Английская Википедия:AC Transit fleet

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Шаблон:Short description

Файл:AC Transit bus yard in Oakland, October 2017.jpg
Seminary Division, also known as East Oakland or Division 4 (Oct 2017)

The Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District (AC Transit) bus fleet, serving the counties of Alameda and Contra Costa, is the third-largest in California. It was initially formed in Шаблон:Start date and age with a mixture of gasoline and diesel-powered buses purchased from its immediate predecessor, the privately owned Key System. The first new buses were purchased for AC Transit in 1960, shortly after its formation and the GM New Look buses were delivered later that year. The transit agency operated GM buses exclusively until 1974, when the first Flxible New Look buses were ordered. Since then, AC Transit has ordered and operated buses from most of the major North American transit bus manufacturers, including Flyer, Gillig, Motor Coach Industries, Neoplan USA, and North American Bus Industries, as well as Van Hool, a Belgian bus supplier.

AC Transit has four operating divisions where buses are stored and light maintenance is performed, one central maintenance facility for major overhauls, and a general office in downtown Oakland, California.

Summary

AC Transit is the third-largest bus-only transit agency in California, carrying an average of 200,000 riders per weekday on 149 service lines, with Шаблон:Convert miles of annual revenue service traveled by its fleet of buses.[1]Шаблон:Rp

Active

Current Fleet[2]
Year Manufacturer Model Length
(feet)
Qty Fleet Series Fuel Image
2003 MCI D4500 45 8* 6041-6079 Diesel
2008 Van Hool A300L 40 14* 1201-1227 Diesel Файл:Actransitroute70.jpg
A300K 30 13* 5101-5139 Diesel Файл:AC Transit 5101.JPG
2010 Van Hool AG300
(articulated)
60 9 2191-2199 Diesel
A300L FC 40 5* FC4-FC16 Hydrogen Файл:AC Transit FC6.JPG
2013 Gillig Low Floor 40[3] 65 1301-1365 Diesel Файл:AC Transit 1307.JPG
2013 New Flyer Xcelsior XD60
(articulated)
60[4] 23 2201-2223 Diesel AC Transit bus #2209 at 20th Street and Broadway in Oakland in February 2014.
2013 Gillig Low Floor 40[5] 54 6101-6154 Diesel An image of an AC Transit bus taken at the San Francisco Temporary Transbay Terminal in mid November 2013. The bus is the commuter-styled Gillig Low Floor Advantage bus with Wi-Fi, and was operating on the NL Transbay line.
2014 Gillig Low Floor 40 68 1401-1468 Diesel AC Transit bus #1455 operating on the 18 line at its 20th and Broadway stop.
2015 ElDorado National Aerotech 220 24 10 3501-3510 Diesel AC Transit bus #3403 waiting at the Transbay Temporary Terminal in San Francisco during the Labor Day 2015 BART Transbay Tube closure.
2016 Gillig Low Floor 40 55 1501-1555 Diesel AC Transit bus #1505 at 20th Street and Broadway in Oakland.
Low Floor[6] 40 25 1556-1580 Diesel-Electric Hybrid AC Transit bus #1559 Rockridge BART Station in Oakland.
2017 Low Floor 40 10 1581-1590 Diesel
2018 Alexander Dennis Enviro500 40 15 6201-6215 Diesel Файл:Double-decker AC Transit bus in Emeryville, February 2019.jpg
New Flyer Xcelsior XD60
(articulated)
60 29 2224-2252 Diesel Файл:AC Transit bus 2239 at Fruitvale BART on the O line.png
2019 Gillig Low Floor HEV 40 1 1591 Diesel-Electric Hybrid
2018 Gillig Low Floor 35[7] 1601-1635 Diesel Файл:AC Transit bus 1618 heading towards Fruitvale on the 51A line.jpg
2022 Gillig Low Floor 40 50 1641-1690 Diesel
2015 New Flyer Xcelsior XHE60
(articulated)
60 1[7] 2501 Hydrogen Fuel CellШаблон:Efn
2016–17 New Flyer Xcelsior XDE60Шаблон:Efn
(articulated)
60 27[7] 2301-2327 Diesel-Electric Hybrid Файл:Out-of-service Tempo bus on Davis Street.JPG
2018–19 New Flyer Xcelsior XHE40 40 10[7] 7017-7026 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Файл:AC Transit bus 7019 at Fruitvale BART on the 54 line.jpg
2019 New Flyer Xcelsior XE40 5[7] 8001-8005 Battery Electric Файл:AC Transit bus 8005 at Fruitvale BART on the 54 line.jpg
2022 New Flyer Xcelsior XHE40 40 20 7031-7050 Ballard FCvelocity HD85
2022 Gillig Low Floor EV 40 20+ 8006-8027 Battery Electric
2022-2023 MCI D45 CRT LE 45 36 6301-6336 Diesel Файл:AC Transit MCI D45 CRT LE.jpg
Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Future Fleet

