Английская Википедия:Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti

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Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh Nawbakhti (Шаблон:Lang-ar, Шаблон:Transl) was the third of the Four Deputies, who are believed by the Twelvers to have successively represented their Hidden Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, during his Minor Occultation (874–941 CE). Ibn Ruh in this role succeeded Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman in 917 CE. After some twenty years in office, Ibn Run died in 937 CE and was succeeded by Abul Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri, the fourth and final deputy.

Historical background

Until their deaths, the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams (Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari, respectively) were held in the garrison town of Samarra under close surveillance (or house arrestШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn) by the Abbasids,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn who are often responsible in Shia sources for poisoning the two Imams.Шаблон:Sfn The two Imams witnessed the deterioration of the Abbasid caliphate,Шаблон:Sfn as the imperial authority rapidly transitioned into the hands of the Turks,Шаблон:Sfn particularly after al-Mutawakkil.Шаблон:Sfn

Contemporary to the tenth Imam, the Abbasid al-Mutawakkil violently prosecuted the Shia,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn partly due to a renewed Zaydi opposition.Шаблон:Sfn The restrictive policies of al-Mutawakkil towards the tenth Imam were later adopted by his son, al-Mu'tamid, who is reported to have kept the eleventh Imam under house arrest without any visitors.Шаблон:Sfn Instead, al-Askari is known to have primarily communicated with his followers through a network of representatives.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Among them was Uthman ibn Sa'id (Шаблон:Died in),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn who is said to have disguised himself as a seller of cooking fat to avoid the Abbasid agents, hence his nickname al-Samman.Шаблон:Sfn Tabatabai suggests that these restrictions were placed on al-Askari because the caliphate had come to know about traditions among the Shia elite, predicting that the eleventh Imam would father the eschatological Mahdi.Шаблон:Sfn

Immediately after the death of al-Askari in 260 (874),Шаблон:Sfn Uthman ibn Sa'id claimed that the eleventh Imam had a young son, named Muhammad, who had entered a state of occultation (Шаблон:Transl) due to the Abbasid threat to his life.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn As the special agent of al-Askari, Uthman also claimed that he had been appointed to represent the son of the eleventh Imam.Шаблон:Sfn Twelver sources detail that Muhammad al-Mahdi made his only public appearance to lead the funeral prayer for his father instead of his uncle, Ja'far.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Thus began a period of about seventy years, later termed the Minor Occultation (Шаблон:Transliteration, 260-329 AH, 874–940 CE), during which it is believed that four successive agents acted as intermediaries between the Hidden Imam and his followers.Шаблон:Sfn These four agents are collectively known as the Four Deputies (Шаблон:Transl).Шаблон:Sfn An agent (Шаблон:Transl) was also variously called deputy (Шаблон:Transl), emissary (Шаблон:Transl), and gate (Шаблон:Transl).Шаблон:Sfn

Uthman was later succeeded by his son, Abu Ja'far Muhammad,Шаблон:Sfn who served until his death in 304 or 305 (917 or 918 CE).Шаблон:Sfn

Life

The birth date of Ibn Ruh is unknown.Шаблон:Sfn It is known that he was a native of Qom, located in present-day Iran, who later migrated to Baghdad during the time of the first agent, Uthman ibn Sa'id.Шаблон:Sfn Ibn Ruh was also a member of the al-Nawbakhti, an influential family in the Abbasid court.Шаблон:Sfn In view of his close ties with Abu Sahl al-Nawbakhti, the leader of the al-Nawbakhti family, Ibn Ruh is said to have been highly respected in the Abbasid court.Шаблон:Sfn He was also a close associate of the second agent, Abu Ja'far. It appears that Ibn Ruh was admired among the Twelvers for his scrupulous adherence to religious dissimulation ([[Taqiya|Шаблон:Transl]]).Шаблон:Sfn

Appointment

The second agent, Abu Ja'far, is said to have designated Ibn Ruh as his successor in the presence of some notable Twelvers in 917 CE.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn There, Abu Ja'far also added that this appointment was commanded by the Hidden Imam.Шаблон:Sfn Tusi in his Шаблон:Transliteration writes that the appointment of Ibn Ruh was immediately confirmed with a note from the Hidden Imam, which, according to Sachedina, may suggest that some were dissatisfied with his appointment.Шаблон:Sfn With this note, the communications with the Hidden Imam resumed after a lapse of about twenty-five years.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Tenure as an agent of al-Mahdi

Ibn Ruh's term overlapped with the caliphates of al-Muqtader (Шаблон:Reign), al-Qahir (Шаблон:Reign), al-Radi (Шаблон:Reign).Шаблон:Sfn He was often in favor with their Шаблон:Transls.Шаблон:Sfn However, following the 306 (918) downfall of the Banu al-Furat,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn the influential Twelver family in the Abbasid court, Ibn Ruh was temporarily forced into hiding and later imprisoned in 312 (924-25) by al-Muqtadir for financial reasons.Шаблон:Sfn It was likely around this time that an associate of Ibn Ruh, named Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ali al-Shalmaghani, turned against him and claimed to be the rightful agent of the Hidden Imam, before denouncing the concept of occultation as a lie.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He was soon denounced by the Twelvers and Ibn Ruh's authority was further strengthened after receiving another note attributed to the Hidden Imam.Шаблон:Sfn Another controversial figure was a disciple of al-Askari, named al-Karkhi, who was later condemned in a rescript, said to be written by al-Mahdi.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Ibn Ruh died in 326 (937),Шаблон:Sfn and was buried in Baghdad.Шаблон:Sfn He was succeeded by Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri as the fourth and last agent.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

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