Английская Википедия:Abul-Abbas

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Abul-Abbas (Шаблон:Circa – 810) was an Asian elephant brought back to the Carolingian emperor Charlemagne by his diplomat Isaac the Jew. The gift was from the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid and symbolizes the beginning of Abbasid–Carolingian relations. The elephant's name and events from his life are recorded in the Carolingian Annales regni Francorum,[1][2][lower-alpha 1] and he is mentioned in Einhard's Vita Karoli Magni.[3]Шаблон:Refn However, no references to the gift or to interactions with Charlemagne have been found in Abbasid records.[4]

Contemporary accounts

From the Orient to Europe

Abul-Abbas was probably born during the 770s or 790s (based on the average age of Asian elephant maturity) and was brought from Baghdad, the capital city of the Abbasid Caliphate, by Charlemagne's diplomat Isaac the Jew,[2][5] who along with two other emissaries, Lantfrid and Sigimund,[2] had been sent to the caliph on Charlemagne's orders. That the only surviving member of the group of three, Isaac, was being sent back with the elephant was heralded as advance news to Charlemagne from two emissaries he met in 801: one was sent by the caliph Harun al-Rashid himself, another by Abraham (Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab), who was governor of Africa.[2][6] Charlemagne then ordered a man to Liguria (the province around Genoa) to commission a fleet of ships to carry the elephant and other goods.[2]

Researchers have speculated on Isaac and the elephant's route through Africa: Isaac and the elephant began the trek back by following the Egyptian coast into Ifriqiya, ruled by Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab who had bought the land from al-Rashid for 40,000 dinars annually. Possibly with the help of Ibrahim in the capital city of Kairouan (now in Tunisia), Isaac set sail from port (possibly Carthage,[7] now in Tunisia) with Abul-Abbas and traveled the remaining distance to Europe via the Mediterranean Sea.[8]

At any rate, the strict reading of the historic text Annales regni Francorum is that "Isaac the Jew returned from Africa with the elephant" (Isaac Iudeus de Africa cum elefanto) and landed in Porto Venere (near Genoa) in October 801.[1][2] The two spent the winter in Vercelli, and in the spring they started the march over the Alps to the Emperor's residence in Aachen, arriving on 20 July 802.[2][5][9] Abul Abbas was a full-grown adult elephant.[10]

Death

In the year 810, Charlemagne left his palace and mounted a campaign intending to engage with King Godofrid of Denmark and his fleet that invaded and plundered Friesland. Charlemagne had crossed the Rhine River and tarried at a place called "Lippeham" awaiting troops for three days, when his elephant suddenly died.[11][12] On the tacit assumption that the Abul-Abbas was with Charlemagne when he died, some modern commentators venture that the beast had been brought to serve as a war elephant.[5][13][14]

Place of death

The location of "Lippeham" is a matter of conjecture,[15] but has been placed at the "mouth of the Lippe River"[15] (its confluence with the Rhine), in other words, somewhere near the city of Wesel.[16][17] The claim dates at least as far back as 1746,[18] (or 1735)[19] when J. H. Nünning (Nunningus) and a colleague had published a notice that "Lippeham" was to be identified with Wesel;[20] and that a colossal bone unearthed from the area, in the possession of their affiliated museum, was plausibly a part of the remains of the elephant Abul-Abbas.[21] Another gigantic bone was found in the Lippe River among a catch of fish in the herrschaft of Шаблон:Interlanguage link in early 1750, and it too was claimed to be a piece of Abul-Abbas.[19]

One detractor to the claim is Richard Hodges who places it in Lüneburg Heath, which is nowhere near the Rhine.[22]

Modern embellished accounts

Details of exhibition and death

The Annales regni Francorum contain only short reports about the transport of Abul-Abbas (801),[1] his delivery to the Emperor (802)[9] and his death (810). But modern writers have given various embellished accounts. Some indicate that when Abul-Abbas arrived, he was marched through various towns in Germany to the astonishment of onlookers,[14] that he was shown in "Speyer, Strassburg, Verdun, Augsburg, and Paderborn" as ostentatious display of the emperor's might,[13] and was eventually housed in Augsburg in what is now southern Bavaria.[14]

Some added details about the elephant's death, stating he was in his forties and already suffering from rheumatism when it accompanied Charlemagne in the campaign across the Rhine heading to Friesland.[13] According to these sources, in a spell of "cool rainy weather", Abul-Abbas developed a case of pneumonia.[13][14] His keepers were able to transport the beast as far as Münster, where he collapsed and died.[13]

White elephant

Some modern works indicate that Abul-Abbas was albino – literally a white elephant – but the basis for the claim is wanting. An early example claiming that Abul-Abbas was a "white elephant" occurs in a title authored by Willis Mason West (1902).[23] In 1971, Peter Munz wrote a book intended for popular readership which repeated the same "white elephant" claim, but a reviewer flagged this as a "slip" given there was "no evidence" known to him to substantiate it.[24] Mention of "white elephant" also misleadingly occurs in the title of the published catalog from the Aachen exhibition of 2003: Ex oriente : Isaak und der weisse Elefant, however, in this publication is a contributing article by Grewe and Pohle that appends a question mark on it: "Among the famous gifts to Charlemagne was a (white?) elephant".[25]