Future Fleet
Year Manufacturer Model Length
(feet)
Quantity Fleet Series Fuel Image Notes
2020-2024 MCI D45 CRT LE[8] 45 137 (50 to be used by AC Transit) TBD Diesel Файл:AC Transit MCI D45 CRT LE.jpg

Retired

Retired Fleet[9]
Year Manufacturer Model Length
(feet)
Qty Fleet Series Preserved Fuel Image
ex-Key System buses
1941–42 White 788Шаблон:Efn 33 23 815-898Шаблон:Efn Gasoline Файл:Key System No. 896, White 788 s2-030-012-s (12092892923).jpg
1944–45 798Шаблон:Efn 35 91 900-999Шаблон:Efn
1947–48 75 1000-1074
1947 Mack C-41-GTШаблон:Efn 33' 2" 60 2501-2560 Файл:Key System No. 2502, Mack C-41-GT Scan 164 (12193061953).jpg
1946 GM TGM-3609 Old LookШаблон:Efn 30' 9" 45 1300-1344 GasolineШаблон:Efn
20 1200-1241 DieselШаблон:Efn
1947 TDH-4008 Old LookШаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn 33 5 1401-1405 Diesel Файл:AC Transit No. 1405, 1947 GMC TDH-4008 (4596838161).jpg
1944 TD-4006 Old LookШаблон:Efn 5 1500-1504
1940–41 TD-4001 Old LookШаблон:Efn 4 1501-1504
1947–48 TDH-4507 Old LookШаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn 35 175 1700-1874Шаблон:Efn Файл:AC Transit No. 1785, 1947 GMC TDH-4507 (4596838299).jpg
1949 TDH-4509 Old LookШаблон:Efn 25 1900-1924 1921Шаблон:Efn Файл:AC Transit No. 1921, 1949 GMC TDH-4509 (4597453674).jpg
1950–51 TDH-5103 Old LookШаблон:Efn 39' 6" 50 2000-2049
1958 TDH-4801 Old LookШаблон:Efn 37' 6" 21 2100-2120 2103Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn Файл:AC Transit No. 2105, 1958 GMC TDH-4801 (4597453842).jpg
New buses purchased by AC Transit
1960–61 GM SDH-4501 New Look 35 57 100-156 100Шаблон:Efn Diesel Файл:AC Transit No. 100, GM SDH-4501 New Look (43999382681).jpg
1961 SDM-4501 New Look 5 300-304Шаблон:Efn
1961 TDH-4516 New Look 50 400-449 Файл:AC Transit No. 419, 1961 GMC TDH-4516 (4596838765).jpg
1961 TDH-5301 New Look 40 125 500-624Шаблон:Efn Файл:AC Transit No. 558, 1961 GMC TDH-5301 (4596838855).jpg
1961–62 TDH-4517 New Look 35 43 700–712; 720-749 Файл:Ac Transit 725, GM TDH-4517 (21316714391).jpg
1963–66 TDH-5304 New Look 40 65 300-364 Файл:AC Transit 314, GM New Look (21150030226) (cropped).jpg
1963–66 TDH-4519 New Look 35 55 750-804 Файл:AC Transit 799, GM TDH 4519 (20663020503) (cropped).jpg
1968–69 T6H-5305 New Look 40 55 626-680 Файл:AC Transit No. 657, 1969 GMC T6H-5305 (4597454298).jpg
1968 T6H-4532 New Look 35 5 805-809
1971–72 T6H-5305 New Look 40 90 900-989 DieselШаблон:Efn Файл:AC Transit No. 942, 1971 GMC T6H-5305 (20666028013).jpg
1973 T6H-5307N New Look 35 55 810-864 839Шаблон:Efn Файл:AC Transit No. 849, 1973 GMC T6h-5307N (4597454328).jpg
1961 (1974) TDH-4517 New Look 29 13 700S-712SШаблон:Efn Diesel Файл:AC Transit No. 707s, 1961-74 GM New Look shortened (20960158048).jpg
1974 Flxible 53102 New Look 40 120 180-299 Diesel Файл:AC Transit No. 256, 1974 Flxble 53102 (4596839421).jpg
1975 36 8000-8035Шаблон:Efn Файл:AC Transit 8007, Flxible New Look (21210494561) (cropped).jpg
1976 Minibus MBD-8002 25 29 2200-2228 Файл:AC Transit No. 2200, 1976 Minibus MBD-8002 ACT335 (12915655394).jpg
1978 M.A.N. SG 220
(articulated)
60 30 1600-1629 Файл:AC Transit 1629, MAN SG-220 (21150030226) (cropped).jpg
1980–82 Western Flyer D901Шаблон:Efn 40 170 1000-1169Шаблон:Efn Файл:AC Transit 1097, Flyer D901 (21258504311).jpg
1980 35 20 2000-2019 2013Шаблон:Efn
1982–84 Gillig Phantom 40 226 1300–1390; 1400–1483; 1485; 1500-1549Шаблон:Efn Файл:AC Transit No. 1545, 1984 Gillig Phantom 40TB966V92 ACT336 (12915229715).jpg
1982–83 35 51 2049-2099
1983 Neoplan AN440 40 61 1200-1260 Файл:AC Transit Neoplan AN440 at Central Maintenance Facility (21137961422).jpg
1984 AN408 26 3 2300-2302
1983 M.A.N. SG 310
(articulated)
60 15 1630-1644Шаблон:Efn Файл:AC Transit 1630, 1983 MAN SC-310 Scan 278 (12193242023).jpg
1983 Crown-Ikarus 286
(articulated)
60 15 1700-1714Шаблон:Efn
1988 New Flyer D35HF 35 29 2400-2428 Файл:AC Transit 2404, New Flyer D35HF (21276975902).jpg
1988–89 D40HF 40 79 2500-2578 Файл:AC Transit No. 2546, New Flyer D40 (42190254020).jpg
1989 D60HF
(articulated)
60 30 1800-1829
1990 Gillig Phantom 40 52 2601-2652
1991-92 30 62 2701-2762 2738Шаблон:Efn Файл:AC Transit 2718, Gillig Phantom PICT0101 (12193020104).jpg
1993 40 60 2801-2860
1996 New Flyer D60HF
(articulated)
60 30 1901-1930 Файл:AC Transit 1909, New Flyer D60HF (20961572010).jpg
1997–98 NABI 416 40 204 2901–2971; 3001–3067; 3101-3166 Файл:AC Transit 3122.JPG
2000 MCI D4500 45 5 6001-6030 AC Transit bus #6023 at the Transbay Temporary Terminal in July 2014.
2001 2 6031-6040 Файл:AC Transit 6040.JPG
1999–2003 NABI 40-LFW 40 84 4001–4021; 4051–4090;Шаблон:Efn 7201-7223 Файл:AC TRANSIT 4058.JPG
2003 Van Hool AG300
(articulated)
60 30 2001-2057 Файл:AC Transit 2009.JPG
2005 Van Hool/ ISE/ UTC Power A330 FC 40 3 FC1–FC3Шаблон:Efn Hydrogen Файл:Marin3 006 (cropped).JPG
Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Experimental and prototype

