Английская Википедия:Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox religious biography

Файл:ضريح عبد الرحمن بن عوف2.jpg
shrine attributed to the companion Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, located in the Jubeiha area, north of Amman, capital of Jordan
Файл:ضريح عبد الرحمن بن عوف3.jpg
Plaque

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAwf (Шаблон:Lang-ar) (Шаблон:Circa)[1]Шаблон:Rp[2] was one of the companions of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. One of the wealthiest among the companions, he is known for being one of the ten to whom Paradise was promised according to Sunni Muslims.

Background

His parents were both from the Zuhra clan of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca. His father was Awf ibn Abd Awf and his mother was al-Shifa bint Awf.[1]Шаблон:Rp

His original name was Abd Amr ("servant of Amr"). It was Muhammad who renamed him Abd al-Rahman ("servant of the Most Merciful").[1]Шаблон:Rp It is also said that his original name was Abdul Kaaba.[1]Шаблон:Rp His name has also been transliterated as Abdel Rahman Ibn Auf.

He married Habiba bint Jahsh, whose all brethren joined Islam.

Biography

Шаблон:Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad Шаблон:Main Abu Bakr spoke to Abd al-Rahman about Islam, then invited him to meet Muhammad, who heard his declaration of faith and taught him the Islamic prayers. This was before the Muslims had entered the house of Al-Arqam; Abd al-Rahman was one of the first eight men to accept Islam.[3]Шаблон:Rp[4] From about 614 the pagan Quraysh in Mecca "showed their enmity to all those who followed the apostle; every clan which contained Muslims was attacked."[3]Шаблон:Rp The usual threat to Muslim merchants was: "We will boycott your goods and reduce you to beggary."[3]Шаблон:Rp

Abd al-Rahman was one of a pioneering party of fifteen Muslims who emigrated to Abyssinia in 615. Other Muslims joined them later, forming a group of over a hundred. "They were safely ensconced there and grateful for the protection of the Negus; so they could worship Allah without fear, and the Negus had shown them kind gesture and warm hospitality as was foretold by the prophet even before they departed."[3]Шаблон:Rp In late 619 or early 620 "they heard that the Meccans had accepted Islam." This turned out not to be entirely true, however a fair number of people did accept Islam as a result of the conversion of both Umar ibn Khattab and the prophet's own paternal uncle, the Lion himself, Hamza ibn Abdulmuttalib. Abd al-Rahman was one of forty who "set out for the homeland. But when they got near Mecca they learned that the report was false, so that they entered the town under the protection of a citizen or by stealth."[3]Шаблон:Rp where he lodged with Saad ibn Al-Rabi.[3]Шаблон:Rp

Life in Medina

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Further Abd al-Rahman was friends with Umayyah ibn Khalaf, a stern opponent of Islam. When Abd al-Rahman emigrated to Medina, the two reached a written agreement, according to which Abd al-Rahman was to protect Umayyah's property and family in Medina, while Umayyah would protect Abd al-Rahman's in Mecca. When Abd al-Rahman wanted to sign the document, Umayyah protested, saying "I do not know Ar-Rahman" and requested that the pre-Islamic name "Abd Amr" should be used, to which Abd al-Rahman agreed.[5] The two met again in the Battle of Badr in March 624. Шаблон:QuoteHadith

Abd al-Rahman was one of those who stood with Muhammad at the Battle of Uhud when most of the warriors fled.[1]Шаблон:Rp Later, he also participated in the pledge of the Tree during the first pilgrimage of the Medinan Muslims[6][7] Abd al-Rahman participated in all military operations led by Muhammad.[8]

Invasion of Dumatul-Jandal

In August 626 Muhammad directed Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf to raid the Kalb tribe in Daumatul-Jandal, instructing him: “Take it, Ibn Awf; fight everyone in the way of Allah and kill those who disbelieve in Allah. Do not be deceitful with the spoil; do not be treacherous, nor mutilate, nor kill children. This is Allah's ordinance and the practice of His prophet among you.” Muhammad also told him how to wind a turban.[3]Шаблон:Rp Abd al-Rahman defeated the Kalbites and extracted from them their declaration of Islam and the payment of the jizya. He then sealed the alliance by marrying the chief's daughter Tamadur bint Al-Asbagh and bringing her back to Medina.[9]Шаблон:Rp

