Английская Википедия:Abdashtart I
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Abdashtart I (in Greek, Straton I)[1] was a king of the Phoenician city-state of Sidon who reigned from 365 BC to 352 BCШаблон:Sfn following the death of his father, Baalshillem II.[2]
Reform
His accession appears to have taken place in a period of economic and political difficulty, since he immediately took 'emergency measures',[3] reducing the precious metal-content of the Sidonian double shekel by Шаблон:Convert,[4] thereby devaluing the Sidonian currency in his first year.[5] He also expanded the currency, adding bronze coinage as well as silver, which funded the expansion of the Sidonian navy.[6] It is supposed that he gave his name to the city known in the Hellenized world as Straton's Tower, which was later renamed Caesarea by Herod the Great.[7] Joseph Patrich argues, however, that Straton's Tower may have been founded during the Ptolemaic Kingdom instead,[8] in which case the naming may have been for a Ptolemaic general of the third century BC.[9]
Revolt against the Achaemenid Empire
Abdashtart formed diplomatic alliances with Athens and Egypt. Relying on his increased fleet, by 360 BC or 359 BC he felt strong enough to revolt against the Achaemenid Empire.[3] Although the Persians were already fighting the Egyptians (whose Pharaoh Tachos had invaded Phoenicia), and although the rebels won two military victories against the generals of Artaxerxes III in 358 BC and 356 BC,[3] the revolt was suppressed in 355 BC[2] and led to Persian occupation for the next four years, during which time the Sidonian currency was banned, minting privileges were stopped, and the Persian currency was forcibly introduced.[10] The revolt has been described as 'a grave political error' for Abdashtart; not only did the Sidonians experience financial crisis and military repression, but they also lost swathes of territory to their neighbour, Tyre.[3]
Later life
The Persians left Abdashtart on the throne,[2] and he proceeded to further diplomatic ties with Athens[11] and Salamis, Cyprus, which had probably supported his revolt against Artaxerxes.[3] Historians do not know whether he was the last of his dynasty, as it remains uncertain whether his known heir and successor, Tennes, was his son or some other close relative.[5]
Abdashtart was honoured by an inscription in the Acropolis of Athens (IG II2 141):[12]
References
Bibliography
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Steiner, M.L. & Killebrew, A.E., The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000-332 BCE (Oxford, 2014), p. 117
- ↑ Elayi, J., & Jean Sapin, J., (trans. Crowley, J.E. & Elayi, J.), Beyond the River: New Perspectives on Transeuphratene (Sheffield Press, 1998), p.126
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Sagona, C. (ed.), Beyond the Homeland: Markers in Phoenician Chronology (Leuven, 2008), p. 106
- ↑ Moscati, S., The Phoenicians (Tauris, 2001), p. 524
- ↑ Isaac, B.H., The Near East Under Roman Rule: Selected Papers (Brill, 1997), p. 15
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Markoe, G.E., Phoenicians: Peoples of the Past (California UP, 2000), p. 5959
- ↑ Bromiley, G., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Eerdemans, 1998), p. 502
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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