Experimental and prototype fleet[9]
Year Manufacturer Model Length
(feet)
Qty Fleet Series Fuel Image
1966 (1958) Kässbohrer A.G. Super Golden Eagle 60 articulated 1 XMC-77Шаблон:Efn Diesel Файл:AC Transit XMC-77 ACT039 (11177809955).jpg
1967 GM TDH-5303 New Look 40 1 XMC-53 (625)Шаблон:Efn Diesel Файл:AC Transit No. 625 or XMC-53, 1967 GMC TDH-5303 (4596839151).jpg
1971 (1969) GM T6H-5305 New Look 40 1 666Шаблон:Efn Steam Файл:AC Transit 666, Steam Bus ACT268 (12915267905).jpg
1973 (1961) GM TDH-4517 New Look 29 1 708SШаблон:Efn Diesel Файл:AC Transit No. 708S, 1961-74 GMC TDH-4517 shortened (20629784924).jpg
1983 Neoplan Skyliner 40 1 Шаблон:Efn Diesel Файл:AC Transit 1983 Neoplan Skyliner (4597454596).jpg
1986 (1963) GM/Flyer TDH-5304 New Look & D901 40 1 311Шаблон:Efn Diesel
1999 APS Systems Custom low-floor 40 1 999Шаблон:Efn Propane-Electric Файл:AC Transit 999 PICT0120 (12192838653).jpg
1999 New Flyer / Ballard / XCELLSiS ZEbus (F40LF) 40 1 Hydrogen Файл:KSC-99PP-1252 2.jpg
2002 ElDorado National / Thor / ISE ThunderPower (E-Z Rider II) 30 1 4285Шаблон:Efn Hydrogen Файл:AC Transit 4285 PICT0109 (12193209626).jpg
Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

History

Файл:Key System 829, White 788 s4-001-001-s (12094738474).jpg
White 788 buses of Key System in Charter service.

Key System inheritance

At its inception in 1960, AC Transit purchased the mixed White, Mack, and GM "old-look" bus fleet from its predecessor, the Key System. The 249 White, Mack, and GM gasoline buses were valued at Шаблон:USD and the 276 GM diesel buses were valued at Шаблон:USD.[10]Шаблон:Rp 189 gasoline buses manufactured by White were declared surplus in 1961 and were sold for Шаблон:USD,[11] and the last gasoline-powered bus ran in revenue service on July 31, 1961,[12] although some of the newer gasoline-powered Macks were retained for lightly traveled lines. Later in 1961, AC Transit began converting 10 of the GM old-look gasoline-powered buses to diesel using secondhand transmissions and engines.[13] The last of 26 Mack buses remaining in the fleet, #2510, ran a "farewell tour" on Line 43 in February 1965, decorated with painted tears and the message "To my friends, good-bye."[14]

New Look "Transit Liners"

Файл:AC Transit Fleet ACT307 (12915358483).jpg
Tour of AC Transit operating division in the 1970s; GM New Looks predominant.