Abul-Abbas' species

Файл:Charlemagne's elephant.png
The elephant in Paris, BnF lat. 2195

A number of authors assert that Abul-Abbas was an Indian elephant,[13] though others cast this as an open question with the African elephant being a distinct possibility.Шаблон:Refn No primary source identifies his species directly.[26]

Arguments for Abul-Abbas having been an Indian elephant include that Abbasid sources such as al-Jahiz and al-Masudi record a belief that African elephants were not tamable.[26] Another clue comes from the Irish monk Dicuil who mentions Abul-Abbas in his description of India in his geographic work De mensura orbis terrae ("Concerning the Measurement of the World") in 825.[26]Шаблон:Refn An inhabited initial B from a copy of Cassiodorus' Commentary on the Psalms made at the Abbey of Saint-Denis in the first quarter of the ninth century (now Paris, BnF lat. 2195) incorporates an elephant's head.[27] The realistic portrayal of an Asian elephant suggests that the artist had seen Abul-Abbas.[28]

Evidence put forward for Abul-Abbas having been an African elephant includes the route by which he arrived in Europe, which was via Tunisia.[26] Also, a Carolingian plaque survives which was manufactured from ivory from an African elephant and was from a contemporary source. Ivory was widely used in Carolingian art, but most of this material was re-purposed from Roman sources.[26] This particular plaque, a depiction of the Virgin Mary is too large to have come from the tusk of an Indian elephant,[26] measuring Шаблон:Cvt along its longest side.[29] Radio-carbon dating shows that the ivory in the plaque is not of ancient origin.[26] For Carolingian artists to have access to new ivory is so unusual that it makes Abul-Abbas a possible source of the material.[26]

A short story by the German-New Zealand author Norman Franke tells the biography of the elephant from his own point of view.[30]

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Refbegin

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Annales regni francorum Anno 801 (Шаблон:Harvnb, Monumenta Germaniae Historica edition)
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 Шаблон:Harvnb (Eng. tr. of ARB = Royal Frankish Annals)
  3. ↑ Einhard (tr. Шаблон:Harvnb)
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb, "..and the envoy of Emir Abraham, who ruled on the border of Africa in Fustât"; and Шаблон:Harvnb, quote:"Harun al-Rashid, emir al Mumenin.. appointed Ibrahim ibn al'Aghlab governor of Africa about 800. Fustât, his place of residence is Abbasiya near Kairwan in southern Tunis.."
  7. ↑ This reconstructed route (via Carthage) was mapped in Шаблон:Citation (part of an Exhibition catalog), according to Шаблон:Cite journal, quote: "The motives for Issac's particular route from Baghdad to Carthage, via ship from Carthage to Protovenere (near Genoa, and north via Vercelli and St. Bernard's pass to Aachen, are illuminated (I. D.) |2683"
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:ISBN
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Annales regni Francorum Anno 802 (Шаблон:Harvnb, Monumenta Germaniae Historica edition)
  10. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок pyrdum не указан текст
  11. ↑ Annales regni Francorum Anno 810 (Шаблон:Harvnb, Monumenta Germaniae Historica edition)
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb (Eng. tr. of ARB = Royal Frankish Annals)
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 13,4 13,5 Шаблон:Cite book (Cf. Dembeck, Mit Tieren leben, 1961)
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 Шаблон:Cite book, citing Hodges, Richard. (cf. Шаблон:Harvnb)
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite book, quote:"den Rhein bei Lippeham (an der Mundung der Lippe?)"
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Citation, after Oettermann, Die Schaulust am Elefanten (1982) p. 98, note 117
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Шаблон:Cite journal, citing Nünning et al.
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb, "... os Elephantini femoris, ex inculto ad Rheni ripam agro haud procul Luppiae ostiis, olim Luppemunda, Luppeheim, Lippeham, Lippekant, & Lippia dictis. ubi vetus celebrisque Regum Francorum Carolingicae Stirpis olim fuit curia, hodie VESALIA dicta" ("elephant femur bone unearthed from the field on the banks of the Rhine, at a place not far from the mouth of the Lippe river, aka Luppemunda, Luppeheim, Lippeham, Lippekant, & Lippia, now called Wesel, where the celebrated scions of the Franks kings of the Carolingian dynasty held court." )
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb, Itaque os Musei nostri cum Elephantis fit,.. ad exuvias ABULABAZII Carolo M. ab Aarone Persarum Rege dono submissi"
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal, quote: "I know of no evidence that Harun al-Rashid's present to Charlemagne was literally a 'white' elephant."
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Zu den für Karl den Großen bestimmten Geschenken gehörte ein (weißer?) Elefant, "
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 26,3 26,4 26,5 26,6 26,7 Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Rosamond McKitterick, Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 286.
  28. ↑ BnF Expositions, Trésors carolingiens, Cassiodore, Commentaire sur les psaumes I-L, Initiale B ornée zoomorphe.
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book


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