Английская Википедия:Abkhaz alphabet
The Abkhaz alphabet is a Cyrillic alphabet used for the Abkhaz language.
Abkhaz did not become a written language until the 19th century. Up until then, Abkhazians, especially princes, had been using Greek (up to c. 9th century), Georgian (9–19th centuries), and partially Turkish (18th century) languages.[2] The Abkhaz word for alphabet is анбан (anban), which was borrowed from Georgian ანბანი (anbani).
History
The first Abkhaz alphabet was created in 1862 by Peter von Uslar. It had 55 letters and was based on the Cyrillic script. Another version, having 51 letters, was used in 1892 by Dimitry Gulia and K. Machavariani.[3][4] In 1909, the alphabet was again expanded to 55 letters by Andria Tchotchua to adjust to the extensive consonantal inventory of Abkhaz.
In 1926, during the korenizatsiya policy in the Soviet Union, the Cyrillic alphabet was replaced by a Latin alphabet devised by Nikolay Marr. It featured 76 letters and was called the "Abkhaz analytical alphabet". In 1928, this was replaced by another Latin alphabet. (See illustration at right.) From 1938 to 1954 the Abkhaz language was written in Georgian Mkhedruli script.
Since 1954, the Abkhaz language has been written in a new 56-letter (now 62-letter) Cyrillic alphabet (see chart below). Of these, 38 are graphically distinct; the rest are digraphs with Шаблон:Angle bracket and Шаблон:Angle bracket which indicate palatalization and labialization, respectively. In 1996, the most recent reform of the alphabet was implemented: while labialization had hitherto been marked with two additional letters, ә and у (у was used in the digraphs гу, ҕу, ку, қу, ҟу, and ху, which were not considered separate letters), since then only ә was retained in this function. Unusually, the Cyrillic plosive letters К П Т represent ejective consonants; the non-ejectives (pulmonic consonants) are derived from these by means of a descender at the bottom of the letter. In the case of the affricates, however, the plain letters are pulmonic, and the derived letters ejective.
The modern Abkhaz orthography gives preference to the letters Г К П Т Х Ч with descender (Ӷ Қ Ԥ Ҭ Ҳ Ҷ). The letters (Ҕ Ҧ) had previously (before 1996) had a hook, which Ҕ still does in Yakut.[5] In pre-Soviet alphabets the hook was also used in Ӄ Ꚋ, see above.
The letters ь and ә are used as parts of digraphs and are not listed separately in the alphabet.[6]
| Letter[7] | Name | ISO[8] | TITUS[8] (Chirikba,
where different[9]) |
IPA Value[10] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| А/а | А | a | а | Шаблон:IPA |
| Б/б | Бы | b | b | Шаблон:IPA |
| В/в | Вы | v | v | Шаблон:IPA |
| Г/г | Гы | g | g | Шаблон:IPA |
| Гь/гь | Гьы | gʹ | gʹ | Шаблон:IPA |
| Гә/гә (pre-1996: Гу/гу) | Гәы | ga̋[11] | g°[11] | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ӷ/ӷ (pre-1996: Ҕ/ҕ) | Ӷы | ğ | ɣ | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ӷь/ӷь (pre-1996: Ҕь/ҕь) | Ӷьы | ğʹ | ɣʹ | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ӷә/ӷә (pre-1996: Ҕу/ҕу) | Ӷәы | ğa̋ [11] | ɣ° [11] | Шаблон:IPA |
| Д/д | Ды | d | d | Шаблон:IPA |
| Дә/дә | Дәы | da̋ | d° | Шаблон:IPA |
| Е/е | Е | e | e | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ж/ж | Жы | ž | ž | Шаблон:IPA |
| Жь/жь | Жьы | žʹ | žʹ | Шаблон:IPA |
| Жә/жә | Жәы | ža̋ | ž° | Шаблон:IPA |
| З/з | Зы | z | z | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ӡ/ӡ | Ӡы | ź | ʒ | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ӡә/ӡә | Ӡәы | źa̋ | ʒ° | Шаблон:IPA |
| И/и | Иы | i | i,j | Шаблон:IPA |
| К/к | Кы | k | ḳ (k’) | Шаблон:IPA |
| Кь/кь | Кьы | kʹ | ḳʹ (k’ʹ) | /kʲʼ/ |
| Кә/кә (pre-1996: Ку/ку) | Кәы | ka̋ [11] | ḳ°[11] (k’°) | /kʷʼ/ |
| Қ/қ | Қы | ķ | k | Шаблон:IPA |
| Қь/қь | Қьы | ķʹ | kʹ | Шаблон:IPA |
| Қә/қә (pre-1996: Ӄу/ӄу) | Қәы | ķa̋ [11] | k° [11] | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ҟ/ҟ | Ҟы | k̄ | q̇ (q’) | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ҟь/ҟь | Ҟьы | k̄ʹ | q̇ ʹ (q’ʹ) | /qʲʼ/ |
| Ҟә/ҟә (pre-1996: Ҟу/ҟу) | Ҟәы | k̄a̋ [11] | q̇ °[11] (q’°) | Шаблон:IPA |
| Л/л | Лы | l | l | Шаблон:IPA |
| М/м | Мы | m | m | Шаблон:IPA |
| Н/н | Ны | n | n | Шаблон:IPA |
| О/о | О | o | o | Шаблон:IPA |