The first new buses ordered for AC Transit were 250 diesel GM New Look buses, which were delivered by late 1961. The cost per coach was Шаблон:USD.[15] During the planning stage, the District announced plans to acquire 572 of these modern "Transit Liners" at an estimated cost of Шаблон:USD.[16] AC Transit began New Look "Transit Liner" operation in late 1960.[17] The New Looks were credited with turning around ridership and revenue for the District. Many were equipped with air conditioning, and these proved especially popular in that first summer of operation, when high temperatures reached Шаблон:Convert.[18]

AC Transit would continue to operate a mixed fleet of buses throughout the 1960s; the buses purchased from Key System started to be retired in 1969 (#1806 was the first diesel Old Look retired),[19] but were not fully retired until 1974 with the delivery of Flxible buses.[20][21] In 1969, the fleet consisted of 693 diesel-powered GM buses: 462 New Looks and 131 Old Looks.[22] AC Transit continued purchasing exclusively GM New Look buses through the early 1970s. In 1970, AC Transit announced that it would test GM's Environment Improvement Package (EIP), an emissions control retrofit consisting of a needle injector valve, catalytic muffler, air induction system, and rubber engine mountings; the District also noted it would participate in a steam-powered bus experiment, and was willing to evaluate electric- and turbine-powered buses.[23] The "low sac needle" injector was credited with reducing smoke by up to 93% and odors by a factor of 15.[24] The first EIP-equipped bus was assigned fleet #902 and entered revenue service in early 1971.[25] All the AC Transit New Look buses were fitted with the new injectors by November 1972.[26] In 1972, with the opening of BART, the District equipped all New Look buses with a blue light next to headsigns. The blue light was illuminated with the words "TO BART" when the bus was headed towards a BART station.[20]

Файл:AC Transit 231, Flxible New Looks & GM New Look s4-047-001-s (12094668264).jpg
Flxible and GM New Look buses near the Bay Bridge.

In 1974, AC Transit ordered 120 Flxible New Look buses, its first purchase of new buses that had not gone to GM. Flxible had bid Шаблон:USD per bus in 1974, beating GM's bid of Шаблон:USD.[27][28] In 1975, a second round of bids were solicited for 36 additional "deluxe" buses with reclining seats and air conditioning, intended for a BART contract to provide extension service to suburban areas. For the 1975 orders, inflation and additional equipment greatly increased the price.[28] Flxible submitted the winning low bid of Шаблон:USD per bus, beating GM's bid of Шаблон:USD.[29] As it turned out, AC Transit would never receive another new bus from GM. Given the rise in bus prices, rather than replace the oldest Transit Liners (received in 1960), the District spent approximately Шаблон:USD per coach in 1975 to add standee windows and low-back seats, extending the life of the New Look fleet.[15][21]

Файл:AC Transit 1629, MAN SG-220 (21150030226).jpg
GM New Look and MAN SG 220 buses in traffic.

In August/September 1976, AC Transit was one of ten agencies to participate in a group purchase of AM General/MAN SG 220 articulated buses, part of the first widespread deployment of articulated buses in North America once the orders began to be delivered in 1978.[30] After a fire in the Transbay Tube shut down BART service for several months starting on January 17, 1979, the AC Transit articulated buses were diverted to Transbay service.[31]

"Advanced Design" and dropping GM

Файл:GMC RTS-II in testing, ACT138 (11177782725).jpg
GMC RTS-II testing in Oakland, October 1976

Models of three coaches designed by GM, American Motors, and Rohr Industries for the Transbus project were shown in 1973.[32] Although none of the Transbus project prototypes would ever go into production, AC Transit expressed an interest in acquiring the GMC RTS-II in 1975; the RTS-II "Advanced Design" coach was a direct descendant of the GM Transbus prototype.[33] In July 1976, AC Transit released requests for bids for the next generation of buses: 66 "Advanced Design" and several smaller coaches.[34] In September and October 1976, Flxible 870 and GMC RTS-II buses toured several East Bay cities; these "Advanced Design" coaches were being evaluated as potential replacements for the existing New Look fleet.[35] AC Transit ordered 66 RTS-II buses in May 1977 from GM[36] as part of a larger group purchase with five other operators. The purchase was allowed to proceed after a lawsuit by the losing bidder, AM General, was settled; the judge concluded the buses could be purchased without wheelchair lifts because of their limited reliability. The bid price was Шаблон:USD per coach.[37] However, AC Transit canceled the contract in 1979,[38][39] citing the high cost, which had risen to Шаблон:USD each, slow delivery (delivery had been expected in 1978), and fewer seats than the existing New Look buses.[40] The District rejected several RTS buses that had already been assembled; the completed buses were later sold to the Santa Clara County Transit District.[41]

Файл:AC Transit 1115, Flyer D901 (21313295301).jpg
Flyer D901 and GM New Look buses of AC Transit.

