Английская Википедия:Abu (god)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox deity Abu was a Mesopotamian god. His character is poorly understood, though it is assumed he might have been associated with vegetation and with snakes. He was often paired with the deity Шаблон:Smallcaps, initially regarded as distinct from Gula, but later conflated with her.
Name and character
The reading of the second sign in the name Шаблон:Smallcaps is uncertain,Шаблон:Sfn and in addition to Abu, the second proposed reading of the name is Abba.Шаблон:Sfn According to Jeremiah Peterson, the former option is supported by the partial etymology assigned to this theonym in the myth Enki and Ninmah, Шаблон:Smallcaps, "lord of the plants."Шаблон:Sfn It might be either an example of scribal wordplay or an invented scholarly etymology for his name.Шаблон:Sfn As pointed out by Gianni Marchesi, for the assumed pun on the name to work, it would have to end in the phoneme u.Шаблон:Sfn Dina Katz translates Abu's name as "father plant."Шаблон:Sfn However, it is generally assumed the theonym is unrelated to Akkadian abum, "father."Шаблон:Sfn
Abu's character is poorly known.Шаблон:Sfn Irene Sibbing-Plantholt suggests that in the Diyala area he was associated with snakes and the underworld, while in the south of Mesopotamia he instead functioned as a vegetation deity related to various dying gods.Шаблон:Sfn However, Gianni Marchesi and Nicolo Marchetti argue that the only evidence for his connection with plantlife is an epithet assigned to him in Enki and Ninhursag, which might not represent his actual functions.Шаблон:Sfn In this myth, he is the first of the deities created by Ninhursag to relieve Enki's pain, the other seven being Ninsikila (MeskilakШаблон:Sfn), Ningirida, Ninkasi, Nanshe, Azimua, Ninti and Inzak.Шаблон:Sfn He is specifically tasked with dealing with the pain of the scalp, which is most likely a pun on his name and the Akkadian word abbuttu.Шаблон:Sfn
Associations with other deities
Due to their frequent juxtaposition, it is assumed that Abu's spouse was the goddess Шаблон:Smallcaps,Шаблон:Sfn whose role in the Mesopotamian pantheon remains poorly known.Шаблон:Sfn According to Jeremiah Peterson, while Шаблон:Smallcaps eventually came to be treated as an alternate orthography of the theonym Gula, she was most likely originally a distinct deity, and might have still been recognized as such in the Old Babylonian period.Шаблон:Sfn Authors who support the view these two homophonous goddesses were originally separate include Marcos Such-Gutiérrez,Шаблон:Sfn Joan Goodnick WestenholzШаблон:Sfn and Irene Sibbing-Plantholt.Шаблон:Sfn Abu and Шаблон:Smallcaps appear together in the Nippur god list, where Шаблон:Smallcaps and Gula are kept apart, in other god lists, and in an Old Babylonian seal inscription.Шаблон:Sfn In the Weidner god list and in An = Anum Gula is listed as the spouse of Abu, though in the former case the presence of a separate entry for a deity Gulazida, "the true Gula," might indicate that the spouse of Abu and the healing goddess were treated as separate, while the latter might be an example of late confusion.Шаблон:Sfn In addition to Gula, Шаблон:Smallcaps might have also been conflated or confused with Ukulla,Шаблон:Sfn the wife of Tishpak.Шаблон:Sfn
A non-standard god list from Nippur places Abu next to Bau, presumably based on their shared connection to Lagash and the graphic similarity between their names.Шаблон:Sfn Gebhard Selz points out that a tradition in which Abu was her son is also attested, and proposes that it might be related to the fact that under Uru'inimgina a field associated with Abu has been reassigned to Bau.Шаблон:Sfn Abu could also be viewed as a son of Ninhursag and either Enki or Enlil.Шаблон:Sfn
According to Irene Sibbing-Plantholt, Abu might correspond to the deity Ipaḫum (or Iba'um), "viper."Шаблон:Sfn He was apparently understood as the divine vizier (sukkal) of Ningishzida,Шаблон:Sfn though according to Frans Wiggermann he might have originally been associated with Ninazu in the third millennium BCE.Шаблон:Sfn A city named after him, Bāb-Iba'um, existed in the proximity of the Diyala River, and appears in four year formulas of king Bilalama of Eshnunna.Шаблон:Sfn Despite his name, Iba'um might have been depicted in anthropomorphic form on cylinder seals.Шаблон:Sfn A further deity who might correspond to Abu is Abba, the doorkeeper of the Esagil.Шаблон:Sfn Identifying Abu with either Dumuzi or Ninurta is limited to texts from the late second and early first millennium BCE.Шаблон:Sfn
Worship
Abu is attested in theophoric names from Shuruppak and Lagash from the Early Dynastic period, such as Ur-Abu or Shubur-Abu.Шаблон:Sfn He was also one of the gods worshiped in the "trans-Tigridian" area,Шаблон:Sfn between the Tigris and the Zagros Mountains.Шаблон:Sfn A copper bowl inscribed with a dedication to him has been found in Eshnunna, though it is not certain if it comes from the Early Dynastic or Old Akkadian period.Шаблон:Sfn However, a building excavated in the same area sometimes referred to as the temple of Abu in older literature likely did not fulfill such a function in antiquity,Шаблон:Sfn and the statue found inside is now agreed to be a representation of a donor rather than a deity.Шаблон:Sfn In Lagash, a field named after Abu apparently existed, and an inscription refers to it "Lugalanda's own field."Шаблон:Sfn In the Ur III period, Abu received offerings in Kuara in the local temple of NinsunШаблон:Sfn alongside this goddess, her husband Lugalbanda, Dumuzi and Geshtinanna.Шаблон:Sfn
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite book
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- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
External links