Английская Википедия:Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi

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ʿAbd al-Rahman al-Sūfī (Шаблон:Lang-fa; 7 December 903Шаблон:Snd25 May 986) was an Iranian astronomer.Шаблон:Refn His work [[The Book of Fixed Stars|Шаблон:Transliteration]] ("The Book of Fixed Stars"), written in 964, included both textual descriptions and illustrations. The Persian polymath Al-Biruni wrote that al-Sūfī's work on the ecliptic was carried out in Shiraz. Al-Sūfī lived at the Buyid court in Isfahan.

Biography

ʿAbd al-Rahman al-Sūfī, whose full name was ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān ibn. ʿOmar Ṣūfī, Abu’l-Ḥosayn,Шаблон:Sfn was one of the nine famous Muslim astronomers.Шаблон:Citation required He lived at the court of Emir 'Adud al-Dawla in Isfahan, and worked on translating and expanding ancient Greek astronomical works, especially the Almagest of Ptolemy. He made corrections to Ptolemy's star list, and his estimations of star brightness and magnitude deviated from those by Ptolemy; just over half of Al-Sūfī's magnitudes being identical to Ptolemy's.Шаблон:Sfn A Persian, al-Sūfī wrote in Arabic, the lingua franca of the scientific Muslim world.Шаблон:Sfn

Al-Sūfī was a major contributor to the translation into Arabic of the Hellenistic astronomy that had been centered in Alexandria, Egypt. His was the first to attempt to relate the Greek with the traditional Arabic star names and constellations, which were completely unrelated and overlapped in complicated ways.Шаблон:Citation required

Astronomy

Al-Sūfī made his astronomical observations at a latitude of 32.7N° in Isfahan.Шаблон:Sfn It has been claimed that he identified the Large Magellanic Cloud,Шаблон:Citation required but this seems to be a misunderstanding of a reference to some stars south of Canopus which he admits he has not seen.Шаблон:Sfn He also made the earliest recorded observation of the Andromeda Galaxy in 964, describing it as a "small cloud".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This was the first galaxy other than the Milky Way to be mentioned in writing.

Al-Sūfī also wrote about the astrolabe, finding numerous additional uses for it: he described over 1000 different uses, in areas as diverse as astronomy, astrology, horoscopes, navigation, surveying, timekeeping, Qibla and Salat prayer.

Шаблон:Transliteration ("The Book of Fixed Stars")

Файл:Book Al Sufi.jpg

Sagittarius from The Depiction of Celestial Constellations

Al-Sūfī published Шаблон:Transliteration ("The Book of Fixed Stars") in 964, and dedicated it to Adud al-Dawla, the ruler of Buwayhid at the time.Шаблон:Sfn This book describes 48 constellations and the stars within them.Шаблон:Citation required

Al-Sūfī compared Greek with Arabic constellations and stars, linking those that were the same.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Page needed He included two illustrations of each constellation, one showing the orientation of the stars from the perspective outside the celestial globe, and the other from the perspective of looking at the sky while standing on the Earth. He separated them into three groups; 21 seen from the north, 15 seen from the south, and the 12 zodiac constellations. He included a complete set of star charts, that included the names and numbers of the individual stars in each of the 48 constellations, and each star's longitudinal and latitudinal coordinates, magnitude, and location north or south of the ecliptic.Шаблон:Sfn

Scribal errors within the 35 surviving copies of The Book of Fixed Stars have caused the value of the magnitude for a particular star to vary from manuscript to manuscript.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Page neededШаблон:Sfn Al-Sūfī organized the stars in each of his drawings into two groups: those that form the image depicted, and others that are in close proximity to the image. He identified and described stars not included by Ptolemy, but he did not include them in his own star charts. Stating that his charts were modelled after Ptolemy, he left the stars excluded in Ptolemy's charts out of his charts as well.Шаблон:Sfn

To allow for the longitudinal placement of the stars within constellations having changed over the eight centuries since the Almagest was written, Al-Sūfī added 12° 42' to all the longitudes values provided by Ptolemy.Шаблон:Sfn Al-Sūfī differed from Ptolemy by having a three level scale to measure the magnitude of stars instead of a two level scale. This extra level increased the precision of his measurements. His methodology for determining these magnitude measurements cannot be found in any of his extant texts.Шаблон:Sfn

Despite the importance of The Book of Fixed Stars in the history of astronomy, it took more than 1000 years until the first partial English translation of the book was published in 2010.Шаблон:Better source

Legacy

Al-Sūfī's astronomical work was subsequently used by many other astronomers, including Ulugh Beg who was both a prince and astronomer.Шаблон:Sfn

The lunar crater Azophi and the minor planet 12621 Alsufi are named after Al-Sūfī.Шаблон:Citation required

The Astronomy Society of Iran – Amateur Committee has held international Sufi Observing Competitions in memory of the astronomer. The first competition was held in 2006 in the north of Semnan Province, and the second was held in the summer of 2008 in Ladiz near the Zahedan. More than 100 attendees from Iran and Iraq participated in these events.

Google Doodle commemorated Al-Sūfī's 1113th birthday on 7 December, 2016.

See also

• List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars
• List of scientists in medieval Islamic world

Bibliography

• Al-Qifti. Ikhbar al-'ulama' bi-akhbar al-hukama (History of Learned Men). In: Άbdul-Ramān al-Şūfī and his Book of the Fixed Stars: A Journey of Re-discovery by Ihsan Hafez, Richard F. Stephenson, Wayne Orchiston (2011). In: Orchiston, Wayne, Highlighting the history of astronomy in the Asia-Pacific region: proceedings of the ICOA-6 conference. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. New York: Springer. Шаблон:ISBN. "... is the honored, the perfect, the most intelligent and the friend of the King Adud al-Dawla Fanakhasru Shahenshah Ibn Buwaih. He is the author of the most honored books in the science of astronomy. He was originally from Nisa and is of a Persian descent."
• Шаблон:Cite book
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• Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
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External links

• Abd ar-Rahman as-Sufi (903-986): Liber locis stellarum fixarum, 964 - illustrations from copies of The Book of Fixed Stars, and information and links relating to the work (self-published, in Italian)
• Liber locis stellarum fixarum, 964, manoscritto del 1417 riprodotto il 1730 da www.atlascoelestis.com
• Ulug Beg in www.atlascoelestis.com
• Al-Sufi's constellations
• Al-Sūfī’s Book of the Constellations of the Fixed Stars and its Influence on Islamic and Western Celestial Cartography – with comprehensive bibliography and list of known manuscripts.