Rather than pursue a set of "Advanced Design" buses, AC Transit chose to purchase buses with New Look-derived designs after the RTS contract was canceled;[39][40] AC Transit ordered 175 Flyer D901 buses in Шаблон:Convert lengths. The per-unit cost was Шаблон:USD for a 40-ft coach.[42] The Flyer D901 fleet were the first AC Transit buses to be equipped with electronic route signs, along with kneeling suspension and a wheelchair lift.[43][44] 15 more Flyer D901s were added in 1982.[45]

Файл:AC Transit No. 1313, Gillig Phantom (20960670710).jpg
#1313, part of the first group of Gillig Phantoms.

By 1981, the District was once again soliciting bids for 60 "Advanced Design" buses; although the original "Transit Liner" New Looks delivered in 1960 were being replaced by the Flyer D901s, some of the Transit Liners still remained in service.[46] In 1982, AC Transit ordered 141 buses from Gillig and 60 from Neoplan;[45] the Gillig Phantom buses were updated New Look designs, while the Neoplan AN440 "Transliner" coaches were true "Advanced Design" buses.[47] The first Gillig, a 40-ft Phantom, arrived on site for testing in June 1982,[48] and AC Transit would place another order with Gillig for 134 additional coaches in 1983, at a cost of Шаблон:USD each.[49] With the Gilligs, AC Transit updated its livery from the "clownface" design first applied to the Transit Liners in 1960. The Neoplans were delivered in August and September 1982.[45]

Файл:AC Transit 1811 & 228, New Flyer D60HF & Flxible New Flyer ACT338 (12915654234).jpg
Flxible New Look and New Flyer D60HF at Transbay Terminal

AC Transit ordered 56 New Flyer D35HF and D40HF coaches in 1988 at an average cost of Шаблон:USD each to replace some of the oldest GM New Looks. The New Flyers were assembled in the local Union City plant.[50] The District added 52 more 40-foot D40HF coaches and purchased 30 D60HF buses to add to the articulated fleet in 1989;[51] the new D60HFs replaced 30 older articulated buses that had been temporarily leased from Santa Clara County Transit District.[52] Additional orders of Gillig Phantoms followed in the early 1990s, and a second round of 30 New Flyer D60HFs delivered in 1996 allowed AC Transit to retire the original AM General/MAN articulated buses.[53]

Файл:AC Transit 2965, NABI 416 (20659390474).jpg
#2965, NABI 416

Starting in 1996, AC Transit added 204 Model 416 40-foot high-floor buses from North American Bus Industries (NABI).[53][54] The 416 was originally introduced in 1989 by American Ikarus as a domestic variant of the Шаблон:Ill before the company was spun off in 1996 as NABI.[55]

Файл:AC Transit 7217, NABI 40-LFW (21158072211).jpg
#7217, NABI 40-LFW for Transbay service

AC Transit rolled out its first low-floor buses in 2000, when it received 44 NABI 40-LFW (040.70) coaches; a subsequent procurement of 40 low-floor coaches was originally awarded to Orion Bus Industries. The unit price was estimated at Шаблон:USD, but during the course of negotiations, Orion insisted on using its own accessibility ramp rather than AC Transit's preferred vendor, and the per-unit price rose to Шаблон:USD.[56] These factors tipped the award to NABI, and a second round of 40-LFW buses was procured instead.[57]

Файл:AC Transit 777, MCI (21095333090).jpg
A suburban MCI coach was tested by AC Transit prior to entering widespread service.

Also in 2000, AC Transit began operating a fleet of 45-foot over-the-road (suburban) coaches purchased from Motor Coach Industries beginning in the early 2000s.

Van Hool

In 2003, AC Transit began purchasing low-floor buses from Van Hool. The Van Hool buses were assembled in Belgium and featured low floors and three doors (four doors on articulated models), which AC Transit touted as the key to bus rapid transit service between Berkeley and San Leandro along Shattuck, Telegraph, International Blvd, and East 14th Street.[58]

After receiving criticism for the use of federal funds to purchase foreign-made Van Hool buses and tailored specification requirements to exclude domestic manufacturers,[59] AC Transit ordered locally-built Gillig buses in 2012.[60] In March 2013, AC Transit began operating the first of its new Gillig buses.[61] In August of the same year, AC Transit placed the first of its new New Flyer Xcelsior articulated buses into service.[4] Later that year, in November 2013, new Gillig buses with a suburban seating configuration and Transbay branding were introduced into service.[62]

