Английская Википедия:A Short English Chronicle

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Infobox manuscript A Short English Chronicle (also Short English Chronicle)Шаблон:Sfn is a chronicle produced in England in the first half of the 15th century. It is currently held in Lambeth Palace Library, and although it begins its coverage in 1189, its content is thin until it reaches 1422. It covers the years from then until 1464 (the year in which it is thought to have been created) in greater depth, ending with the marriage of the Yorkist King Edward IV to Elizabeth Woodville and the capture of the deposed Lancastrian King, Henry VI. It is one of a number of chronicles and writings emitting from London in the early 15th century, and it presents national political events from a London perspective.

The chronicle was first published in 1880 by James Gairdner and has remained a source for historians into the 20th century, generally more for what it tells them regarding the creation and use of chronicles than its historiographical value. Gairdner suggested that while it was severely lacking in the first few hundred years of its chronology, the details Short Chronicle provided on the reigns of Henry and Edward made it useful.

Manuscript

The manuscript is held in Lambeth Palace Library as MS 306,Шаблон:Sfn although other, often more fragmentary copies, exist in other manuscripts.Шаблон:Sfn It is written in English in the neat professional style of a 15th-century scribe.Шаблон:Sfn It is structured in three parts.Шаблон:Sfn The first section briefly relates ancient English mythology—probably from a Brut-style chronicleШаблон:Sfn—the second, linking section,Шаблон:Sfn contains mangled verse based on John Lydgate's history of the kings of England;Шаблон:Refn and the third is the chronicle narrative proper.Шаблон:Sfn

Gairdner's publication

Titlepage of Gairdner's Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, published in 1880

Title page of James Gairdner's Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, in which the Short English Chronicle was published in 1880.

The chronicle's author originally titled it Cronycullys of Englonde; who the author was, though, remains unknown. The name A Short English Chronicle was first bestowed upon it by the historian James Gairdner, when he published it as part of his Three English Chronicles collection, published by the Selden Society in 1880.Шаблон:Sfn

Description

Scholars consider the Short English Chronicle to be what they term a dead chronicle, as it ceases at a definite point with no later continuation,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refn although the last two (unused) pages in the book have been pre-prepared with ruled lines. McLaren suggests that this may indicate that whoever compiled the chronicle was willing for it to be somehow later continued,Шаблон:Sfn and, indeed, John Stow used some of this space for his own commentary.Шаблон:Sfn Gairdner describes the manuscript in Lambeth Palace in his introduction to the published piece. It is, he says, "a stout folio volume"Шаблон:Sfn composed of 80 leaves.Шаблон:Sfn

Physically, the book has a Tudor period-ornamental binding—itself "very much worm-eaten"Шаблон:Sfn—made of wood. This, in turn, is covered by leather, although the back has been replaced more recently than the front. There were once book clasps holding the tome together, but these have both long-since disappeared. One of the covers, says Gairdner, still possesses the brass nails that once held the clasp embedded within it, while the other possesses some of the clasps' ornamental fittings. The leather covers are imprinted with decorative lozenge shapes—"filled with foliated ornaments and a framework parallel with the edges"Шаблон:Sfn—and the Beaufort family's coat of arms is prominent.Шаблон:Sfn By the mid-16th century, it had come into the possession of the antiquarian John Stow, who added many of his own comments to the manuscript,Шаблон:Sfn although in the event Stow hardly used it as a source for his own monograph—the 1598 Survey of London—as he had most of his material from elsewhere.Шаблон:Sfn

Relationship to other chronicles

There were, over the course of the 15th century, "hundreds" of chronicles written in London. Since they were all written anonymously, it is impossible to discern the motivation of their authors in creating them.Шаблон:Sfn

