑ “President Obama Nominates Goodwin Liu for the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Judge Robert N. Chatigny for the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit”. Шаблон:Webarchive (February 24, 2010). The White House.
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  32. ↑ DCAPAC
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