All AC Transit buses are wheelchair accessible and have front-mounted bicycle racks. The MCI buses also feature luggage bay bicycle racks. AC Transit buses purchased after 2007 have air conditioning, as approved by the board of directors.[63]

Special types

Файл:AC Transit XMC-77 ACT042 (11177809705).jpg
AC Transit XMC-77, the "Freeway Train" (c.1966)

Articulated buses

AC Transit pioneered the use of articulated buses in the United States; in March 1966 it was the first transit agency to use the Super Golden Eagle long-distance coach (one of five originally designed and built for Continental Trailways; AC Transit designated it XMC-77 and called it the "Freeway Train"), primarily on Transbay service.[64]

Файл:MAN articulated bus testing with AC Transit ACT289 (12915368393).jpg
MAN SG 192 articulated bus during 1974 testing

By 1970, AC Transit was one of six agencies to participate in a "super bus project" coordinated by the National Transportation Center (Pittsburgh) to write a specification for a higher-capacity bus; once the specification had been written, two prototypes would be built and tested to select a winner for a large group procurement of 100 buses to keep per-unit costs low.[65] Two European-built articulated buses were tested in the summer of 1974: a Volvo B58, and a Шаблон:Ill.[66][67] Riders received the M.A.N. bus favorably, and the specification was released for bid in 1975;[68] AC Transit placed an order for 30 MAN SG 220 buses in 1976 and deliveries began from the AM General/M.A.N. joint venture in 1978.[69]

Steam power

In 1969, AC Transit received a grant[70][71] and converted bus #666 to steam power, which ran in revenue service between 1971 and 1972. The propulsion system was designed by William Brobeck, who had previously worked on the Bevatron.[72] #666 used a triple-expansion closed-loop reciprocating steam engine; power was improved compared to the original six-cylinder Detroit Diesel 6V71 engine and emissions were reduced, but fuel consumption was higher than a conventional diesel bus.[73] Exhaust steam is condensed and returned to the steam generator, which is an externally-fired boiler that uses Шаблон:Convert of coiled steel tubing,[74] generating steam at Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert.[75] Prior to entering service, the steam bus was exhibited in Washington DC[76] and to the public.[77] Bus #666 completed Шаблон:Convert in revenue service when the trial ended in September 1972,[78] and the diesel engine was subsequently reinstalled on the bus.[79]

Hydrogen fuel cell

Файл:AC Transit ZEbus PICT0110 (12193208196).jpg
ZEbus during testing (1999)

The District began the HyRoad program in 1999 and tested several hydrogen fuel cell-powered buses, including the Ballard/XCELLSiS ZEbus (a New Flyer F40LF fitted with a Ballard fuel cell) in November 1999[80] for one week. The ZEbus would go on to be tested by the SunLine Transit Agency for a year in 2000. AC Transit also tested the ThunderPower bus in 2003 and 2004.[81]Шаблон:Rp ThunderPower was based on an ElDorado National EZ Rider 2 chassis, equipped with the Siemens ELFA series hybrid drive train. A 60 kW fuel cell supplied by UTC Power provided electricity to two Шаблон:Convert traction motors whose output was integrated and sent to the rear axle; excess electricity was stored on board in two battery modules, with 48 12-volt lead-acid batteries in total. Шаблон:Convert of hydrogen was stored in nine tanks pressurized to Шаблон:Convert.[82]Шаблон:Rp

The next phase of the HyRoad program was stymied when AC Transit attempted to procure a fuel cell bus in 2000: only one vendor provided a bid, but it was later withdrawn. The District eventually found a willing vendor in Van Hool, based on the A330 chassis, with fuel cell integration to be performed by ISE Corp. and UTC Power; the order comprised four buses: three for AC Transit and one for SunLine.[81]Шаблон:Rp The three "first-generation" fuel cell buses were delivered to AC Transit in October and December 2005[81]Шаблон:Rp at a cost of Шаблон:USD each, approximately ten times the cost of an equivalent diesel bus.[81]Шаблон:Rp Each fuel cell bus was each approximately Шаблон:Convert heavier than a diesel equivalent.[81]Шаблон:Rp They would be evaluated under the Federal Transit Administration's National Fuel Cell Bus Program, and were operated in revenue service from March 20, 2006, to 2010.[83]

Файл:Marin3 010.JPG
FC2 in revenue service with Golden Gate Transit, February 2008

These three "first-generation" buses, numbered FC1 through FC3, used a series hybrid powertrain, equipped with two electric traction motors with Шаблон:Convert of total power, drawing from a fuel cell that could supply 120 kW and a three-cell (wired in parallel) traction battery system with Шаблон:Convert of storage, using sodium/nickel chloride chemistry.[81]Шаблон:Rp[84] Each bus had an on-board capacity for Шаблон:Convert of hydrogen in eight roof-mounted tanks pressurized to Шаблон:Convert.[81]Шаблон:Rp The chassis was purpose-designed to accommodate fuel cell and electric traction motor components.[81]Шаблон:Rp

