Английская Википедия:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada

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Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (Шаблон:IAST3; 1 September 1896 – 14 November 1977[1]) was the founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON),[2] commonly known as the "Hare Krishna movement".[1][3][4] Followers of ISKCON view Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada as a representative and messenger of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.[5]

Born in Calcutta (now Kolkata) to a Suvarna Banik family,[6] he was educated at the Scottish Church College.[1] While working at a small pharmaceutical business,[7] he met and became a follower of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati. In 1959, after his retirement, he left his family to become a sannyasi and started writing commentaries on Vaishnava scriptures.[8] As a travelling Vaishnava monk, he became an influential communicator of Gaudiya Vaishnavite theology across India and the Western world through his leadership of ISKCON, founded in 1966.[9][10] He was well regarded by a number of American religious scholars but was criticised by anti-cult groups.[11]

He has been subject to criticism over his racist views against black people, discrimination against lower castes, anti-Semitism, negative views on women, and advocacy of crimes of Adolf Hitler.[12][13][14]

Biography

Early life

Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada was born as Abhay Charan De on 1 September 1896 in Calcutta, India.[1] He was also called Nandulāl. His father was Gour Mohan De, who worked as a cloth merchant, and his mother was Rajani De.[15] Consistent with Bengali traditions, Abhay Charan's parents invited an astrologer to predict his horoscope.[15] The astrologer professed to De's family that later in his life, Abhay would become "a great exponent of religion."[15] Abhay grew up in a Vaishnav home and his father was devote in his spiritual practices.[15] Gaur Mohan regularly took Abhay to the Radha-Govinda temple as a child. Later in life, Prabhupad fondly remembers the murtis of that temple.[15]

Abhay Charan studied at the Scottish Church College.[1] During his first year, his family arranged for him to be married to Radharani Datta.[15] Until completing his fourth year in college, Abhay lived with his family and Radharani lived with hers.[15] In 1920, Abhay chose not to accept his graduation diploma after completing his fourth year, in support of the national movement occurring in India at the time.[15] The national movement advocated for national schools and self government (as opposed to British rule of India).[15]

After completing his education, Abhay started working at Bose's Laboratory as a department manager in Calcutta, India.[15]

Spirituality

In 1922, Abhay Charan met Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati (1874-1937) in Kolkata.[16] In 1933, in Allahabad, he took initiation into the faith from Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati and was named Abhay Charan Aravinda.[17]

In 1944, he started the publication called Back to Godhead,[18][19] for which he was writer, designer, publisher, editor, copy editor and distributor.[20] He was asked to spread the message of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in the English language.[21] In 1947, the Gaudiya Vaishnava Society gave him the title Bhaktivedanta, (Шаблон:IAST).[22] In the 1960s, after founding ISKCON, became known by the honorific Prabhupāda.[23]

From 1950 onwards, he lived at the medieval Radha-Damodar mandir in the holy town of Vrindavan, where he began his commentary and translation work of the Sanskrit work Bhagavata Purana.[24] His guru, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, had always encouraged him to publish books,[25] referring to the need for the literary presentation of the Vaishnava culture.[26]

Swami also lived at Gaudiya Matha at Mathura, where he wrote and edited the Шаблон:IAST magazine. While there he donated the statue of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu which stands on the altar beside those of Radha Krishna (named Śrī Śrī Rādhā Vinodavihārījī). In September 1959, he was initiated as a sannyasi by his friend Bhakti Prajnana Keshava and was given the name Swami. He published the first book of Bhagavata Purana.[27]

Mission to the West

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Файл:Palaceanddevotees 1982.jpg
Prabhupada's Palace of Gold in West Virginia, USA in 1982

Swami was the first Hindu preacher to take advantage of the removal of national quotas by the 1965 Immigration Act of the United States.[28] In July 1966, he founded the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) in New York City.[2] He defended the name, arguing that Krishna included all other forms and concepts of God.[29] In 1967, a centre was started in San Francisco.[30][31] He travelled throughout America with his disciples, popularising the movement through street chanting (sankirtana), book distribution and public speeches. George Harrison of The Beatles produced a recording with some of the devotees in London and helped establish the Radha Krisna Temple in that city.[32]

