Английская Википедия:A Journal of a Voyage to the South Seas

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Sydney Parkinson, engraving by James Newton, frontispiece of the book

A Journal of a Voyage to the South Seas, in His Majesty's ship, the Endeavour is a 1773 book based on the papers of Sydney Parkinson, who accompanied Joseph Banks as botanical illustrator on the first voyage of James Cook. Parkinson died at sea in 1771 on the return voyage, and the Journal was compiled by William Kenrick for Parkinson's brother Stanfield, who quarrelled with Banks about his brother's papers and belongings and attacked Banks and others in the book's preface. A legal injunction prevented the publication of the Journal until after the official account of Cook's voyage, edited by John Hawkesworth, had appeared. A second edition appeared in 1784 with explanatory remarks by John Fothergill.

The book is organised chronologically and mainly describes the voyage from England to Tahiti, the time spent there, and the encounters with New Zealand and Australia. It contains Parkinson's vocabularies of several Pacific languages and also many plant names given by Daniel Solander, but most of these have not been accepted as botanical names. The book is illustrated by engravings based on Sydney Parkinson's drawings. It has been praised for its authenticity but criticised by botanists for the low quality of the botanical content.

Background and publication

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The route of Cook's first voyage. Parkinson participated until he died at sea shortly after the departure from Indonesia.

Sydney Parkinson was born in Edinburgh Шаблон:Ca into a Quaker family and moved to London Шаблон:Ca, where Parkinson taught drawing and was introduced to Joseph Banks and worked for him on natural history drawings. When Joseph Banks joined James Cook on his first voyage, he took Parkinson with him as part of his entourage,Шаблон:Sfn for a salary of £80 per year,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Inflation. Before embarking on the journey, Parkinson had made a will leaving all his belongings to his brother and sister.Шаблон:Sfn While at sea, typically Banks and the botanist Daniel Solander worked together on the plant specimens collected on land excursions, with Parkinson drawing the plants, and Solander writing the descriptions and noting the plant name on the back side of Parkinson's drawings.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Parkinson kept a journal of the voyage from the start until he fell ill in January 1771.Шаблон:Sfn Unlike the ship's officers, Parkinson was not under orders to yield his journals to the Admiralty or to keep silent about details of the journey.Шаблон:Sfn According to his shipmates, his journal was substantial and "much admired", but no continuous version or "fair copy" has ever been found.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On the return voyage, Parkinson fell ill with malaria and dysentery contracted at Batavia (now Jakarta, Indonesia),Шаблон:Sfn together with most of his shipmates.Шаблон:Sfn After his death on 26 January 1771, his employer Joseph Banks took care of his possessions.Шаблон:Sfn Banks announced the death of Parkinson to his brother Stanfield Parkinson, an upholsterer, after the ship had returned to England.Шаблон:Sfn Stanfield asserted that his brother's collections and journals and everything done in his spare time should be among the inheritance,Шаблон:Sfn and that only the botanical artwork was included in Parkinson's contract with Banks.Шаблон:Sfn

A lengthy dispute ensued, and when Banks was slow to hand over Sydney's property, Stanfield became increasingly suspicious of Banks, especially because he heard rumours that James Lee was to receive his brother's journal.Шаблон:Sfn This was based on a misunderstanding between Banks and Daniel Solander, who later clarified that the dying Parkinson had just asked that James Lee should be allowed to read his papers.Шаблон:Sfn The quarrel was finally mediated by John Fothergill, a Quaker physician and botanist who had known the Parkinson family in Edinburgh.Шаблон:Sfn Fothergill approached Banks and proposed and later witnessed an agreement between Banks and Parkinson's siblings.Шаблон:Sfn Banks paid £500 (Шаблон:Inflation) as outstanding salary and as compensation for the collections and papers,Шаблон:Sfn a settlement that did not satisfy Stanfield.Шаблон:Sfn Banks allowed him to borrow some of his brother's papers after Fothergill had made a strict promise that they would not be misused.Шаблон:Sfn Despite this promise, Stanfield arranged for a copy to be made and decided to publish the journal, attempting to pre-empt the official publication of Cook's and Banks's journals, which was edited by the writer John Hawkesworth.Шаблон:Sfn The writer William Kenrick was engaged as editor for Parkinson's papers, and added a preface attacking both Banks and Fothergill.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A legal injunction obtained by Hawkesworth prevented the publication until after the latter's book, An Account of the Voyages, had appeared in 1773.Шаблон:Sfn These troubles played a part in the decline of Stanfield Parkinson's mental and physical health; he was committed to an insane asylum and died in 1776.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The publication of the preface had been against Quaker rules, but Stanfield was declared insane before he could be excluded from the Westminster meeting, the Quaker congregation where Fothergill was also a member.Шаблон:Sfn Several of the engravings in Hawkesworth's book were based on Parkinson's drawings, but this was not acknowledged.Шаблон:Sfn While Fothergill had asked for such an acknowledgment, Banks himself had written to Hawkesworth advising against it.Шаблон:Sfn