The first AC Transit hydrogen station was installed at Richmond (Division 3) in 2002, producing hydrogen through the electrolysis of water.[81]Шаблон:Rp Another hydrogen fueling station was installed at East Oakland (Division 4) by Chevron on March 13, 2006,[81]Шаблон:Rp using a methane reformer,[81]Шаблон:Rp and it was planned to be decommissioned in September 2010 after a new station opened at Emeryville (Division 2).[83]Шаблон:Rp

Between 2003 and 2018, AC Transit zero-emissions buses traveled more than Шаблон:Convert in revenue service.[1]Шаблон:Rp One of the fuel cell buses (FC2) operated in revenue service for Golden Gate Transit for one month in 2008 and again briefly in 2009.[83]Шаблон:Rp The "first-generation" FC1–FC3 were compared with six diesel Van Hool A330 buses as a baseline; while the fuel cell buses demonstrated better fuel economy at Шаблон:Convert (diesel gallon equivalent) compared to Шаблон:Convert, the diesel buses were more reliable, averaging Шаблон:Convert between roadcalls for all causes, compared to Шаблон:Convert between roadcalls for the fuel cell buses.[83]Шаблон:Rp The fleet of three buses achieved an aggregate availability of 61%, short of the 85% target;[83]Шаблон:Rp however, this was driven mainly by the main traction batteries, which accounted for 36% of all unavailable days.[83]Шаблон:Rp The period of evaluation varied by bus, as each bus required the cell stack assemblies to be replaced at various points in 2008.[83]Шаблон:Rp

AC Transit is the lead agency of Zero Emission Bay Area (ZEBA), a consortium of five Bay Area transit agencies (AC Transit, Golden Gate Transit, SFMTA, SamTrans, and VTA) demonstrating fuel cell buses.[85] Under ZEBA, AC Transit took delivery of 12 additional "second-generation" fuel cell buses, based on the Van Hool A300L and numbered FC4 to FC15, in 2011. The fuel cell and propulsion systems were planned to be transferred from FC1–FC3 to the first three of the third-generation buses.[83]Шаблон:Rp Compared to FC1–FC3, the second-generation 300L-based FC4–FC16 are Шаблон:Convert lighter and use lithium ion batteries from EnerDel, albeit at a reduced capacity of Шаблон:Convert.[86] Fuel cell power remains at 120 kW, and hydrogen storage was reduced to Шаблон:Convert.[87] A 13th fuel cell bus was acquired at a nominal cost, and the 14th fuel cell bus was the first 60-foot articulated New Flyer fuel cell bus built, originally ordered by Connecticut Transit.[88][89]

A "third-generation" fleet of fuel cell and battery-electric buses based on the New Flyer Xcelsior (XE40 and XHE40, respectively) were delivered in 2019 for a direct comparison of the two zero-emissions technologies in revenue service. With the state's mandate to move to a completely zero-emissions fleet by 2040, the District will use the results of the comparison to determine the optimum mix of bus propulsion technologies.[1]Шаблон:Rp

Livery

By September 1960, AC Transit had selected the "wing" logo[90] along with a color palette that included silver, "Tahoe turquoise", "Monterey cypress green", and "persimmon orange."[91] The buses purchased from Key System were repainted from their original "fruit salad" colors to the "clownface" livery in 1960 and 1961,[13] featuring a predominantly white (upper half) and orange (lower front) color scheme with green side stripes, matching the newly delivered New Looks.[92] The exterior design won a national award from Fleet Owner magazine in October 1961.[18][93] AC Transit retained the "clownface" livery for new orders through the Flyer D901s ordered in 1979.

The Gillig Phantoms and Neoplan AN440s ordered by AC Transit in 1982 were delivered with a more subtle "stripe" livery featuring the same three-color palette as the previous clownface livery. Some buses received a variant of the stripe livery, but the majority of new buses for the District bore the stripe livery, featuring orange and green horizontal stripes on predominantly white coaches. The wheels also lost their signature persimmon orange color with later orders. In the early 1990s, at least one bus (#1422) was painted as a test in a modified clownface livery featuring orange (bottom front) and green (top half) separated by a thin white stripe.[9]

In 2003, AC Transit rolled out an updated "ribbon" livery and logo featuring new colors (primarily white with green and black accents).[94] The suburban-type buses in Transbay service were painted in primarily green.

Logos

AC Transit adopted its first official "ring-and-arrow" emblem around September 1958,[95] replacing an arrowhead logo that had been used on the masthead of its public newsletter Transit Times, first published in May 1958.[96] The ring-and-arrow logo was replaced in 1960 when AC Transit adopted the familiar "wing" logo, which was "designed to imply a sense of motion and speed" although the colors were not finalized until September of that year.[90][91] A simplified version of the wing logo was painted on buses and signs.

