Английская Википедия:Achille Van Acker

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:EngvarB Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox officeholder Achille Van Acker (8 April 1898 – 10 July 1975) was a Belgian politician who served three terms as the prime minister of Belgium between 1946 and 1958. A moderate from Flanders, Van Acker was a member of the Belgian Socialist Party (PSB–BSP) and played an important role in the creation of the Belgian welfare state after World War II.

Biography

Early life

Achille Honoré Van Acker was born into a working class family in Bruges, Belgium in 1898 as the youngest of 12 children. He only attended school until the age of 11.Шаблон:Sfn Despite entering the workforce, Van Acker read widely and joined several social associations in Bruges. At the outbreak of World War I, he was refused by the Belgian Army because he suffered from astigmatism.Шаблон:Sfn While the Germans occupied most of Belgium, Van Acker fled into the small section of unoccupied territory behind the Yser Front where he worked in various menial capacities.Шаблон:Sfn Mixing with Belgian soldiers during the war, Van Acker became involved in socialist politics, developing a distinctive ideology based on moderate social democracy.Шаблон:Sfn After the end of the war, he returned to Bruges and joined the Belgian Labour Party (Belgische Werkliedenpartij, POB–BWP) and became active in socialist groups, trade unions, and cooperatives.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1926, Van Acker was elected to a position in Bruges' city council and, in 1927, became a POB–BWP member of the Chamber of Representatives aged 29.Шаблон:Sfn In his early years in parliament, Van Acker developed particular expertise in social security legislation.Шаблон:Sfn

In May 1940, Belgium was invaded by Nazi Germany. Following the Belgian surrender and the start of the German occupation, the head of the POB–BWP Henri de Man announced the dissolution of the socialist party as part of a policy of collaborationism.Шаблон:Sfn Van Acker retreated from public life.Шаблон:Sfn In 1941, however, he rejoined the illegal socialist party and underground trade union movement under the nom de guerre "Monsieur André" and travelled around the country making contact with party sections.Шаблон:Sfn At the Liberation of Belgium in September 1944, Van Acker emerged as the head of the POB–BWP's successor party, the Belgian Socialist Party (Belgische Socialistische Partij, PSB-BSP).Шаблон:Sfn

In December 1944, while serving as a government minister, Van Acker implemented Belgium's social security system.[1]

Prime Minister

After the Second World War, Van Acker became Prime Minister of Belgium in four different cabinets and served as Minister of Labour and Social Services, Minister of Public Health, Minister of Mobility and Minister of Mining (which led to his nickname). From 1961 until 1974 he served as President of the Chamber of Representatives. He was named Minister of State in 1958. During Van Acker's first premiership, compulsory disability insurance[2] and compulsory health insurance for manual and non-manual workers was introduced in March 1945 and from January 1946 onwards health insurance funds earmarked a special contribution that covered the costs of preventive open-air cures.[3] With regard to work accidents, the Decree-Law of the 20th September 1945 extended the law to domestic workers, while the Decree-Law of the 13th of December 1945 “legally ratifies the regulations for road accidents that have existed since 1942.”[4] In addition, as noted by one study, “In the first organic unemployment scheme (decree of the Regent of 26 May 1945) the principle of a generalized right to unemployment was registered, without taking into account the possible needy situation of the unemployed person held.”[4]

To improve health and safety in mines, a decree was introduced in December 1945 provididing for the compulsory use in dusty places of devices “capable of allaying or suppressing coal and stone dust.”[5] A number of laws were also passed from April 1945 onwards that liberalized entitlement to allowances for deportees of foreign nationality.[6]

An Order of October 1945 issued general regulations for the medical control of workers in industrial and commercial undertakings, public services and public utilities. Another order introduced that same month issued general regulations concerning personal equipment for health protection.[7] Following a 1940 law that enabled homeowners wishing to begin reconstruction of their properties to apply for a “repair loan at a low rate of interest, an Act was passed in December 1945 that enabled them to acquire an interest-free advance on their compensation.[8] That same month, a Supreme Council for Hygiene in Mines was established with the aim of furthering the progress of industrial hygiene.[9] In February 1946, the formation of safety and hygiene committees was made compulsory.[10] Titles I and II of general regulations for the protection of labour, dated 11 February 1946, “which constitute a codification of the Belgian labour protection legislation, were approved by an Order of the Regent on 11 February 1946.”[11] In September 1945, workers’ compensation was extended to household maids, and for accidents to and from work in December 1945.[12] A Legislative Order of January 1946 regulating annual holidays covered all persons “bound by contracts for the hiring of services or by contracts of apprenticeship,” and laid down the essential principles for the grant of paid holidays, “leaving scope for their adaptation to the special needs of the various branches of industrial activity.”[13]

The first three cabinets led by Van Acker were short-lived because of the crisis pertaining to Leopold III which held Belgium in its grip from 1944 to 1951.

Initiatives were taken by Van Acker's fourth cabinet to expand social spending on pensions, housing, employment, and education. Steps were also taken to reduce the workweek and to reduce the term of compulsory military service from 21 to 18 months.[14] A 45-hour workweek was introduced in 1955, and a law was passed in 1956 that doubled holiday leave entitlement from 6 to 12 days.[15] Earnings-related pension schemes were introduced for manual workers (1955), seamen (1956), and white-collar workers (1957).[16] As noted by one study, “The laws of May 21, 1955 (workers) and July 12, 1957 (clerks) take over the principles of the 1953 law with an extension. Every pensioner is entitled to a pension calculated according to the length of his career and at 60 per cent. (single persons) or 75 pc. (family pension) of the gross revalued earned wages.” [4] Allowances were introduced in 1955[16] to cover demolition and rehousing while pension contributions were made obligatory in 1956.[17] An Act of June 1954 increased the minimum pension and introduced index-lining of for pension benefits, while an Act of July 1957 introduced a wage-related pension formula for white-collar workers.[18] Under the 1955 Collard Act, municipalities could admit private schools only “after they had created public-sector ones and only where there a need for them was felt.”[19] New schools were also built, and in the 1956 budget, provision was made (for the first time) the purchase by the state of school supplies for “the benefit of pupils in primary and nursery-infant sections attached to state secondary education establishments."[20] In addition, a law of March 1958 made public authorities responsible for the cost of transporting (where necessary) abnormal and similarly handicapped children to special schools.[21] In 1957, an age allowance was introduced,[4] and a law of April the 28th 1958 (which was later replaced by a law of April 16, 1963) established a social rehabilitation scheme for the disabled.[4]

Altogether, the various social reforms realised under Van Acker's fourth cabinet led him to be known as the father of Belgian social security.

Later life and death

Van Acker died on 11 July 1975, at the age of 77.[22]

Authography

Honours

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

External links

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 HONDERD JAAR SOCIAAL RECHT IN BELGIË ARBEIDSBLAD 1886/1887 - 1986/1987
  5. ↑ SAFETY IN COAL MINES VOLUME I: Organisation on the National and International Levels, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1953
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ SAFETY SURVEY, VOLUME XXIII, 1947
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ [1]Шаблон:Dead link
  14. ↑ Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey Donald F. Busky
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II by Peter Flora
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Growth to Limits: The Western European Welfare States Since World War II, Volume 4 edited by Peter Flora
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 Шаблон:Cite web
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