Английская Википедия:A-Hmao language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language The A-Hmao language, also known as Large Flowery Miao (Шаблон:Zh) or Northeast Yunnan Miao (Шаблон:Lang-zh), is a Hmongic language spoken in China. It is the language the Pollard script was designed for,[1][2] and displays extensive tone sandhi.[3] There is a high degree of literacy in Pollard among the older generation.
The standard written language, both in Pollard and in Latin script, is that of Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang) village in Weining County.
Classification
The A-Hmao language is a branch of the West Hmongic languages, also known as Chuanqiandian Miao (Шаблон:Zh) and Western Miao, which is a major branch of the Hmongic languages of China and Southeast Asia.
Wang Fushi (1985) grouped the Western Miao languages into eight primary divisions:[4]
- Chuanqiandian Miao
- Northeast Yunnan Miao (A-Hmao language)
- Guiyang Miao
- Huishui Miao
- Mashan Miao
- Luobohe Miao
- Chong'anjiang Miao
- Pingtang Miao
Geographic distribution
The A-Mao language is distributed in Zhaotong, Kunming, Qujing and Chuxiong Yi autonomous prefecture in the Northeast of Yunnan Province. And also Weining Yi, Hui, and Miao autonomous county, Hezhang county, Liupanshui, and Ziyun Miao and Buyi autonomous county in the West of Guizhou Province. There are 300,000 native speakers.[5] The standard dialect is that of Shimenkan (Шаблон:Lang), Weining County (Шаблон:Lang).
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels
Tones
| Tone | Symbol | Value |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | b | ˥˧ 54 |
| 2 | x | ˧˥ 35 |
| 3 | d | ˥ 55 |
| 4 | l | ˩ 11 |
| 5 | t | ˨ 33 |
| 6 | s | ˧˩ 31 |
| 7 | k | ˩ 11 |
| 8 | f | ˧˩ 31 |
On the basis of the eight tones of A-Hmao, in the eastern region, the fourth, sixth, and eighth tones are broken up partially or entirely into two categories. At most, there can be up to eleven tones. Essentially, nouns and quantifiers are part of the first category, and they are higher in pitch. Other word classes are part of the second category, and they are lower in pitch.
The A-Hmao language displays extensive tone sandhi. Similar to other branches of the West Hmongic languages, the tone sandhi happens on the second syllable when the first syllable of a disyllable word is level tone (first and second tone).[6]
Grammar
Morphology and vocabulary
The morphology of the three branches of the Hmong language is basically the same. The following examples are from Central Miao.[7] A-Hmao is similar to Hmong, which is an isolating language in which most morphemes are monosyllables. As a result, verbs are not overtly inflected. Tense, aspect, mood, person, number, gender, and case are indicated lexically.[8]
Single-morpheme word
- Monosyllable single-morpheme word. (single-morpheme words are mostly monosyllable in Hmong language)
- Example:
- Шаблон:Transl 'human being'
- Шаблон:Transl 'tiger'
- Шаблон:Transl 'tree'
- Шаблон:Transl 'I'
- Шаблон:Transl 'you'
- Шаблон:Transl 'he'
- Шаблон:Transl 'thousand'
- Шаблон:Transl 'ten thousand'
- Шаблон:Transl 'hundred'
- Шаблон:Transl 'come'
- Шаблон:Transl go; 'leave'
- Example:
- Multisyllable single-morpheme word. (There is a small number of multisyllable single-morpheme words in the Hmong language. Mostly, they are disyllabic, and there are very few with three or more syllables.)