| П/п | Пы | p | ṗ (p’) | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ԥ/ԥ (pre-1996: Ҧ/ҧ) | Ԥы | ṕ | p | Шаблон:IPA |
| Р/р | Ры | r | r | Шаблон:IPA |
| С/с | Сы | s | s | Шаблон:IPA |
| Т/т | Ты | t | ṭ (t’) | Шаблон:IPA |
| Тә/тә | Тәы | ta̋ | ṭ° (t’°) | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ҭ/ҭ | Ҭы | ţ | t | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ҭә/ҭә | Ҭәы | ţa̋ | t° | Шаблон:IPA |
| У/у | Уы | u | w, u[12] | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ф/ф | Фы | f | f | Шаблон:IPA |
| Х/х | Хы | h | x | Шаблон:IPA |
| Хь/хь | Хьы | hʹ | xʹ | Шаблон:IPA |
| Хә/хә (pre-1996: Ху/ху) | Хәы | ha̋ | x° | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ҳ/ҳ | Ҳы | h̦ | ḥ (h) | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ҳә/ҳә | Ҳәы | h̦a̋ | ḥ° (h°) | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ц/ц | Цы | c | c | Шаблон:IPA |
| Цә/цә | Цәы | ca̋ | c° | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ҵ/ҵ | Ҵы | c̄ | c̣ (c’) | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ҵә/ҵә | Ҵәы | c̄a̋ | c̣° (c’°) | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ч/ч | Чы | č | čʹ | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ҷ/ҷ | Ҷы | c̦ | č̣ʹ (č’ʹ) | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ҽ/ҽ | Ҽы | c̆ | č | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ҿ/ҿ | Ҿы | ̦c̆ [13] | č̣ (č’) | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ш/ш | Шы | š | š | Шаблон:IPA |
| Шь/шь | Шьы | šʹ | šʹ | Шаблон:IPA |
| Шә/шә | Шәы | ša̋ | š° | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ы/ы | Ы | y | ə | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ҩ/ҩ | Ҩы | ò | ʿ° (j°) | Шаблон:IPA |
| Џ/џ | Џы | d̂[14] | ǯ[14] | Шаблон:IPA |
| Џь/џь | Џьы | d̂ [14] | ǯʹ [14] | Шаблон:IPA |
Text Comparison
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights[15]
| Cyrillic script | Georgian script | Latin script (ISO 9) | IPA | English translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Дарбанзаалак ауаҩы дшоуп ихы дақәиҭны. Ауаа зегь зинлеи патулеи еиҟароуп. Урҭ ирымоуп ахшыҩи аламыси, дара дарагь аешьеи аешьеи реиԥш еизыҟазароуп. | დარбანზაალაკ აუაჳჷ დშოუპ იხჷ დაქჿითნჷ. აუაა ზეგჲ ზინლეი პატულეი ეიყაროუპ. ურთ ირჷმოუპ ახშჷჳი ალამჷსი, დარა დარაგჲ აეშჲეი აეშჲეი რეიფშ ეიზჷყაზაროუპ. | Dаrbаnzааlаk аuаòy dšoup ihy dаķãiţny. Auаа zegʹ zinlei pаtulei eik̄аroup. Urţ irymoup аhšyòi аlаmysi, dаrа dаrаgʹ аešʹei аešʹei reipš eizyk̄аzаroup. | [darbanzaːlakʼ awaɥɨ tʂəʊpʼ jɨχɨ dakʷʰitʰnɨ ǁ awaː zəgʲ zinləɪ pʼatʼwɨləɪ əɪqʼarəʊpʼ ǁ wərtʰ jɨrɨməʊpʼ aχʂɨɥiː alamɨsiː ǀ dara daragʲ ajəʃəɪ rəɪpʰʂ əɪzɨqʼazarəʊpʼ ǁ] | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
See also
References
External links
- PT Sans and PT Serif fonts
- Deja Vu fonts
- Теимураз Гванцеладзе: «Из истории перехода абхазского книжного языка на грузинскую графику»
- Шаблон:Cite web
Шаблон:List of writing systems Шаблон:Language orthographies
- ↑ Марр, Николай Яковлевич (1864–1934): Абхазский аналитический алфавит. (in: Труды яфетического семинария, vol. I, Leningrad 1926), p. 51, table 2
- ↑ Бгажба Х. С. Из истории письменности в Абхазии. — Тбилиси. 1967. С. 34
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ The letters are listed per Шаблон:Cite book. In Шаблон:Cite book "Ь" and "Ә" are included as separate letters.
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ The IPA transcriptions are given per Шаблон:Cite book, but the labialisation is represented by Шаблон:IPA as in Шаблон:Cite journal. The transcription of vowels is not consistent in the scholarly literature, see Abkhaz phonology#Vowels for details.
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 11,4 11,5 11,6 11,7 11,8 11,9 Pedersen uses the pre-1996 reform alphabet in which these were not considered separate letters. See the transliterations in note 4.1 on page 3
- ↑ Prior to the 1996 reform ⟨у⟩ indicated labialisation after certain letters which is transliterated as ⟨°⟩ in the TITUS system
- ↑ The lower hook is centered
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 ISO 9 and TITUS transliteration not provided by T. Pedersen
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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