Over the following years, his role as preacher and leader of the Krishna consciousness movement took him around the world several times setting up temples and communities in other countries.[33] By the time of his death in Vrindavan in 1977, ISKCON had become an internationally known expression of Vaishnavism.[30]

Through his mission, he followed and preached the teachings of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and introduced bhakti yoga to an international audience.[33][34] Within Gaudiya Vaishnavism this was viewed as the fulfilment of a long time mission to introduce Caitanya Mahaprabhu's teachings to the world.[35]

In India

Beginning his public preaching mission in India, he founded the League of Devotees in Jhansi in 1953.[36] On his return to India in 1971, he oversaw the construction of temples in Mumbai,[37] Mayapur and Vrindavan. He started a chain of ISKCON schools.

Swami died on 14 November 1977 at the age of 81, in Vrindavan, India. His body was buried in Krishna Balaram Mandir in Vrindavan.[1]

Views

Slavery

Swami said that black people should remain in bondage.

The blacks were slaves. They were under control. And since you have given them equal rights they are disturbing, most disturbing, always creating a fearful situation, uncultured and drunkards. What training they have got? They have got equal rights? It is best, to keep them under control as slaves but give them sufficient food, sufficient cloth, not more than that. Then they will be satisfied.[12]

Shudras

A.C Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada has been criticized for statements he has made in relation to a person's caste.[12] He has commented extensively on shudras, saying, "shudras have no brain."[12] Nevertheless, Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada has also provided reason to respect shudras, stating, "anyone who knows the science of Krishna should be accepted as spiritual master, regardless of any material so-called qualifications, such as rich or poor, man or woman, or brahmana or shudra."[12]

Hitler and Jews

Swami mentioned Hitler to provide an example of a notorious villain, comparing him to Vedic demons, and using the term "hero" to describe one who has many gifts but squanders them for evil purposes:

Sometimes he becomes a great hero -- just like Hiranyakashipu and Kamsa or, in the modern age, Napoleon or Hitler. The activities of such men are certainly very great, but as soon as their bodies are finished, everything else is finished.[12]

He held Jews to be responsible for Holocaust:

Therefore Hitler killed these Jews. They were financing against Germany. Otherwise he had no enmity with the Jews... And they were supplying. They want interest money -- "Never mind against our country." Therefore Hitler decided, "Kill all the Jews."[12]

Women

A.C Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada was known to be "kind and accommodating" to his female disciples, but much of his literary work, conversations, and lectures contradict his actions.[12] Prabhupada has made negative remarks about women, addressing topics such as adulteration, prostitution, women's lesser intelligence, and women's need for dependence on men.[12] Prabhupada has said that "women in general should not be trusted"[12][13] and "women are generally not very intelligent.",[12] among other statements. After studying Prabhupada's life, some scholars have argued that balancing religious beliefs and traditions at a given time and place can result in mixed interpretations of events.[17] Although he has received negative attention for his statements about women, he has also received admiration for making the philosophy and practice of the Hare Krishna movement available to women and men equally, which was not commonly seen prior.[17]

Evolution

Swami was an advocate of Vedic creationism and referred to Charles Darwin and his followers as "rascals".[38] He disputed evolution, and claimed that:

Darwin's theory stating that no human beings existed from the beginning but that humans evolved after many, many years is simply nonsensical.[39]

Religion

Swami said:

Шаблон:Blockquote

Other typical expressions present a different perspective, where he pointed out that "today I may be a Hindu, but tomorrow I may become a Christian or Muslim. In this way faiths can be changed, but dharma is a natural sequence, a natural occupation or a connection and it can not be changed, because it is permanent, according to him".[40] While the ISKCON theology of personal god is close to Christian theology, both personal and monotheistic, being a preacher of bhakti and a missionary he sometimes would add that "already many Christians have tasted the nectar of divine love of the holy name and are dancing with karatalas (hand-cymbals) and mridangas (drums)".[41]

His approach to modern knowledge was similar to that of sectarian Orthodox Judaism, where the skills and technical knowledge of modernity are encouraged, but the values rejected. "Whatever our engagement is, by offering the result to Krishna we become Krishna conscious".[42] Similar to many traditional religions, he considered sexuality and spirituality as conflicting opposites.[43]

Other

Swami rejected reports of the 1969 Moon landing citing his unwillingness to accept that no living beings were found in the Moon.[39]

Monuments

Srila Prabhupada Room at Radha Damodar Mandir in Vrindavan
Statue of Prabhupada at Radha Damodar Mandir in Vrindavan
Файл:Prabhupadasamadhi.jpg
Samadhi of Swami in Vrindavan.