- Alliterative. Example:
- Шаблон:Transl 'hurry up; quickly'
- Шаблон:Transl 'itchy'
- Шаблон:Transl 'nausea'
- Vowel rhyme. Example:
- Same tone:
- Шаблон:Transl 'girl'
- Шаблон:Transl 'run'
- Шаблон:Transl 'boiling'
- Шаблон:Transl 'star'
- Шаблон:Transl 'cloud'
- Шаблон:Transl 'dirty'
- Different tones:
- Шаблон:Transl 'clean'
- Шаблон:Transl 'in case'
- Шаблон:Transl 'magpie'
- Same tone:
- Non-alliterative and vowel rhyme. Example:
- Шаблон:Transl 'crow'
- Шаблон:Transl 'nearly; almost'
- Шаблон:Transl 'chair'
- Reiterative syllable. Example:
- Шаблон:Transl 'slowly'
- Шаблон:Transl 'together'
- Шаблон:Transl 'still'
- Шаблон:Transl 'occasionally'
- Alliterative. Example:
Compound word
- Coordinating
- Noun morpheme compound with noun morpheme. Example:
- Шаблон:Transl 'language'
- Шаблон:Transl 'relative'
- Шаблон:Transl 'name'
- Шаблон:Transl 'age'
- Verb morpheme compound with verb morpheme. Example:
- Шаблон:Transl 'rebuke'
- Шаблон:Transl 'construct'
- Шаблон:Transl 'lesson'
- Adjective morpheme compound with adjective morpheme. Example:
- Шаблон:Transl 'bend'
- Шаблон:Transl 'poverty'
- Noun morpheme compound with noun morpheme. Example:
- Modifying
- Noun morpheme modifying noun morpheme. Example:
- Шаблон:Transl 'candle'
- Шаблон:Transl 'key'
- Шаблон:Transl 'tears'
- Шаблон:Transl 'corn'
- Adjective morpheme modifying noun morpheme. Example:
- Шаблон:Transl 'uncle'
- Шаблон:Transl 'aunt'
- Noun morpheme modifying noun morpheme. Example:
- Dominating
- Verb morpheme dominating noun morpheme. Example:
- Шаблон:Transl 'dress up'
- Шаблон:Transl 'rest'
- Adjective morpheme dominating noun morpheme. Example:
- Шаблон:Transl 'patience'
- Шаблон:Transl 'pleasantly cool'
- Шаблон:Transl 'proficiency'
- Шаблон:Transl 'tired'
- Verb morpheme dominating noun morpheme. Example:
- Affixes
- Mostly are prefixes, and commonly used prefixes are Шаблон:Transl, and so on. Шаблон:Transliteration is the most commonly used.
- Шаблон:Transliteration means human or animal body and part, plant part and things related to plants, natural objects, things related to buildings, utensils and abstract objectives. Example:
- Шаблон:Transl 'body'
- Шаблон:Transl 'ear'
- Шаблон:Transl 'root'
- Шаблон:Transl 'leaf'
- Шаблон:Transl 'living room'
- Шаблон:Transl 'kicken'Шаблон:Verify spelling
- Шаблон:Transl 'soul'
- Шаблон:Transl 'destiny'
- Шаблон:Transl means location. Example:
- Шаблон:Transl 'provincial capital'
- Шаблон:Transl on the street
- Шаблон:Transl at home
- Шаблон:Transliteration means aspect and direction. Example:
- Шаблон:Transl aspect of eating and wearing
- Шаблон:Transl 'here'
- Шаблон:Transl 'there'
- Шаблон:Transl 'where'
- Шаблон:Transliteration means aspect and direction. Example:
- Шаблон:Transl 'above'
- Шаблон:Transl 'below'
- Шаблон:Transl 'outside'
- Шаблон:Transl 'inside'
- Шаблон:Transliteration means person. Example:
- Шаблон:Transl 'child'
- Шаблон:Transl 'grandchild'
- Шаблон:Transl 'man'
- Шаблон:Transliteration means person and some kinship terminology. Example:
- Шаблон:Transl 'girl'
- Шаблон:Transl 'man, boy, husband'
- Шаблон:Transl 'uncle'
- Шаблон:Transliteration means round object. Example:
- Шаблон:Transl 'stone'
- Шаблон:Transl 'knee'
- Шаблон:Transl 'fist'
- Шаблон:Transliteration means uncertain quantity.
- Шаблон:Transl 'a handful of'
Syntax
The syntax of Hmong languages, regardless of the type of part of speech or phrase and the division of constituents of the sentence and the sentence types, are basically the same.[9] The basic word order of Hmong is SVO. Within the noun phrase, possessors precede possessed nouns, and adjectives and relative clauses follow the nouns they modify. Noun phrases have the form as (possessive) + (quantifier) + (classifier) + noun + (adjective) + (demonstrative).[10] As in Chinese, question formation does not involve word order change. For wh- questions, the wh- word does not occupy a sentence-initial position in Hmong as in many other languages. (e.g. the English sentence 'What are you doing?' would be rendered 'you do what' in Hmong)[7]
Writing system
The A-Hmao have no indigenous writing system. In the beginning of the 20th century, missionary Samuel Pollard invented the Pollard script, which was based on the decorative symbols on their clothing. Before the introduction of the Pollard script, the A-Hmao people recorded their history through their ancient songs and weaving the history of their memories on their clothes. Those images formed a history of the A-Hmao.[11]
References
Further reading
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal [Big Flowery Miao 大花苗 of Sapushan 洒普山, Wulong Village 乌龙村, Shishan Town 狮山镇, Wuding County, Yunnan]
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
External links
- A-Hmao (Diandongbei) basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
- 283-word wordlists in Wuding Jiyi A-Hmao 花苗 dialect, elicited in Standard Mandarin, archived with Kaipuleohone. (KG2-003, KG2-019)
Шаблон:Hmong-Mien languages Шаблон:Languages of China
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Mortensen, David. 2005. "A-Hmao Echo Reduplication as Evidence for Abstract Phonological Scales". LSA Annual Meeting
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvp
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvp
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Harvp
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvp
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