The wing logo was unchanged until 2003, when the District adopted a stylized green and gradient-gray "ribbon" logo,[94] which was later simplified in 2014 by dropping the gradient and updating the typeface.[97]

Facilities

Шаблон:OSM Location map

AC Transit sites[98]Шаблон:Rp
Name 1 2 3 4 5 6
Downtown OaklandШаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn EmeryvilleШаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn RichmondШаблон:Efn East OaklandШаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn Central Maintenance FacilityШаблон:Efn HaywardШаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn
Image Файл:Division 2 - Emeryville - Scan 46 (12192517445).jpg Файл:Division 3 - Richmond - Scan 37 (12192780913).jpg Файл:Division 4 - Seminary - Scan 47 (12192773103).jpg Файл:Central Maintenance Facility (21148003635).jpg
Address 1600 Franklin St
Oakland
1177 47th St
Emeryville
2016 MacDonald Ave
Richmond
1100 Seminary Ave
OaklandШаблон:Efn
10626 E.14th St
Oakland
1758 Sabre St
Hayward
Size[99] Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:ConvertШаблон:Efn Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:ConvertШаблон:Efn
Capacity (buses)[99] 147 90 160 650 170
Supported functions
Шаблон:Notelist

AC Transit operates out of six major sites in Alameda and Contra Costa counties: four operating divisions to handle light maintenance, refueling, and bus storage; a central maintenance facility for major overhauls, procurement, and parts storage; and an administrative headquarters.[98]Шаблон:Rp

General Office

AC Transit administration started in the Alameda County Courthouse, and later moved to temporary quarters in the Claremont Hotel in September 1957 before moving back to downtown Oakland at the Plaza Building at 506 15th Street in January 1959.[100][101] With the purchase of Key System assets, AC Transit moved its General Offices (GO) into the Key System Building at 1106 Broadway in October 1960.[102][103] The GO moved again to the Latham Square Building at 508 16th Street in April 1963,[104][105] where it would stay for nearly 25 years. In late 1983, the District released a request for bids to build a new GO at 1600 Franklin, a site then occupied by a parking lot which had been purchased by AC Transit.[106] Groundbreaking on the new site began in April 1985,[107] and the first occupants moved into the 10-story building in June 1987. The building was built by private developers on public land, and a lease-to-own scheme meant the public would eventually own it as well.[108]

Central Maintenance Facility

The Central Maintenance Facility (CMF) is close to Seminary Division; the site was originally built as a warehouse for the adjacent Durant Motors Star factory[109] and was later used as a General Motors parts facility until it was purchased by AC Transit in 1980. Prior to the opening of CMF, major maintenance was performed at Emeryville Division.[110]

Operating divisions

The operating divisions are located in Emeryville (Division 2), Richmond (D3), East Oakland (also known as Seminary, D4), and Hayward (D6); an annex adjacent to Seminary is known as 66th Avenue or D4 Annex.[98]Шаблон:Rp The Emeryville (D2), Richmond (D3), and East Oakland (D4) sites were acquired with the purchase of Key System assets in 1960.[111]

D6 originally opened in Newark to serve southern Alameda County routes in November 1975.[112] In 1981, AC Transit exercised an option to purchase a Шаблон:Convert site in Hayward from Mack Trucks to relieve overcrowding at the four operating divisions.[113] D6 moved from Newark to Hayward in October 1986; the training center at Hayward had opened in 1985.[109][114]

Richmond (D3) was closed in 2011 due to a serious fiscal crisis, and operations were moved to Emeryville.[115] In 2014, the economy had recovered and reopening Richmond was studied. Although closing D3 had the intended effect of reducing labor costs, the three remaining divisions were operating at or near capacity and service was suffering, as buses for northern routes had to be brought in from Emeryville.[116][117] Reopening Richmond would also increase operational flexibility, and AC Transit invested more than $15 million in improvements[118] before reopening D3 in 2017.[119]

In a 2018 study, AC Transit planners noted the four operating divisions were above their maximum bus capacity and presented a plan to remodel and expand three of the four operating divisions. Under the plan, Seminary (D4) would expand into a two-deck facility, taking advantage of an adjacent property owned by AC Transit on 66th Avenue and a potential purchase of a city-owned site to expand the total site area from Шаблон:Convert capable of holding 400 to 500 buses. A second division, known as Division 5, would be co-located at the expanded site.[99] In addition, the plan called for the relocation of the Central Maintenance Facility from D4 to D6 (Hayward), the Training and Education Center (TEC) would be relocated from D6 to D2 (Emeryville), and D2 itself would be moved to a new Шаблон:Convert site close to the MacArthur Maze at the corner of Burma St and Maritime Ave.

See also

Neighboring agencies:

References

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Шаблон:Commons category

External links

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