Origins

Based on the fact that all three of the chronicle's sections are written in the same scribal hand, the historian Mary-Rose McLaren has posited that it was composed by either a single individual or possibly a workshop. It was probably the result of a specific commission; less likely, she says, is that it was created by the author for his own personal use.Шаблон:Sfn It may have its origins in the City of London's own chronicle, as, until it reaches the year 1446, it follows the events recorded in the latter closely,Шаблон:Sfn consisting mainly of lists of bailiffs and keepers of the City, and then mayors and sheriffs,Шаблон:Sfn although the Short Chronicle omits, confuses and transposesШаблон:Sfn a number of early 13th-century sheriffs and subsequently falls behind.Шаблон:Sfn Thompson suggests that it "adds heavily to the meagre outlines" laid out in William Worcester's chronicle.Шаблон:Sfn The Short Chronicle was not alone in this: all the chronicles which came out of London in this period were built around "an inflexible, historical spine, their listed succession of chief city officials".Шаблон:Sfn It also borrows heavily from the Brut Chronicle in its early sections.Шаблон:Sfn There were multiple chronicles written in London in the early 15th century, and, while they probably shared a now unknown common source, they did not copy directly from each other. This meant that including the Short Chronicle, they generally provide much the same detail—and a low level of it—in their treatment of reigns and events up until around 1377. With the accession of Richard II, comments McLaren, they "begin to deviate wildly",Шаблон:Sfn and the Lambeth MS particularly begins to provide fuller descriptors. In 1435, it becomes even more expansive.Шаблон:Sfn

The mythological section of the chronicle has generally not been considered historiographically useful by historians: Gairdner wrote that the portion was "absolutely destitute of historical value"Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refn and in the early-20th century, Charles Lethbridge Kingsford commented that in abridging the Brut as he did, the author of the Short Chronicle omitted "almost all that was of peculiar interest".Шаблон:Sfn From that point the chronicle develops individuality and detail in its descriptions of events,Шаблон:Sfn although Kingsford notes that all the surviving copies that he knew of missed out a couple of years, not re-commencing until 1450,Шаблон:Sfn beginning "This yere the Kynge helde his Parlement at Westmester. And that same yere was all Normande lost".Шаблон:Sfn The main prose of the chronicle is written in a 15th-century hand, but marginalia and, more rarely, factual corrections, have been added in a hand dating from the reign of King Henry VII.Шаблон:Sfn Gairdner suggests the binding's Tudor provenance due to the fact that the hand that has added the marginalia has also added further chronological dates and events from Henry VII's reign after the paper had been cut by the book binder.Шаблон:Sfn

Content

Although written in the 15th century, it begins with the accession of King Richard I in 1189, and stops in the middle of King Edward IV's first reign in 1465.Шаблон:Sfn It also contains a number of receipts for medical productsШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refn and pieces of verse; although these are, comments Flenley, of "varying length and merit".Шаблон:Sfn The oldest portion of the original 15th-century manuscript still extant in the 20th century covers the years 1417–1420;Шаблон:Sfn everything else that is known comes from Stow's own transcripts.Шаблон:Refn Beginning with Diocletian—described as King of Syria—the first 17 leaves cover English history up to the Norman Conquest. Leaves 17 through to 31 list successive English monarchs from William the Conqueror to King Henry VI. The historical narrative continues with the reigns of Kings Richard I and his brother John (between 1189 and 1215) up to leaf 38, from there to 47 is covered the reigns of Edward I, II and III (1272–1377). King Richard II continues for the next four leaves, taking the story up until his deposition in 1399 and the accession of the first Lancastrian King, Henry IV whose reign until 1412 covers the next three leaves. The reign of Henry V is between leaves 54-58, until his death in 1422. This is followed by his son, Henry VI, and is also the longest section, covering 20 leaves. The last two leaves of the narrative cover the first four years of King Edward IV.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:QuoteboxThe chronicle is at its most detailed regarding the 15th century, particularly Jack Cade's Rebellion and the accession of Edward IV;Шаблон:Sfn Gairdner suggested that this portion of the chronicle was an "original and independent authority"Шаблон:Sfn for the period 1422 to about 1465, with King Edward's clandestine marriage to Elizabeth Woodville being the last event it covers.Шаблон:Sfn Alexander L. Kaufman has also suggested that this indicates that the compiler was contemporaneous.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refn

