Английская Википедия:Abdul Qadir Gilani

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox religious biography Шаблон:Sufism Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani (Шаблон:Lang-ar, Шаблон:Lang-fa) was a Hanbali scholar, preacher, and Sufi leader who was the eponym of the Qadiriyya, one of the oldest Sufi orders.Шаблон:Sfn

He was born born in 1077 or 1078 (1 Ramdhan 470 AH) in the town of Na'if, Rezvanshahr in Gilan, Iran, and died in 1166 (11 Rabi' al-Thani 561 AH), in Baghdad.[1][2]

Name

The honorific Muhiyudin denotes his status with many Sufis as a "reviver of religion".[3] Gilani (Arabic al-Jilani) refers to his place of birth, Gilan.[4][5] However, Gilani also carried the epithet Baghdadi, referring to his residence and burial in Baghdad. He was also known as Gauth Al-Azam.[6][7][8]

Family background

Gilani was born in 1077 or 1078. Despite his popularity, his background is uncertain.Шаблон:Sfn His father (or perhaps grandfather) had the Iranian name of Jangi Dust,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn which indicates that Gilani was of Persian stock.Шаблон:Sfn His nisba means "from Gilan", an Iranian region located on the southwestern coast of the Caspian Sea.Шаблон:Sfn

During his stay in the city of Baghdad, Gilani was called ajami (non-Arab), which according to B. Lawrence may be because he spoke Persian alongside Arabic.Шаблон:Sfn According to the al-Nujūm al-ẓāhira by the 15th-century historian Ibn Taghribirdi (died 1470), Gilani was born in Jil in Iraq, but this account is questioned by French historian Jacqueline Chabbi.Шаблон:Sfn Modern historians (including Lawrence) consider Gilani to have been born in Gilan.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The region was then politically semi-independent and divided between local chieftains from different clans.Шаблон:Sfn

Gilani is claimed to have been an descendant of Hasan ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad, which is generally considered to have been genuine by the Muslim community, including the Qadiriyya.Шаблон:Sfn Lawrence questions this claim due to Gilani's suggested Persian background, and considers it to have been "traced by overzealous hagiographers".Шаблон:Sfn

Education

Gilani spent his early life in Gilan, the province of his birth. In 1095, he went to Baghdad. There, he pursued the study of Hanbali law under Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi and ibn Aqil.[9][10] He studied hadith with Abu Muhammad Ja'far al-Sarraj.[10] His Sufi spiritual instructor was Abu'l-Khair Hammad ibn Muslim al-Dabbas.[11] After completing his education, Gilani left Baghdad. He spent twenty-five years wandering in the deserts of Iraq.[12]

School of law

Gilani belonged to the Shafi'i and Hanbali schools of law. He placed Shafi'i jurisprudence (fiqh) on an equal footing with the Hanbali school (madhhab), and used to give fatwa according to both of them simultaneously. This is why al-Nawawi praised him in his book entitled Bustan al-'Arifin (Garden of the Spiritual Masters), saying: Шаблон:Quote

Later life

In 1127, Gilani returned to Baghdad and began to preach to the public.[2] He joined the teaching staff of the school belonging to his teacher, al-Mazkhzoomi, and was popular with students. In the morning he taught hadith and tafsir, and in the afternoon he discoursed on the science of the heart and the virtues of the Quran. He was said to have been a convincing preacher who converted numerous Jews and Christians and who integrated Sufi mysticism with Islamic Law.[2]

Death and burial

Файл:ETH-BIB-Bagdad - grosse Moschee aus 200 m Höhe-Persienflug 1924-1925-LBS MH02-02-0036-AL-FL.tif
Sheikh Abdul Qadir Gilani Mosque in Baghdad in 1925

Al-Gilani died in 1166 and was buried in Baghdad. His urs (death anniversary of a Sufi saint) is traditionally celebrated on 11 Rabi' al-Thani.Шаблон:Sfn

During the reign of the Safavid Shah Ismail I, Gilani's shrine was destroyed.[13] However, in 1535, the Ottoman emperor Suleiman the Magnificent had a dome built over the shrine.[14]

Books

Файл:The Vision of Muhyi al-Din Ibn al-Jilani (CBL T 474, f.276a).jpg
The Vision of Muhyi al-Din ibn al-Gilani. Miniature from the Ottoman (1595) manuscript of "Nafahat al-uns" (Breaths of Fellowship) of Jami. Chester Beatty Library
  • Kitab Sirr al-Asrar wa Mazhar al-Anwar (The Book of the Secret of Secrets and the Manifestation of Light)
  • Futuh al ghaib (Secrets of the Unseen)
  • Jila' al-Khatir (The Purification of heart)
  • Ghunyat al-Talibeen (also spelled as : Ghunya- tut-talibeen) (Treasure for Seekers) [15] غنیہ الطالیبین
  • Al-Fuyudat al-Rabbaniya (Emanations of Lordly Grace)
  • Fifteen Letters: Khamsata 'Ashara Maktuban
  • Kibriyat e Ahmar
  • A Concise Description of Jannah & Jahannam[16]
  • The Sublime Revelation (al-Fatḥ ar-Rabbānī)

See also

References

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Sources

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Шаблон:Wikiquote

Шаблон:Portal bar Шаблон:Sufi Шаблон:Hanbali scholars Шаблон:Shafi'i scholars Шаблон:Ash'ari Шаблон:Authority control

  1. W. Braune, Abd al-Kadir al-Djilani, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. I, ed. H.A.R Gibb, J.H.Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal, J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986), 69;"authorities are unanimous in stating that he was a Persian from Nayf (Nif) in Djilan, south of the Caspian Sea."
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Britannica
  3. Mihr-e-munīr: biography of Hadrat Syed Pīr Meher Alī Shāh pg 21, Muhammad Fādil Khān, Faid Ahmad. Sajjadah Nashinan of Golra Sharif, Islamabad (1998).
  4. Encyclopaedia of religion and ethics: volume 1. (A – Art). Part 1. (A – Algonquins) pg 10. Hastings, James and Selbie, John A. Adamant Media corporation. (2001), "and he was probably of Persian origin."
  5. The Sufi orders in Islam, 2nd edition, pg 32. Triingham, J. Spencer and Voll, John O. Oxford University Press US, (1998), "The Hanafi Qadirriya is also included since 'Abd al-Qadir, of Persian origin was contemporary of the other two."
  6. Devotional Islam and politics in British India: [Ahmad Riza Khan] Barelwi and his movement, 1870–1920, pg 144, Sanyal, Usha Oxford University Press US, 19 August 1999. Шаблон:ISBN Шаблон:ISBN.
  7. Cultural and religious heritage of India: Islam pg 321. Sharma, Suresh K. (2004)
  8. Indo-iranica pg 7. The Iran Society, Calcutta, India. (1985).
  9. Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  10. 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  11. Malise Ruthven, Islam in the World, p 243. Шаблон:ISBN
  12. Esposito J. L. The Oxford dictionary of Islam. p160. Шаблон:ISBN
  13. A.A. Duri, Baghdad, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. I, 903.
  14. W. Braune, Abd al-Kadir al-Djilani, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. I, 70.
  15. Шаблон:Cite book
  16. Шаблон:Cite web