Rashidun caliphate

Шаблон:Further In August 634 the dying Caliph Abu Bakr called in Abd al-Rahman and Uthman to inform them that he had designated Umar ibn al-Khattab as successor.Шаблон:Citation needed

Abd al-Rahman ibn Awff witnessed the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah, which took place in the 14th year of migration, before the Muslim armies continued to subdue Ctesiphon, the capital of the Sasanian empire.[10] Later, Abd al-Rahman also participated in the battle of Jalula in the year of 16 AH, where the Muslims managed to seize massive spoils of war.[10] Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf and Abdullah ibn Arqam were then assigned by caliph Umar to escort the spoils to the capital of the caliphate.[10] Later, After the conquest of Jerusalem, Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf was involved in the writing of the 'covenant of Umar' regarding the newly subdued Jerusalem, which was ratified by the caliph.[10] Nevertheless, during the caliphate of Umar, Abd al-Rahman was mostly pursuing a scholarly career and assumed the leadership of the Hajj pilgrims' convoy.[10]

In 644 the dying caliph Umar nominated a board of six members (the Council of Shura) to elect one of themselves as the next caliph. The group consisted of Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas, Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Talha ibn Ubayd Allah, Ali ibn Abi Talib and Uthman ibn Affan. Uthman was chosen as the third caliph by Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf.[11]

Death

Abd al-Rahman died in Medina in 32 AH (653-654 CE) at the age of 72 years. He was buried in Al-Baqi'.[12]

Personal life

Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf was known for his wealth. He was also known for his astute entrepreneurship. After his Hijra to Medina, at which time he was a poor man, he started a business making clarified cheese and butter. That business, combined with the gift by Muhammad of two small palm groves called al-Hashsh and al-Salil in Syria, were hugely profitable for him.

Abd al-Rahman was recorded as possessing a hundred horses in his stable and a thousand camels and ten thousand sheep, which all grazed on land in Al-Baqi'.[13]Шаблон:Sfn The area was also tilled by twenty of Abd al-Rahman's camels, enabling Abd al-Rahman's family to grow crops from the land.[13] As Abd al-Rahman participated in all of Muhammad's battles, Asad Q. Ahmed believed that his wealth grew substantially due to the large portion of the spoils of war that he gained from the battles.[13] At his death, Abd al-Rahman left such an inheritance that a quarter of his property alone was worth 84,000 Dinars.Шаблон:Sfn Abd al-Rahman was known as a successful businessman.[14][15]

There is an anecdote regarding his "midas touch". When he was asked about the secret for his success, Abd al-Rahman replied that he never lifted a stone unless he expected to find gold or silver under it.[1]Шаблон:Rp[13]

Family tree

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Legend
Шаблон:Chart/startШаблон:ChartШаблон:Chart/end descent
Шаблон:Chart/startШаблон:ChartШаблон:Chart/end adoption
Шаблон:Chart/startШаблон:ChartШаблон:Chart/end marriage
Шаблон:Center spouse order

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His sister was married to Bilal Ibn Rabah.Шаблон:Citation needed

He married at least sixteen times and had at least thirty children.[1]Шаблон:Rp[16]Шаблон:Rp