The post-1399 versions are notable for their clear pro-Lancastrian bias and focus on King Henry V's victories in France, for example at Rouen, for the purposes of propaganda.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn However, there is still much of legendary material, such as that of Albina;Шаблон:Sfn indeed, the historian Clair Valente has described it as "enthusiastic"Шаблон:Sfn in its rendition of these aspects of English history;Шаблон:Sfn she has also called it "one of the best records of rumours and propaganda, if not of the event themselves."Шаблон:Sfn The chronicle is less detailed on individuals. The historian Patricia-Ann Lee has commented on how even the Queen is treated "perfunctorily", although also notes that it does take part in laying the foundations for her future stereotyping in the 1450s.Шаблон:Sfn

Kaufman has also commented upon the similarities of the text in the Short English Chronicle and MS Gough 10 at the Bodleian Library, as they both "present fairly objective" and "methodically written" chronologies of summer 1450.Шаблон:Sfn It is one of many 15th-century chronicles that "dwell on...narratives of treason".Шаблон:Sfn The historian Roger Nicholson has suggested that this is not only because chroniclers had an inherent desire to write about evildoers and their acts, but that, in their writings, treason "often seems an index of a more general disorder".Шаблон:Sfn Either way, he says, it is ranked alongside poor weather and concomitant failed harvests in the social significance chroniclers bestowed upon it.Шаблон:Sfn McLaren has argued that, to authors such as that of the Short English Chronicle—who dwelt on a great rain that occurred in 1367 in some detailШаблон:Sfn—"if the perceived battle between order and disorder can be expressed in the actions of individuals, it is also present in the London chroniclers' accounts of weather, particularly rains."Шаблон:Sfn

Audience

The 14th century witnessed a decline in monastic chroniclers, and by the following century there were few monasteries in England—or the rest of Europe—producing the quality and quantity of work that the heyday of monastic writing had seen in the 12th and 13th centuries.Шаблон:Sfn There was, however, a growth in popular demand for literature written in the vernacular; as the historian A. R. Myers put it, by laymen for laymen.Шаблон:Sfn And, since it only took "one literate person to make a text available to an entire household",Шаблон:Sfn a chronicle's circulation could have ultimately been broad.Шаблон:Sfn London, being closer to the royal court and the biggest mercantile centre in the country, was naturally well-suited to become a centre of literary patronage and production.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refn As a result, many works—like the Short Chronicle—had a London-centric perspective.Шаблон:Sfn This did not mean that they ignored events around the country; on the contrary, says Nicholson, London chronicles provided a "national, central stage" for events which had taken place outside of London but ended up inside London. For example, the execution of Aubrey de Vere—son of the Lancastrian Earl of Oxford—whose final journey began in Westminster Palace but finished on Tower Green, and was thus described in great detail in the Short Chronicle.Шаблон:Sfn

Major events chronicled

Major events—particularly in the reigns of Henry VI and Edward IV—are chronicled within the Short Chronicle.

The executions of Aubrey de Vere and his father in 1462 are treated as examples of how the new King—sent from God to win his crown in battle—was given instant knowledge of their treason ("the whiche tresonnes God sent the kynge himself knowleche"), and Nicholson suggests that the chronicler is demonstrating the extent of the King's power.Шаблон:Sfn