A number of samadhis or shrines to Prabhupada were constructed by the members of ISKCON, with those in Mayapur and Vrindavan in India being notable. Prabhupada's Palace of Gold, built by the New Vrindavan community in 1979, was intended to be a residence for Prabhupada, but has now developed into a tourist attraction.[44]

In 1996 the Government of India issued a commemorative stamp[45] and in 2021, a Rs 125 commemorative coin in his honour.[46]

Legacy

In 2023, Scottish Church College and The Bhaktivedanta Research Center has established an academic award in honor of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Memorial Award to keep alive the memory of Prabhupada's college life.[47][48][49][50][51][52]

Books and publishing

Srila Prabhupada's books are considered to be among his most significant contributions.[53][54] During the final twelve years of his life, Prabhupada translated over sixty volumes of classic Hindu scriptures (e.g. Bhagavad Gita, Chaitanya Charitamrita and Srimad Bhagavatam) into the English language.[40] His Bhagavad-gītā As It Is was published by Macmillan Publishers in 1968 with an unabridged edition in 1972.[55][56][57] It is now available in over sixty languages around the world with some of his other books available in over eighty different languages.[18][34]

The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust was established in 1972 to publish his works.[2][58]

In February 2014, ISKCON's news agency reported reaching a milestone of distributing over half a billion books authored by Swami since 1965.[59]

Bengali writings

A collection of his early Bengali essays, which were originally printed in a monthly magazine that he edited called Шаблон:IAST. Starting in 1976, Bhakti Charu Swami reprinted these essays in Bengali language booklets called Шаблон:IAST (Knowledge of the Supreme) [from 1948 & 1949 issues], Шаблон:IAST (The Science of Devotion), Шаблон:IAST (Topics of Spiritual Science), Шаблон:IAST (The Deluded Thinkers), and Buddhi-yoga (The Highest Use of Intelligence), which he later combined into Vairāgya-vidyā. In 1992, an English translation was published called Renunciation Through Wisdom.[60]

Translations with commentary

Summary studies

Шаблон:Vaishnavism

Discography

Other works

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Harvnb
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Britannica
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  12. ↑ 12,00 12,01 12,02 12,03 12,04 12,05 12,06 12,07 12,08 12,09 12,10 Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 15,4 15,5 15,6 15,7 15,8 15,9 Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  22. ↑ A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami, Satsvarupa dasa Goswami (1998) The secrets of transcendental love, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 73: "The spiritual harmony of knowledge and devotion is well expressed in the phrase bhakti-vedānta"
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb "Шаблон:IAST: "Standing by [[Rādhā-kuṇḍa|Шаблон:IAST]] and beholding his spiritual master, Abhay felt the words deeply enter his own life – "If you ever get money, print books."
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  36. ↑ League of Devotees article Шаблон:Webarchive prabhupadaconnect.com
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  38. ↑ Brown, Cheever. (2020). Asian Religious Responses to Darwinism Evolutionary Theories in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and East Asian Cultural Contexts. Springer. p. 122. Шаблон:ISBN
  39. ↑ 39,0 39,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  40. ↑ 40,0 40,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web (self published)
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web see "Commemorative Stamp" section, including image
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  54. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  55. ↑ Maheswar Neog Professor Maheswar Neog Felicitation Volume Шаблон:Webarchive (1990)
  56. ↑ Bhaktivedanta Swami, A. C. (1968). The Bhagavad-gita As It Is, first edition. New York: Macmillan.
  57. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  58. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  59. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  60. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  61. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  62. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  63. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  64. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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