  1. Umm Habiba bint Zama'a, a sister of Sawda. No children are known from this marriage.
  2. Umm Kulthum bint Utba of the Abdshams clan of the Quraysh in Mecca.[9]Шаблон:Rp
    1. Salim the Elder (died before Islam).
  3. The Daughter of Shayba ibn Rabia ibn Abdshams.
    1. Umm Al-Qasim (born before Islam).
  4. Habiba bint Jahsh of the Asad tribe, a sister of Zaynab bint Jahsh (childless).[9]Шаблон:Rp
  5. Tamadir bint al-Asbagh of the Kalb tribe. Although Abd al-Rahman divorced her during his final illness, she, like his other three widows, inherited one-thirty-second of his fortune, which was 80,000 or 100,000 dirhams.[1]Шаблон:Rp[9]Шаблон:Rp
    1. Abdullah the Younger (Abu Salama).
  6. Umm Kulthum bint Uqba from the Umayya clan of the Quraysh in Mecca.[9]Шаблон:Rp
    1. Muhammad, from whom he took his kunya of Abu Muhammad.
    2. Ibrahim.
    3. Humayd.
    4. Isma'il.
    5. Hamida.
    6. Amat ar-Rahman the Elder.
  7. Sahla bint Asim from the Baliyy tribe of Medina.
    1. Maan.
    2. Umar.
    3. Zayd.
    4. Amat ar-Rahman the Younger.
  8. Bahriya bint Hani of the Shayban tribe.
    1. Urwa the Elder (killed at Ifriqiya).
  9. Sahla bint Suhayl of the Amir ibn Luayy clan of the Quraysh.[9]Шаблон:Rp
    1. Salim the Younger (killed at Ifriqiya).
  10. Umm Hakim bint Qariz of the Kinana tribe.[9]Шаблон:Rp[16]
    1. Abu Bakr.
  11. The Daughter of Abu al-His ibn Rafi from the Abdulashhal ibn Aws tribe of Medina.
    1. Abdullah (killed during the conquest of Africa)
  12. Asma bint Salama
    1. Abd al-Rahman.
  13. Umm Horayth, a war-captive from Bahra
    1. Mus'ab.
    2. Amina.
    3. Maryam.
  14. Majd bint Yazid from the Himyar tribe.
    1. Suhyal (Abu'l-Abayd)
  15. Zaynab bint As-Sabbah.
    1. Umm Yahya.
  16. Badiya bint Ghaylan from the Thaqif tribe.
    1. Juwayriya.
  17. Ghazzal bint Khosrau (concubine), a war-captive from Al-Mada'in
    1. Uthman
  18. Other Concubines (unnamed).
    1. Urwa.
    2. Yahya.
    3. Bilal.
    4. Saad.[16]
    5. al-Miswar (died at al-Harra).[16]
    6. Fakhita, a wife of Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan.[16]
    7. Umm al-Qasim the Younger, a wife of Yahya ibn al-Hakam (brother of Marwan I).[16]
    8. Daughter, a wife of Abdullah ibn Uthman ibn Affan.[16]
    9. Daughter, a wife of Abdullah ibn Abbas.[16]

Philanthropy

Many stories are told of Abd al-Rahman's personal generosity. He once furnished Muhammad's army with 1,500 camels.Шаблон:Citation needed He bequeathed 400 dinars to the survivors of Badr and a large legacy to the widows of Muhammad.Шаблон:Citation needed

Dhahabi reported that Abd al-Rahman brought a caravan of 700 merchant-camels into Medina.Шаблон:Sfn Aisha remarked, "I have heard Allah's Messenger say: 'I have seen Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf entering Paradise crawling.'" This was repeated to Abd al-Rahman, who replied: "If I could, I would certainly like to enter Paradise standing. I swear to you, yaa Ammah, that this entire caravan with all its merchandise, I will give in charity." And so he did.[17]

Abdel Rahman also reportedly gave in charity 50,000 gold dinars of his personal wealth.[13]

Sunni view

Sunnis regard him as one of Шаблон:Transliteration—the ten companions that Muhammad prophesied would enter Paradise.[18]

See also

Appendix

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

External links

Шаблон:Ten companions of Muhammad Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir Volume 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). The Companions of Badr. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 Muhammad ibn Ishaq. Sirat Rasul Allah. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). The Life of Muhammad. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  4. ↑ Note that the expression "the first eight men" does not include a few female converts whose profession of faith may have been earlier.
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Hadith-usc
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 9,5 9,6 Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir Volume 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). The Women of Madina. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4 Шаблон:Harvnb
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 13,4 Шаблон:Harvnb
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 16,4 16,5 16,6 16,7 Ahmed, A. 1. (2011). The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Hijaz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies. Oxford: Unity for Prosopographical Research.
  17. ↑ Abdel Rahman Ibn Awf, The Richest Muslim Who Bought His Way to Jannah Шаблон:Webarchive
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web


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