The Battle of Wakefield on 30 December 1460, which saw the death of Richard, Duke of York and the destruction of his army was suggested to be not a deliberate counter-offensive to the Lancastrian Queen, Margaret of Anjou, but the result of an ambush; the royal army "lay in her wey at Wakefelde to stope hem... [intending to] slowe the Duke of Yorke"; the chronicle may be suggesting that it was less of a battle—knowingly entered into—and more of an ambush.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refn Likewise, the Chronicle barely discusses the two sides' next encounter the following year at the Battle of St Albans, but the author does dwell floridly on the march of the Queen's army south (having "reysed all the northe and all other pepull by the wey"),Шаблон:Sfn in which southern towns such as Peterborough and Grantham were sacked Шаблон:Sfn ("compelled, dispoyled, rubbed and distroyed all maner of catell vertayll and riches")Шаблон:Sfn by the northern army.Шаблон:Sfn

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты	Обмен криптовалют - www.bestchange.ru Криптовалютная биржа CoinEx Криптовалютная биржа Binance HIVE OS - операционная система для майнинга e4pool - Мультивалютный пул для майнинга.
Магазины	AliExpress — глобальная виртуальная (в Интернете) торговая площадка, предоставляющая возможность покупать товары производителей из КНР; computeruniverse.net - Интернет-магазин компьютеров(Промо код 5 Евро на первую покупку:FWWC3ZKQ);
Хостинг	DigitalOcean - американский провайдер облачных инфраструктур, с главным офисом в Нью-Йорке и с центрами обработки данных по всему миру;
Разное	Викиум - Онлайн-тренажер для мозга Like Центр - Центр поддержки и развития предпринимательства. Gamersbay - лучший магазин по бустингу для World of Warcraft. Ноотропы OmniMind N°1 - Усиливает мозговую активность. Повышает мотивацию. Улучшает память. Санкт-Петербургская школа телевидения - это федеральная сеть образовательных центров, которая имеет филиалы в 37 городах России. Lingualeo.com — интерактивный онлайн-сервис для изучения и практики английского языка в увлекательной игровой форме. Junyschool (Джунискул) – международная школа программирования и дизайна для детей и подростков от 5 до 17 лет, где ученики осваивают компьютерную грамотность, развивают алгоритмическое и креативное мышление, изучают основы программирования и компьютерной графики, создают собственные проекты: игры, сайты, программы, приложения, анимации, 3D-модели, монтируют видео. Умназия - Интерактивные онлайн-курсы и тренажеры для развития мышления детей 6-13 лет SkillBox - это один из лидеров российского рынка онлайн-образования. Среди партнеров Skillbox ведущий разработчик сервисного дизайна AIC, медиа-компания Yoola, первое и самое крупное русскоязычное аналитическое агентство Tagline, онлайн-школа дизайна и иллюстрации Bang! Bang! Education, оператор PR-рынка PACO, студия рисования Draw&Go, агентство performance-маркетинга Ingate, scrum-студия Sibirix, имидж-лаборатория Персона. «Нетология» — это университет по подготовке и дополнительному обучению специалистов в области интернет-маркетинга, управления проектами и продуктами, дизайна, Data Science и разработки. В рамках Нетологии студенты получают ценные теоретические знания от лучших экспертов Рунета, выполняют практические задания на отработку полученных навыков, общаются с экспертами и единомышленниками. Познакомиться со всеми продуктами подробнее можно на сайте https://netology.ru, линейка курсов и профессий постоянно обновляется. StudyBay Brazil – это онлайн биржа для португалоговорящих студентов и авторов! Студент получает уникальную работу любого уровня сложности и больше свободного времени, в то время как у автора появляется дополнительный заработок и бесценный опыт. Автор24 — самая большая в России площадка по написанию учебных работ: контрольные и курсовые работы, дипломы, рефераты, решение задач, отчеты по практике, а так же любой другой вид работы. Сервис сотрудничает с более 70 000 авторов. Более 1 000 000 работ уже выполнено. StudyBay – это онлайн биржа для англоязычных студентов и авторов! Студент получает уникальную работу любого уровня сложности и больше свободного времени, в то время как у автора появляется дополнительный заработок и бесценный опыт.