The Journal appeared on 12 June 1773, two days after Hawkesworth's book.Шаблон:Sfn Fothergill, angry about attacks on him made in the preface, responded at some point between 1773 and 1777 with the publication of Explanatory Remarks on the Preface to Sydney Parkinson's Journal of a Voyage to the South Seas, denouncing Stanfield Parkinson's "treacherous behaviour". After the latter's death, Fothergill bought 400 remaining copies of the Journal from the family, and his Explanatory Remarks were added to the remaining copies.Шаблон:Sfn After Fothergill's 1780 death, a second edition was published in 1784, edited by John Coakley Lettsom, another Quaker botanist.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This second edition contains some more additional material including maps showing all three of Cook's voyages and outlines of several recent voyages of exploration.Шаблон:Sfn

Content

Файл:MaoriChief1784.jpg
The Head of a Chief of New Zealand, the face curiously tattaowd, or mark'd, according to their Manner. 1773 engraving by T. Chambers based on a 1769 drawing by Parkinson, depicting a Māori man with moko.Шаблон:Sfn

The book is structured roughly chronologically and broken up in three main parts: the first describes the voyage from England to Tahiti and contains chapters about plants, language, and tools that Parkinson had observed in Tahiti. The second part is concerned mostly with New Zealand; the third with Australia, the voyage to Batavia and the languages encountered on this part of the journey. A very brief fourth part recounts the return voyage after Parkinson's death. It is not certain whether the comments in the Journal are all from Sydney Parkinson or whether his brother or Kenrick inserted their own ideas.Шаблон:Sfn However, the work of Kenrick has been described as "quickly and competently done".Шаблон:Sfn The linguistic knowledge displayed in the book was unprecedented in a voyage narrative.Шаблон:Sfn

The journal contains some elements not found in other accounts of the voyage. For example, in the description of the near-fatal shipwreck when Шаблон:HMS struck Endeavour Reef in June 1770 and all pumps had to be continuously manned, Parkinson notes that everyone, including even the captain, took part.Шаблон:Sfn

The book contains 74 binomial names of Tahitian plant species together with their indigenous names. They are not arranged in any systematic order, and the names and descriptions were all given by Daniel Solander.Шаблон:Sfn Seven of the generic names and 46 binomials were new, but most lack a precise botanical description and are not accepted names in botanical nomenclature.Шаблон:Sfn The breadfruit appears as Шаблон:Lang, its description containing—in the words of botanist William T. Stearn—"just enough information to make its acceptance controversial". The competing name Artocarpus was described in 1775/76 by Georg Forster and Johann Reinhold Forster, the naturalists on the second voyage of James Cook, in their book Characteres generum plantarum.Шаблон:Sfn

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Two of the Natives of New Holland, Advancing to Combat. Engraving by Thomas Chambers after Parkinson, 1773.Шаблон:Sfn

Besides a portrait of Parkinson, the book contains 27 engravings based on Parkinson's drawings, by various engravers.Шаблон:Sfn In some copies of the 1784 edition, they were hand coloured.Шаблон:Sfn Some may include alterations by the engraver; for example, Thomas Chambers's engraving Two of the Natives of New Holland, Advancing to Combat presents them with dart and sword, although Parkinson drew a woomera, a spear-throwing device. The holes in the shield are featured in Parkinson's descriptions, not in his known drawings.Шаблон:Sfn The posture and stance of the warriors in the engraving are similar to heroic figures of classical antiquity, unlike those in any of Parkinson's drawings of indigenous peoples, and are likely due to Chambers.Шаблон:Sfn

Reception and legacy

The reviewer of the 1784 second edition for The Gentleman's Magazine explained the controversy around the first edition and praised the book, noting the authenticity of its observations. The illustrations and the word lists are mentioned as giving the Journal a "superiority over those of contemporary voyagers, whoШаблон:Nbsp... have departed from the simplicity of Nature."Шаблон:Sfn

In his edition of Cook's journals of the first voyage, the Cook scholar John Beaglehole describes the book as a "primary authority for the voyage".Шаблон:Sfn Reviewing the 1984 reprint edition,Шаблон:Sfn the maritime historian Barry M. Gough praises Parkinson and states "he would have produced a better book had he lived", and gives the same assessment as Beaglehole on the authority of the book.Шаблон:Sfn

The botanist Elmer Drew Merrill, while calling the fact that the journal was published "on the whole, fortunate",Шаблон:Sfn dismissed the quality of the botanical content, stating "It is clear that ParkinsonШаблон:Nbsp... did not realize what he was doing when he recorded the Solander generic and specific names, and his brother StanfieldШаблон:Nbsp... was even less informed", and went on to suggest that the entire Journal be considered outlawed as an Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn This suggestion was not followed by all authors.Шаблон:Sfn Another botanist, Harold St. John, rejected the names in Parkinson's book because they contained hyphens, but accepted the same names without hyphens as validly published in a 1774 German translation by an author known as "Z" of the chapter on plants.Шаблон:Sfn Other authors consider the question of hyphens to be just a typographical error.Шаблон:Sfn The identity of "Z" was unknown until 2006, when he was identified as Friedrich August Zorn von Plobsheim (1711–1789).Шаблон:Sfn

References

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Sources

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External links

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